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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 51#_Vg  
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一、主句单一原则 O9G[j=U  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 O8+7g+J=!  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ohRjvJ'v|  
v_BcTzQ0S  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. SzAJ2:qhl  
   (A) They occur where they are y=fx%~<> 8  
   (B) Occuring where 6^V=?~a&z  
   (C) Where they occur #H)v K"hF  
   (D) Where do they occur 4QH3fTv   
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 ~Y`ld L  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 y<?kzt  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center )SaGH3~*C  
   (A) Fort Wayne [glLre^  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne zpzK>DH(  
   (C) For wayne is in |WQBDB`W  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in N,`$M.|?  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 sr r :!5  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 -Y1e8H ='  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 (lXGmx8  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 SAH-p*.  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” b[sx_b  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with (jnzT=y  
   social issues. HeK/7IAqp  
    (A) covers 8{|8G-Mi  
    (B) covers it g9m-TkNk  
    (C) which covers ZEXc%-M  
    (D) which it covers fWCo;4<5?  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 %G3h?3  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused rR$h*  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on @y e4q.m  
   the paper. tf =6\p  
   (A) the impression is 0v6)t.]s  
   (B) if the impression is 9V'%<pk''(  
   (C) impressions Jz?j[  
   (D) the impression )) Zf|86N  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression AG3>V+k{Lv  
三、平行结构 1;d$#j  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 D_?K"E=fw  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: +cWLjPD/}  
A and B, x"eRJii?  
A , B, and C _G_Cj{w  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- T`/AY?#  
   is known as accounting. OBgkpx*Q  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary 5 VRYO"D:  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's 'z );  
     transactions Z<U6<{b  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are oYHj~t  
     summarized SD#]$v  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an )W|w C#  
     enterprise zh4# A <e  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 Ulhk$CPA  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 m2 -Sx  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed X$%'  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and }{M#EP8q+  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on U!T~!C^  
   human patients. YX%[ipgB  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in dL:-Y.?0M  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures M=.:,wRm  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures ~a%Z;Aj  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull +nUy,S?43  
     fractures Kfm 5i Q  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 XttqO f  
h a|C&G  
四、宾语从句结构 b6W2^tr-  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 h"`ucC8X  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: Gn&-X]Rrl  
     state(陈述,表明)+that -g)9R%>-  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that `))\}C@k  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, ]FD'5p{  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite u?>B)PW  
   units called quanta or photons. I[b}4M6E  
    (A) energy that & +4gSr  
    (B) that it is energy rxr{/8%f%  
    (C) it is energy CQwL|$)]Y  
    (D) that energy FSUttg"  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 . 7zK@6i  
wg ^sGKN  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 3VI4X  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is z?>D_NLX6  
   placed on them. f} Np/  
   (A) although its crust and mantle Bt1p'g(V|  
   (B) its crust and mantle to G+F#n6Vx  
   (C) that its crust and mantle 7Q7-vx  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to I6j$X6u  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 XGJj3-eW {  
五、介词+ which结构 l_EM8pL,f  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 V?Z. \~  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, # S}Z8  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 48jVRo  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, 1^ _U;O:I  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 n8uv#DsdK  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is TlI<1/fP}  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees .fN"@l  
   for public office. zrR`ecC(b  
    (A) that t| 9 GS|  
    (B)by which Jg]'+>,J  
    (C)is that 2H/Z_+\  
    (D)by those BYO"u6  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 6el;Erp  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 ( {1e%  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 _<=S_ <$2  
hX`hs- *qM  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players $e\h}A6  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called rgSOS-ox  
   wickers. 7SlsnhpW  
   (A) when eh4gQ^l  
   (B) which mNb ?*3\  
   (C) is when aFe`_cnG  
   (D) in which JYrY[',u  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 txZ?=8j_Y  
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六、in that结构 ?lbH02P{v  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, f;&]:2.j  
  because of +名词, ~by]xE1Eg  
  consequently是副词 % r-V2)  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 /,MJq#@K  
~6pr0uyO`  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 2:BF[c`  
   ---- it is a liquid. ,h{A^[yl  
   (A) whereas ?Zc"C  
   (B) in that ew;ur?  
   (C) because of \S*$UE]uG  
   (D) consequently dWX stb:[  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 (]RM6i7  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 E,wVe[0)f  
YAL=!~6  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual [97KBoSU  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. anj#@U;!  
   (A)they ari7iF ~j  
   (B)in they %*o8L6 Hn  
   (C)that they =\,uy8HX  
   (D)in that they B aO1/zk  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 !PMU O\y  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 F,GN[f-  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ F( Ak  
   great inspiration for her poems. 4g}FB+[u  
   (A) that she drew BR v+.(S  
   (B) by drawing her &3v&i*DG,I  
   (C) from which she drew FG%j {_Ez  
   (D) drawn from which 4Hb $0l  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 T"T;`y@(  
七、what结构 g7CXlT0Q6  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: Sf/q2/r?6[  
  what=the thing that v)f7};"z   
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend 659v\51*  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 451'>qS  
   (A) it grows =s}Xy_+:  
   (B) what grows 9p@C4oen  
   (C) does it grow m7=1%6FN3  
   (D) what does it grow pi@Xkw  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 VW@ x=m  
Aaw( Ed  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ciMM^ZRIb  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory J$9:jE-4  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio.  T7$S_  
   (A) there ]lS@}W\  
   (B) where ,>LRa  
   (C) that [U\(G  
   (D) what u>.y:>  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 H]31l~@]  
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八、同位语结构 %G?K@5?j?  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 RbQ <m!A  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) LD(C\  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing /&Jv,[2kV  
   and swallowing . $ _j1kx$  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste vt]F U<  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 80ZnM%/}  
   (C) the chief organ of taste ivrXwZ7jT  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes x:5dC I  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 kJ=L2g>W<.  
yu&Kh4AP  
ua 8m;>R  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 `Y3(~~YGn  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) H3  m8  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of #iis/6"  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of hSqMaX%G  
   Dishonor. M?o{STt  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause ,EhVSrh)_4  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson y7zkAXhJ  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause 6 ,N6jaW  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. p/|(,)'+jx  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 z] @W[MHY  
izt^Wi|  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as aIGn9:\  
   hosts to many insect pests. dl[ob,aCK  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than T_L6 t66I  
     goldenrods F +j O*F2h  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods Hc!!tbBQ  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy 3@X7YgILU  
     plants e`DsP8-&v  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants ]Ti$ztJ  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 _:,.yRez  
I #l;~a<9z  
~PUsgL^  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 !d4HN.a7+u  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 SL*DK.  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to  Rkv  
   Athens. j6X LyeG7  
   (A) the distance is ` !kL1oUYE  
   (B) that the distance is T{ nQjYb?  
   (C) is that the distance UT-ewXh  
   (D) the distance ~|=rwDBZ8l  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 jlRS:$|R0  
)_pt*xo  
九、比较结构 B? TpBd  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 W8uVd zQ   
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 8 DL h k  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. z6}Pj>1  
    (A) does LI:?Y_r  
    (B) in Z]e4pR6!  
    (C) it does in 45r|1<Ro  
    (D) in it does 4 f3=`[%  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 6#?NL ]A  
>~>{;Wq(p+  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. XL?A w  
    (A) rays more than infrared x{QBMe`  
    (B) rays are more infrared than G#g{3}dcK  
    (C) more than infrared rays '@S,V/jy0z  
    (D) more infrared rays than J,`_,T  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 1 O- E],  
b e_C>v  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 kYm o7  
例3:The activities of the international marketing lbG}noqb  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. d{iL?>'?^  
   (A) the domestic marketer has gRw.AXR a  
   (B) the domestic marketer does dqL  -'  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer A/ hpY a  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer N!.kq4$.  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 k>$FT `  
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing K:Mujx:  
   is greater than --. zuU Q."#i  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined Ny]'RS-  
   (B) mining and farming combination @'@s*9Nr  
   (C) that mining and farming combined y @]8Ep  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming 'E@2I9Kj  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 Zm`'MsgFr  
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十、定语从句省略结构 NW }>pb9  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 h85 (N  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture FGV}5L  
   and overpower. C+X)">/+L  
   (A) can   XhQw+j~1.  
   (B) they can 03P N{<  
   (C) which can 8=lHUn9l  
   (D) and Wg}B@:`T  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 R>/QA RX  
KyuA5jQ7  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can UY?i E=  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the bd@*vu}?}  
   food they eat. +a7EsR  
    (A) require D[?k ,*  
    (B) requires ccHLL6F{  
    (C) requiring "R@$Wu53|  
    (D)to require A^}i^  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 gaLEhf^  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food _A@fP[C  
Ov0O# `  
3i@ "D  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 o(Ua",|  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of oTplxF1  
    A _IQU<Za  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around r`&2-]  
   B          C      D zIA u3  
   the world. Wx']tFn"  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to mkj;PYa  
~x4{P;y  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive =Do3#Xe2V  
          A  B      C imJ[:E  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. F #!@}K8  
              D i-:8TfI,  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Tc'{i#%9j  
QoT3;<r}  
十一、状语从句省略结构 8xD<A|  
Metals expand when they are heated. !i~x"1  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 3$96+A^M*  
(dLE<\E  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; +qh< Fj>  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, ,E/Y@sajn+  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 JA SR  
T/Wm S?  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of 3gPD(r1g  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand $$bTd3N+  
   considerable impact. l~Ie#vak  
   (A) apparently <.AC=4@V  
   (B) are apparently  ^ :  
   (C) apparently their 7q2"b?|h  
   (D) are they apparently quCWc2pXX  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 bD-/ZZz  
C\a:eSgaC  
guUr1Ij  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: eF8 aB?&"  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; cyHak u+  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) |U#w?eE=  
>Xh(`^}SQ*  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the |qy"%W@  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly 5|~r{w)9  
   white. AHMV@o`V  
   (A) when, pure which LL$,<q%(P  
   (B) when, which pure $*v20  
   (C) which, pure when ![P(B0Ct/  
   (D) which, when pure |3<ehvKy  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, $R$c1C'oX  
ev mEX<N  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine J?Ep Nie  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing J6[ " j   
   infrequently hRy }G'0  
   (A) Even  oRbYna?J  
   (B) It is -g [*wN8  
   (C) Even though %oCjZ"ke  
   (D) There is oCdOC5  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 'G3OZj8  
n8OdRv  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 w[A3;]la  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 j3[OY  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; iUG /   
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 'Rh>w=wB'  
UWWD8~:  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: x"wM_hl5L  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 \IZ4( Z  
  The starring troops have to surrender. SQ KY;p  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; w%o4MFK=!  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 W &wDH  
+heS\I_Mp  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is mV(x&`Cx  
'lRHdD}s  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often @[b:([  
   called scapegoating. lPN< rgg  
   (A) Eliminate problems muX4Y1M_  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) pvR& ~g  
   (C) Eliminating problems rU^ghF  
   (D) Problems are eliminated Cm}UWX  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 3 N%Ev o  
)B&<Bk+  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them g~H? l3v  
   from damage due to weather. 0?Wf\7  
    (A) Painting 8v=47G  
    (B) Painted y{?jr$js<  
    (C) The paint JHZo:Ad -&  
    (D) By painting x7 1!r  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 _]ttKT(  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 ~kJpBt7M  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting KC-aLq/  
f EiEfu  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to H.[&gm}p>  
   conserve water in the winter. BBJ]>lQ  
   (A) when losing leaves o4f9EJY   
   (B) leaves are lost ; <@O^_+  
   (C) that losing leaves *B<I><'G  
   (D) the leaves losing _po 4(U&  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 HPdwx V  
q<uLBaL_]r  
十三、make结构 *K.7Zf0  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) ~wg^>!E  
共有三种形式: 0a%ui2k  
   make it possible+to do Oj EA;;qq  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 knzED~ v@(  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) H 7F~+ Q-}  
uPv?Hq  
做题技巧: F^G`Jf  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 5o ^=~  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it FOG+[v  
h1o+7  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and NS ;8&  
   thus make--details that are otherwise {o<p{q  
   impossible to observe . X*"O'XCA  
   (A) it visible PQ1NQy8  
   (B) visibly \bSHBTK  
   (C) visible a KtTx~$@  
   (D) they are visible Ud*[2Oi|R  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 $*-L8An?  
;<<IXXKU  
2`m_"y  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large 6l7a9IJ  
   amount of information on a single map. v[3sg2.  
   (A) possible Hv*O9!cC  
   (B) it possible C$gLi8|m  
   (C) it is possible 4344PBj  
   (D) that possible bM3e7olWS  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 L"/ato  
Qf]!K6eR  
 y-#tU>P  
十四、the more …the more…结构 }!Lr!eALr  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: d6&tz!f  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 9 <m j@bI$  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 { rn~D5R  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 f BOG#-a}  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 ':$a6f &T  
jQ}| ]pj+  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the /^G+vhlf\  
   number of lines of magnetic force. _Y {g5t  
   (A) of 3)\qt s5  
   (B) the 'WCTjTob/  
   (C) is the >.4Sx~VH2  
   (D) is of the R FiR)G ,  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B 0 fU>L^P_?  
f}eVfAf  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the -wRzMT19MG  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  JH#+ E04#  
   (A) the stress it is greater bxq`E!]  
   (B) greater is the stress K? k`U,  
   (C) greater stress is %xz02$k  
   (D) the greater the stress q%Pnx_RB  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 [4yQ-L)]e  
17d$gZ1O:  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 Qafg/JU  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 +\chHOsw  
M(f'qFY=K  
VuW19-G  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , vcHDFi  
             A     B qFk(UazN  
   thus making it possible the gentle i^l;Pv IF  
       C            iy9]Y5b   
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. (%Rs&/vU~  
         D !k63 `(Ti  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 /'&L M\  
O"Q=66.CR  
WyETg!b[  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more F/Xhm91 ^  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, -=w.tJD  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the Jo@9f(hq  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” {PKER$C  
    (A) however j3>< J  
    (B) thus `U R.Rn/x  
    (C) and ` g~-5Z~J  
    (D) moreover hGeRM4zVZZ  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 K2QD&!4/T2  
`*a,8M%  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the n|.;g!QDA  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. Y S*t7  
    (A) to save the seeds >/*\x g&J  
    (B) saving the seeds `t -3(>P  
    (C)which saves the seeds R/W&~t  
    (D) the seeds saved !`gg$9  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B ^RyrUb  
-vyC,A  
k8TMdWW  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 .JqIAC~  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. & Lw| t_y  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. ,<BTv;4p  
5>HI/QG  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. >Ry4Cc  
   (A) the tallest F2&KTK  
   (B) the tallest that is 4{Iz\:G:{/  
   (C) which is the tallest 3Wiu`A  
   (D) which the tallest is Q7C'O @  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 D|xS O~M5  
^%L$$V nG  
(8I0%n}.Zo  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of C8?/$1|RL  
       A  B       C mUjA9[@   
   domestic animals. r~sGot+sQA  
    D 6V)#Yf  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 it.l;L_nW  
h3 :k$`_  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 lBCM; #P  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: f /jN$p  
  program, programmed, programmed ."R 2^`  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: d; M&X!Y  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 |peZ`O^ ~  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be yCz? V[49  
1}(g =S  
*mYec~  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona S\C   
   features structures built of red sandstone by 6)TFb,  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. (Yx rZ_F'b  
   (A) That the Y4i-Pp?  
   (B) In the -X |G  
   (C) Around the ]Z~H9!%t  
   (D) The IlwY5iL  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 _h5@3>b3r  
i$ Zhk1  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called *bZV4}  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. ~<|xS  
   (A) to be made ~oOOCB  
   (B) making  Jl}$) '  
   (C) made nOOA5Gz   
   (D) are made )9Jt550(  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 8zr)oQ:  
9m<>G3Jr  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given N 4Dyec\  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of w;X-i.%`  
   human beings. B=9|g1e  
   (A) without Fm*O&6W\@A  
   (B) lack -FJ 5N}R  
   (C) minus %[RLc[pB  
   (D) not having wJ+"JQY.J+  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 #A?U_32z/2  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 kRG-~' f%`  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 [Q)lJTs  
OrHnz981K  
]{dg"J  
十八、逻辑主语结构 3 bGpK9M~  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 i5|!M IY  
-p9|l%W  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. M" %w9)@  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members y1f&+y9e  
    of the committee KUZ'$oKg  
   (B) the committee members discussed the k_$w+Q  
    problem 9V("K  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee $5|/X&"O)/  
    members the problem t<x0?vfD  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by |5`z;u7V  
    the members of the committee 1+v)#Wj  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B Kp8!^os  
ho;Km  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until EnZrnoGM  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. Il>!C\hU  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch O$LvHv!  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn QVm3(;&'  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch #8QQZdC8`  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn -# |J  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 SX$v&L<  
%5NfF65'  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her CFkM}`v0  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her s -~Tf|  
   first article in print. $-EbJ  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane wZ5 + H%x  
    Hawes had e>=P'  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane 1Y_Cd  
    Hawe's first ZC @sUj"  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first XL1v&'HLV  
    teaching position ~8o's`  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching m\)z& hv<r  
    position rp (nGiI  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 PTXy: >]M  
ML^c-xY(  
例4: Even at low levels, --. a2 e-Q({  
   (A) the nervous system has produced |<t"O  
     detrimental effects by lead lED-Jo2  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the DJ2EV^D+P  
    nervous system ?kqo~twJ  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the Z_.Eale^  
    nervous system 6hv4D`d;o  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on SQ9s  
    the nervous system 9 ,=7Uh#7  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 0'{0kE[wn  
nw){}g  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking i Tg?JoE2  
            A   B     C Hr |De8#f  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. z=J%-Hq>  
       D 2It$ bz  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 g} 7FR({b  
6Lk<VpAa  
Z6F>SL  
十九、复合宾语结构 =(Y 1y$  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 ;+t~$5  
We played soccer. 5RCZv\Wd&  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 FTZ][  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 zA4m !l*eM  
bU9B2'%E  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 (;T$[ru`  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, ,y@`wq>O  
例:We appoint him monitor. , v,mBYaU  
  We elected him president. FjYih>  
d5mhk[p7\J  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck *NzHY;e  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not %upnXRzw  
   consider them --because they are now primarily |y=;#A  
   kept as pets. \lwYDPY:  
   (A) where sporting dogs +Gv{Apd"  
   (B) sporting dogs =@$G3DM  
   (C) when sporting dogs wmbjL=f Ia  
   (D) they are sportingdogs PI@/jh  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 cz<8Kb/XV  
GjlA\R^e  
二十、It结构 ip6$Z3[)  
一、强调句型 " '/:Tp)  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 s6Ox!)&  
VbR /k,Co  
这个句型需要注意几点: wO:!B\e  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; 5A(zQ'6  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; d3Dw[4  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 F)P"UQ!\  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: cm^:3(yYX  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. g}HB |$P7  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. |tL57Wu93  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ANB@cK_  
6f1%5&si  
二、形式主语 u;1/.`NPB  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 $50rj  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 3k)W0]:|<  
l(X8 cHAi  
z"/Mva3|  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than eeI aH >  
    A               B Wr3j8"f/  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are E({+2}=1  
                  C H:9Z.|{Gv  
   the main focus of social psychology. m\a_0!K  
           D CNwYQe-i  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is 5Z2E))UU  
08)X:@ w?  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of [Xp{z tGE  
   educational films. GA&mM   
   (A) It is  zJ;K4)"j  
   (B) There is  a[TR_ uR  
   (C) Though there is  ?39B(T  
   (D) Although it is R Wa4O#  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 3{e7j6u\  
gH87e  
oK3uGPi  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 &P8 Run  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, ]8,:E ]`O  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 9G8n'jWyY  
$lkd9r1   
in which+完整的句子 RB]K?  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 >z0~!!YZ  
m5K B#\  
名词+of which+谓语动词 KM$5ZbCF:  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 Dd+ f,$  
~$g$31/  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of ibDMhW$n  
   which are accented. F|._'i+B!  
   (A) line consists of each TmS;ybsG  
   (B) consists of each line @g|E b}t  
   (C) each line consists wn* z*  
   (D) it consists of each line W":is"  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 /'|'3J]HP  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 A`4Di8'Me  
`!MyOI`qS  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a U_a)g X  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. fn|l9k~<O  
   (A) traps   k*bfq?E a  
   (B) trap its  7I;Give{  
   (C) which traps $[VeZ-  
   (D) which it traps o/I<)sa  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 '< OB  j  
5GK=R aV  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists ,x5`5mT3  
  have paid little attention to cultural 4QWDuLu  
   A             &fYx0JT  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of *(ex:1sW  
         B      C ie$QKoE  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. 52B ye   
           D oS)0,p  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 `gqBJi  
G8`q-B}q  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin .<v0y"amJ  
   became interested in the art movement )!MeSWGq  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis,  TyMR m  
   both --her novels and short stories. Kp"mV=RG2T  
   (A) in which the influence 0CY_nn#3  
   (B) of which influenced `"[VkQFB/  
   (C) to have influence UuxWP\ ~2  
   (D) its influence in b@N|sXt&C  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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