填空题常考结构 'AlSq:g
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一、主句单一原则 k%4A::=
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 QYCNO#*
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ]$`
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. zI*/u)48
(A) They occur where they are h0EGhJs
(B) Occuring where ]FnrbQ|
(C) Where they occur 8a If{(/k
(D) Where do they occur H)}1xQ{3F
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 \~1zAiSd>#
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 N<i
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center k:uuJ|
(A) Fort Wayne g)G7
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(B) Although Fort Wayne =[-- Hf
(C) For wayne is in GLcZ=6)"'
(D) Fort Wayne, in jKi*3-&
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 Q24:G
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二、谓语动词专一原则 r.G/f{=<@
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 :phD?\!w8t
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 ~q%9zO'
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” T_B.p*\BM
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with D]`B;aE>A*
social issues. (uxQBy
(A) covers !'t
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(B) covers it 9@EnmtR
(C) which covers uV:uXQni``
(D) which it covers cj_?*
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 *b l{F\
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused C>;8`6_!gU
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on `Qk
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the paper. v#2qwd3x
(A) the impression is m@2xC,@
(B) if the impression is s(9rBDoY(8
(C) impressions Llc|j&yHQ
(D) the impression aJ_Eh(cF
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression R[-:-8
三、平行结构 kGeME
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 <RsKV$Je
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填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: E1v<-UPbA
A and B, L
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A , B, and C z ate%
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- `IQC\DSl/
is known as accounting. 5DUPsV
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary M8Lj*JN
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's 3A1kH` X^q
transactions *Yjs$'_2
(C) transactions of an enterprise are U}Fk
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summarized %6:2cR
(D) summarizing the transactions of an tqf
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enterprise Om{ML,d
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 $&C%C\(>D
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 ]qRz!D%@^
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 4"=pcHNV
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and
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supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 5toNEDN
human patients. <[~M|OL9q,
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in >s~`K^zS
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures Bqj*{m
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures vM8]fSc
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull 4TV9t"Dk+c
fractures @)wXP@7
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 |zlwPi.
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四、宾语从句结构 `R;XN-
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ;pq4El_
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: SOJHw6
state(陈述,表明)+that J)f?x T*
indicate(指明,表明)+that C^'}{K
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, y6\#{
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite nMqU6X>P!
units called quanta or photons. ZgtOy|?|
(A) energy that >EG;2]M&
(B) that it is energy ,P]{*uqGiB
(C) it is energy 4`B:Mq&j
(D) that energy NO)*UZ
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 f.WtD`Oas
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 7UfyOOFa
indicate--yield when unusual weight is [
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placed on them. TM9>r :j'
(A) although its crust and mantle _eS*e-@O5
(B) its crust and mantle to #&
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(C) that its crust and mantle =KMck=#B
(D) for its crust and mantle to pa7fTd
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 Pj$a
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五、介词+ which结构 x:(e:I8x(
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 K)n( U9#
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, YV9%^ZaN7
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 _oWenF
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, n
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因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 #RcmO**
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is 1BF+sT3
a method ---- voters select the nominees
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for public office. IQ\`n|
(A) that ~V<jeb
(B)by which ~"(1~7_
(C)is that TYp{nWwi
(D)by those GYj`-t
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 BD#4=u
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 REa%kU
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 q.*qZ\;K
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players y
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hit wooden balls through wire arches called bf3)^ 49}
wickers. #df Aqg
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(A) when |^FDsJUN
(B) which WvR}c
(C) is when thOCzGJ$
(D) in which 9[:nWp^
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 \HR QSfGt
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六、in that结构 ^ K/B[8
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, z%b3/rx
because of +名词, a"~W1|JC"
consequently是副词 p/@z4TCNX
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 qlSMg;"Ghw
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals F|V?Z
---- it is a liquid. 18a6i^7
(A) whereas cLamqZf3
(B) in that fz<Y9h=
(C) because of Oi7|R7NE
(D) consequently (RGl, x:
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 75<E 0O
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 !m78 /[LW
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 8 #0?
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air.
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(A)they &u$l2hSS
(B)in they
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(C)that they ^
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(D)in that they g=a-zg9LX
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ^fH]Rlx
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 #~nI^
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ==Ju2D?%
great inspiration for her poems. >[ywrB ?T
(A) that she drew +STT(b Mn
(B) by drawing her v^JyVf>
(C) from which she drew bSBI[S
(D) drawn from which 9v0f4Pbxm
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 _/7[=e}y
七、what结构 1 BVivEG
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: rXvvJIbi
what=the thing that 8ec~"vGLz~
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend v||8Q\d
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. C'kd>LAGu
(A) it grows w~Es,@
(B) what grows u]CW5snz
(C) does it grow ,c}Q;eYc3
(D) what does it grow j =[Td
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 v&p\r'w
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle c7'I'~
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory AgO:"'c
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. wIL5-k,
(A) there kQwBrb4
(B) where hZ5h(CQ?"#
(C) that ?ZE1>L7e
(D) what !Vv$
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 E.4`aJ@>d
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八、同位语结构 #2{ };)
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 @y{Whun~
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) jW"C: {Ol;
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing D 0
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and swallowing . "PLZZL$+
(A) is the chief organ of taste $yI!YX&
(B) tasting the organ chiefly VctAQ|h^
(C) the chief organ of taste ]7fqVOiOu
(D) the organ chiefly tastes X#Ajt/XQ
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 }`\+_@w
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 X+
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___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) $@7S+'Q3
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of hd8:| _
Native Americans in her novel, Century of |*e
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Dishonor. =VH, i/@
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause m+s^K{k}
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson )CSb\
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause +i
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(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. qR--lvO
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 +79?}|
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as !/BXMj,=
hosts to many insect pests. bN8GRK
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(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than n [[rI0]g
goldenrods u0Fu_Rtr
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods Y\Odj~Mj
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy @K7#}7,t
plants 6NVf&;laQ
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants k
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分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 ,)@Q,EHN;
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 Q?B5@J
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 35%'HFt_
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to FYFP6ti
Athens. @V
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(A) the distance is (`>RwooE
(B) that the distance is T@;z o8:
(C) is that the distance y]xG@;4M
(D) the distance /d ?)
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 o$FqMRep
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九、比较结构 "gADHt=MIR
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 _%Sorr
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 7^4F,JuJO
snow than --eastern Nebraska. (1T2?mO
(A) does g Q%'2m+
(B) in R?a)2jl
(C) it does in |kyxa2F{
(D) in it does $`W.9
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 5M4mFC6
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. V'sp6:3*\
(A) rays more than infrared 8`XT`H
(B) rays are more infrared than zA=gDuy3@
(C) more than infrared rays PdcF
(D) more infrared rays than Mt (wy%{zK
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 }2:/&H'
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 u1s^AW8 y
例3:The activities of the international marketing w-*$gk]
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. uF_gfjR[m
(A) the domestic marketer has _IBIx\F
(B) the domestic marketer does -fFM-gt^t
(C) those of the domestic marketer g
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(D) that which has the domestic marketer Y0fX\6=h
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 N>!RKf:ir
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing R`q*a_
is greater than --. iD+Q\l;%
(A) that of its mining and farming combined =Bo (*%
(B) mining and farming combination P -0
(C) that mining and farming combined xtMN<4#E
(D) of its combination mining and farming L"6qS3
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分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 4^vEMq8lB
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十、定语从句省略结构 58)`1p\c'
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 S'm&Ll2i@
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture rlTCVmE
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and overpower. n:d]Z2b
(A) can MT9c:7}[&
(B) they can ,DsqKXSU
(C) which can +>mbBu!7
(D) and
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分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 vHSX3\(
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can S\=j; Uem
get all the calcium their bodies----from the PhL }V|W>
food they eat. .O!JI"?
(A) require _1jd{?kt
(B) requires ))f%3_H
(C) requiring rmXxid
(D)to require oe,I v
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分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 R!IODXP=
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food Y/cnj n
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 >xQgCOi
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of tSX<^VER7
A L1=+x^WQ
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ;Q"xXT`;:
B C D eX7dyM
the world. 2Zt :]be
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to ^Xv_y+
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive OUCL
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A B C 7PQ03dtfg
than the Sun dies and exploded. gzfs9e
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more K;,zE6WD$$
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十一、状语从句省略结构 m(MPVY<X
Metals expand when they are heated. ?d@3y<A,~
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: $="t7C9S
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; B#RBR<MFC
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, hBb&-/
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 b=nQi.
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ?,G
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elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand QTZfe<m0
considerable impact. %`*`HU#X
(A) apparently UcaLi&
(B) are apparently Gk~QgD/Pix
(C) apparently their b(^g v
(D) are they apparently }dnO7K
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 B~S"1EE[
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 9A|deETa-
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 2R}9wDP
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) sE
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the _i@{:v
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly 5R^
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white. }M3f ?Jv
(A) when, pure which SePPI.n
(B) when, which pure .KzGb4U
(C) which, pure when w8MQA!=l
(D) which, when pure lqD.epm
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, Vz=ByyC
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 9\2<#,R1q
is highly efficient and needs servicing 4J #F;#iA
infrequently K})=&<M0
(A) Even f?KHp
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(B) It is Eqx2.S
(C) Even though FG-v71!h#
(D) There is N?Wx-pK
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 JCL+uEX4S
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 96L-bBtyY
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 Vjv~RNGF
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; Ino$N|G[
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 hLs<g!*O
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: Z%h _g-C
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 u%TZ),ny-
The starring troops have to surrender. U8f!yXF'
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 4*j6~
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 & XS2q0-x
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is bOEO2v'cQ
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often s}
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called scapegoating. ]xx}\k
(A) Eliminate problems JEw+5MO@
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) >9WJa 5{
(C) Eliminating problems UR3qzPm!0e
(D) Problems are eliminated 1Q5:Vo^B#
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 u-8b,$@Z>'
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them G_vcuCHm
from damage due to weather. qjcPJ
(A) Painting Nld y76|g
(B) Painted r<%ua6@
(C) The paint P{bRRn4Z
(D) By painting p\'0m0*
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 J]!&E~Y
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 }Wk^7[Y
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting A^2n i=b
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to 8[k:FGp>
conserve water in the winter. !J6;F}Pd/
(A) when losing leaves vcmB)P-T`O
(B) leaves are lost #JAy
(C) that losing leaves ir{li?kV
(D) the leaves losing K9HXy*y49
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 I[l8@!0
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十三、make结构 >1$
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make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) l%_r 3W
共有三种形式: anzt;V.;Y
make it possible+to do N^TE
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make it possible+that引导的从句 x+;a2yE~
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) n^t!+
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做题技巧: O
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如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it xU!eT'Y
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it ?;YymD
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and iD${7
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thus make--details that are otherwise PB(q9gf"1}
impossible to observe . {8pN]=SaJ~
(A) it visible fe4Ki
(B) visibly VR XK/dZ
(C) visible )j+G4
(D) they are visible rizWaw5E!8
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 BW x=Q
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large eUVhNg
amount of information on a single map. )Y &RMYy
(A) possible *hIjVKTu79
(B) it possible :[J'B4>9
(C) it is possible [:(hqi!
(D) that possible K"/3/`T
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ?`/DFI'_G
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十四、the more …the more…结构 8'*/|)Hn
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: n+57# pS7
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则
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2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 IAi|4,y_L
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 K"jS,a?s 6
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 wE
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the d]K
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number of lines of magnetic force. ;~GBD]
(A) of i
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(B) the s8
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(C) is the !;Vqs/E
(D) is of the 8?LHYdJ
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B tz9"#=}0
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the wpg7xx!
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. ldnKV&N
(A) the stress it is greater 3<>DDY2bl
(B) greater is the stress { u3giB
(C) greater stress is i`w)dS
(D) the greater the stress dVSQG947i:
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 ~? :>=x
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 q1Ad"rm
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 <;*w97n
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , ZgfhNI\
A B |G/U%?`
thus making it possible the gentle ?)H:.]7-x
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renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. n~ZZX={a
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分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 <cO
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more ]cM8TT
than sixty-five million items of scientific, CwD=nT5`
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the xXfv({
popular title, “attic of the nation.” UOyM=#ipY
(A) however -f*5lkO
(B) thus xd\ml
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(C) and fmD~f
(D) moreover R@#xPv4o%
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 ?*.:*A
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the +F.@n_}p-I
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. YP[8d,
(A) to save the seeds y\,,hs
(B) saving the seeds m
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(C)which saves the seeds >f4[OBc
(D) the seeds saved L9oLdWa(C
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B ;GKL[tI"
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 * U}-Y*
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. g
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最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 5$Kd<ky
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. |~#A?mK-
(A) the tallest vvs2:87zvJ
(B) the tallest that is ~2nt33"
(C) which is the tallest ?:&2iW7z
(D) which the tallest is e"*1l>g
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 f96`n+>xi
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of RNQq"c\
A B C \B:k|Pw6~
domestic animals. jE=m4_Ntn
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分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 $|7=$~y
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 Ux{0)"fj
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: +>%51#2.Q
program, programmed, programmed ;(jL`L F
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: >56fa6=3@
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Z:Vde^Ih
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be sdiWQv
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona Ju&
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features structures built of red sandstone by Qa\,)<'D:
ancestors of the Hopi people. SSTn|
(A) That the {\NBNg(Vo
(B) In the <RpTk*Yo^=
(C) Around the U$y wO4.
(D) The xf8[&?
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 _~{J."q
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called 8DMqjt3B
lymphocytes and plasma cells. D!#B*[|
(A) to be made BOR$R}q
(B) making r}sO},i
(C) made cHR*.
(D) are made <;'{Tj-"
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 ]Hq,Pr_+
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given It/hXND`
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of 4}t&yu<P>
human beings. =S6bP<
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(A) without DfU= i'R
(B) lack 2<h~:
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(C) minus auX(d -m
(D) not having <gGO
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 MxI*ml8z?
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 o0F,!}
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 O"kb*//
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十八、逻辑主语结构 @$L|
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 [\ Sd*-
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. ZREy I(_
(A) the problem was discussed by the members b{)kup
of the committee AS:k&t
(B) the committee members discussed the JY"J}
problem 92R,o'#
(C) it was discussed by the committee tJQZRZViu
members the problem c yP+a
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by "X._:||8
the members of the committee y!:vX6l
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B 8 $H\b &u
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until <^Y#q
almost two centuries later, in 1834. nRw.82eK.
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch Oml3=TV
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 7@y}J5,
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch lA4J#
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 6Fk[wH7
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 EG &