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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 IP{$lC  
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一、主句单一原则 4P5^.\.  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 B1FJAKI);  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 S8kzAT  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. )l! /7WKY  
   (A) They occur where they are LibQlNW\  
   (B) Occuring where P RUl-v  
   (C) Where they occur iF +@ aA  
   (D) Where do they occur )\D{5j  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 ?[.8A/:5  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 lw~ V  
S:i# |T."  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 4 X/UyBk  
   (A) Fort Wayne `9^+KK"  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne WvArppANo  
   (C) For wayne is in f@J rbg  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in ;a>u7rw  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 }.'rhR+  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 bW! &n  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 >EFWevT{  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 FP=27=  
Q~0>GOq*  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” -8FUR~WJ  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with #| ,cy,v4  
   social issues. ^<-r57pz  
    (A) covers R{bG`C8.d  
    (B) covers it T_D] rMl  
    (C) which covers pw4^E|X  
    (D) which it covers Ic_NQ<8  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 _ h#I}uJ~  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused [yk-<}#B  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on jy2gR1~  
   the paper. 7`A]X,:  
   (A) the impression is I-r+1gty  
   (B) if the impression is (oX!D(OI  
   (C) impressions }kr?+)wB  
   (D) the impression EI 35&7(  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression uz{RV_IX7  
三、平行结构 9>9EZ?4m  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 1] ~w?)..'  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: ; iia? f1  
A and B, gHstdp_3  
A , B, and C <OGG(dI  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- 6u+aP  
   is known as accounting. kc^,V|Nbq6  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary rjK`t_(=  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's Wvr{ l  
     transactions %?PFe}  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are s4"Os gP+  
     summarized n^T,R  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an @GFB{ ;=  
     enterprise R^*baiXVI  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 %A$&9c%  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 lQ;BI~  
~_D.&-xUF  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 8#7qH T;cx  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and Z]]Ur  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on xmvE*q"9]  
   human patients. {p84fR1P  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in EsMX #1>/m  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures -[=eVS.2%  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures :u14_^  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull ?q:|vt  
     fractures VLez<Id9(  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 /kb U<  
RRIh;HhX  
四、宾语从句结构 eThaH0  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 P]43FPb  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: &J>e; X  
     state(陈述,表明)+that I,{YxY[$7  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that o.{W_k/n  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, }5;4'l8  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite DiFYVR<@  
   units called quanta or photons. O[Vet/^)  
    (A) energy that QqA=QTZ}  
    (B) that it is energy F8f}PV]b  
    (C) it is energy SYCL\b   
    (D) that energy OETo?Wg1Z  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 ?QOU9"@+B  
} oPO`  
V`Cy x^P  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth DB/~Z  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is o,6t: ?Z  
   placed on them. U#jz5<r  
   (A) although its crust and mantle h?mDtMCw2  
   (B) its crust and mantle to B9maz"lJ  
   (C) that its crust and mantle mUBy*.  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to M3 tl4%j  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 |oY{TQ<<d  
五、介词+ which结构  {^N,=m\  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 xfYKUOp/  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, (dy(.4W\  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 jI ol`WX  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, cQ8[XNa  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 Cv**iW  
0<,{poMM  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is L&pR#  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees qSY\a\.<  
   for public office. #])"1fk  
    (A) that Pb5yz-?  
    (B)by which )w7vE\n3  
    (C)is that -xn-A f!v  
    (D)by those %7#<K\])  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 fap`;AuwK  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 'S`l[L:.8  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 ~y<0Cc3Vs  
:""Hyj Y!  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players nWd!ovd  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called KF%BX ~80C  
   wickers. P5Xp #pa  
   (A) when pN9!  
   (B) which m Q2i$ 0u  
   (C) is when wWl ?c  
   (D) in which OSBR2Z;=  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 @:N8V[*u  
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六、in that结构 K#R]of~/  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, WtOjPW  
  because of +名词, _XZ Gj:V  
  consequently是副词 j.=:S;  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 T`# nn|  
"f91Y X_)  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals #}7T$Va  
   ---- it is a liquid. .j4y0dh33  
   (A) whereas "r^RfZ;  
   (B) in that LUQ.=:mBR  
   (C) because of F_@B ` ,  
   (D) consequently b|i4me@  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 c=v016r\  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 f I1CT)0<e  
[4"(\r\ f  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual mV}b Q^*?Z  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. \(Ma>E4PNU  
   (A)they ?mNB:-Q  
   (B)in they $%EX~$=m]-  
   (C)that they Z_ GGH2u  
   (D)in that they dA<%4_WZty  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 sc*R :"  
[{Wo:c9Qq1  
-mO#HZIq  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 z</C)ObL  
P%R!\i  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ &4OOW;,?<  
   great inspiration for her poems. HzM\<YD  
   (A) that she drew i$kB6B#==  
   (B) by drawing her 6% V:Z  
   (C) from which she drew Bw;isMx7  
   (D) drawn from which G@P;#l`(D  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 G$,s.MSf  
七、what结构 h[dJNawL  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: (rFkXK4^J  
  what=the thing that .6MG#N  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend < }K9 50  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. :?~)P!/xl5  
   (A) it grows PxYK)n9&  
   (B) what grows yr'-;-u  
   (C) does it grow <,$*(dX)(  
   (D) what does it grow TDw~sxtv&  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 mh4 VQ9  
aNry> 2:  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle f\5w@nX  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory qt.4dTd:_  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. n3?P8m$  
   (A) there mvH}G8  
   (B) where ]*]*O|w  
   (C) that T$mT;k  
   (D) what r;b`@ .  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 #IGcQY  
c1kV}-v  
)J]NBE:8  
八、同位语结构 /Q W^v;^  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 fFVQu\  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) cq]0|\Vz  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 3<.DiY  
   and swallowing . i.^UkN{  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste &:C[ nq  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly ~{g/  
   (C) the chief organ of taste JoB-&r}\V*  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes 3v$n}.  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 Z  OAg7  
K~]Xx~F  
9( X~  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 ;[lLFI  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) o;9H~E  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of ^4JK4+!Zfq  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of 41B.ZE+*qd  
   Dishonor. EQ"_kJ>81Y  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause CNj |vYj  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson IN;!s#cl:  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause %/U'Wu{*  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. J#w=Z>oz<  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 1 h162  
zB7 ^L^Y  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as oQ Vm)Bn'R  
   hosts to many insect pests. -Nz OX"V]3  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than MD;,O3Ge  
     goldenrods m-[xrVV  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods b!QRD'31'j  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy {R7RBX  
     plants /a$Zzs&xs  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants N1>M<N03  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 _= [pW2p  
4;jAdWj3  
FAGi`X<L  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 {)Zz4  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 A|mE3q=  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to T/%k1Hsa4H  
   Athens. ;]BNc"  
   (A) the distance is ][\ uH|  
   (B) that the distance is E_z,%aD[  
   (C) is that the distance tnX W7ej^  
   (D) the distance m KKa0"  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 527u d^:  
 OtZtl* 5  
九、比较结构 i&}LuF8  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 wxG*mOw  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less U|+`Eth8(  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. 4l{La}Aj  
    (A) does P6'0:M@5  
    (B) in JS >"j d#  
    (C) it does in &4p~i Z  
    (D) in it does %CrpUx  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 XQ Si  
1(VskFtZF  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. rsK b9G  
    (A) rays more than infrared !6+V  
    (B) rays are more infrared than - :x6X$=  
    (C) more than infrared rays Kku@!lv  
    (D) more infrared rays than K+U0YMRmz  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 Fz$^CMw5K  
!`dn# j  
({t6Cbw  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 |uA /72  
例3:The activities of the international marketing .!1E7\  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. {<Vw55)#0Q  
   (A) the domestic marketer has a&`Lfw"  
   (B) the domestic marketer does wIQt f|ZI>  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer v$|cF'yyF=  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer sTYA  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 u,Cf4H*xS  
:LR>U;2  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing H[iR8<rhQ  
   is greater than --. /. @"wAw:  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined ;[j)g,7{  
   (B) mining and farming combination :W1B"T<  
   (C) that mining and farming combined M[ ,:NE4H  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming ?xCWg.#l4V  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 {cAGOxwd  
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十、定语从句省略结构 :.f m LL  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 )ocr.wU@  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture HY7#z2L  
   and overpower. WQYw@M~4Q!  
   (A) can   !&vPG>V  
   (B) they can [-JU(:Rh  
   (C) which can sb*)K,U  
   (D) and |jTRIMj%,_  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 8A2_4q@34  
05o 1  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can j q1 |`:  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the pu6@X7W"  
   food they eat. 9g`o+U{  
    (A) require F>[T)t{m=  
    (B) requires YS+| n%?  
    (C) requiring L~>~a1p!  
    (D)to require  <]h?_)  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 ~~X-$rtU  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food aLt2fB1)  
L/2,r*LNx$  
m>ApN@n  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 i9j#Tu93 f  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of yJ?S7+b  
    A " TP^:Ln  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around S<UWv@`U"  
   B          C      D {>n\B~*,"C  
   the world. h3t);}Y}D9  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to <3C/t|s  
fm1yZX?`  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 'Uu!K!  
          A  B      C db`L0JB  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. r6gfxW5  
              D LeaJ).Maw  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more ^c|_%/  
uJ T^=Y  
十一、状语从句省略结构 :kQydCuK  
Metals expand when they are heated. 8(ej]9RObU  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: chA7R'+LA  
 x>$e*  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; B"?ivxM:U  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, VDTt}J8  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 dTZ$92<  
^xm%~   
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of K*S3{s%UR  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand |ya.c\}q  
   considerable impact. Ake@krh>$  
   (A) apparently y4)iL?!J~  
   (B) are apparently Dl@Jj?zc  
   (C) apparently their a'Yi^;2+\  
   (D) are they apparently we8aqEomr  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 5Ky(C6E$s  
@2g <d  
T.}Y&,n$$5  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: v =d16  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; ,pIh.sk7s*  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) #MFIsx)r  
8W Etm}  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the VwOcWKD  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly F3[,6%4v  
   white. l];/,J^  
   (A) when, pure which ;SIWWuk  
   (B) when, which pure _"*}8{|  
   (C) which, pure when $*|M+ofQ  
   (D) which, when pure F3hG8YX  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, dci<Rz`h  
Dxy^r*B  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine k/(]1QnW  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing #q 4uS~  
   infrequently Xv3pKf-K  
   (A) Even =*1NVi $n  
   (B) It is C;j& Vbf  
   (C) Even though vA}_x7}n(  
   (D) There is YS_3Cq  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 .G#li(NWH  
yzv"sd[8N  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 FgL892[  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 T7%!JBg@  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; J\P6  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 e[16 7uU  
JQ 6M,O  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: +:"0 %(  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 iGkysU<wcp  
  The starring troops have to surrender. :eSsqt9]9  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; Fn7OmxfD  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 UKQ"sC  
I}m20|vv  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is a eeor  
Rq%Kw > {&  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often @0 /qP<E  
   called scapegoating. ~7U~   
   (A) Eliminate problems ^:]$m;v]  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ]jFl?LA%7  
   (C) Eliminating problems Q{RmE:  
   (D) Problems are eliminated s<)lC;#e  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 CF2Bd:mfZ  
mr^3Y8 $s  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them UhpJGO  
   from damage due to weather. \?d3Pn5`  
    (A) Painting 2h'Wu qO  
    (B) Painted m$kQbPlatN  
    (C) The paint IF|6iKCE  
    (D) By painting 6FQi=}O1  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 52dD(  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 RHg-Cg`  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting k(l2`I4V  
w{6C4~0  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to :Ko6.|  
   conserve water in the winter. ( %\7dxiK  
   (A) when losing leaves 1!~cPD'F  
   (B) leaves are lost ) ;\c{QF  
   (C) that losing leaves 6 (Pan%  
   (D) the leaves losing x8PT+KC  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 hTr5Q33y>  
~,b^f{7`!  
十三、make结构 _`|1B$@x  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) IW 3k{z  
共有三种形式: !Qe ;oMqy}  
   make it possible+to do "6$V1B0KW  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 f'^uuO#x  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 2T~cOH;T  
N Qk aW)  
做题技巧: PgWWa*Ew  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 3/kT'r  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it _rT\?//B  
wA=r ]BT  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ;sZG=y@  
   thus make--details that are otherwise AK2Gm-hHK  
   impossible to observe . mL{P4a 1xf  
   (A) it visible  mgq!)  
   (B) visibly Km` SR^&\  
   (C) visible P[nc8z[  
   (D) they are visible t4WB^dHYp  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 !Zz;;Z  
t'eqk#rq  
SB_Tzp  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large J D \tt-  
   amount of information on a single map. Z2% HQL2  
   (A) possible =}^NyLE?  
   (B) it possible *'< AwG&  
   (C) it is possible uN|A}/hr]  
   (D) that possible 9%!h/m>rW  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ToXWFX  
m&.LJ*uM\K  
:xh{SsW@  
十四、the more …the more…结构 WRh5v8Wz0  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: _C?j\Wy  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 SepjF  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 {f/qI`  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 3[YG BM(  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 1Ms[$$b$  
zC?' Qiuh*  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the *;7y 5ZJ  
   number of lines of magnetic force. yk+ 50/L  
   (A) of N'Gq9A  
   (B) the /x<g$!`X  
   (C) is the 44]s`QyG  
   (D) is of the JzyCeM =  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B [GwAm>k  
vB:\ZX4  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the wwUI ;g  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  1'kO{Ge*p:  
   (A) the stress it is greater y7Po$)8l  
   (B) greater is the stress q t"D!S_  
   (C) greater stress is :6n#y-9^1  
   (D) the greater the stress u?osX;'w  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 w:&" "'E  
]33!obM  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 UhxM85M;x  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 S|85g1}t  
+;N]34>S7  
VtBC~?2U)B  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , "J VIkC  
             A     B ~#_~DqbMZ5  
   thus making it possible the gentle +8Xjk\Hi  
       C            0w?da~  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. -Q WvB  
         D 1\}vU  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 A*JOp8\)  
;pnF%co9  
qmS9*me {  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more :F(4&e=w  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, 7?P'f3)fG  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the 2Q^ q$@L  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” byHc0ktI\  
    (A) however M/ 3;-g  
    (B) thus i~@gI5[k+  
    (C) and !np_B0`  
    (D) moreover $BqiC!~  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 x:SjdT  
P1#g{f  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the 2/-m-5A  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. tXE/aY*I  
    (A) to save the seeds Gu;40)gm  
    (B) saving the seeds O=K lc+Oo  
    (C)which saves the seeds UZdnsG7  
    (D) the seeds saved \!ZA#7  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B YPK@BmAdE  
&;Ncc,jb  
y?s z&*:  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 dc$zW^i  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. x{H+fq,M  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. >+O0W)g{o  
-J v,#Z3  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. |d0X1(  
   (A) the tallest )nd^@G^  
   (B) the tallest that is RDps{),E;d  
   (C) which is the tallest FB k7Cn!  
   (D) which the tallest is `zoHgn7B9q  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 tI^91I  
"6,fIsU  
h;=~%2Y  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of [REH*_  
       A  B       C 9O g  
   domestic animals. QL0q/S1*  
    D %YVPm*J ~  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 8UB2 du@?  
_DR@P(0>_  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 o0Teect=  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: mJ%^`mrI  
  program, programmed, programmed >p&"X 2 @  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: v hZXgp0X  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 G 1{m"1M  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be (~Z&U  
0 Rb3| te  
Q 1i5"'][  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona K0>;4E>B  
   features structures built of red sandstone by kNP-+o  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. Z71_D  
   (A) That the DXJw)%G w  
   (B) In the t!4 (a0\$F  
   (C) Around the I484c R2.  
   (D) The Qfp4}a=  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 .joCZKO  
rHk(@T.]  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called \[!{tbK`2  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. WiZkIZ  
   (A) to be made em7L `,  
   (B) making zEjl@Kf  
   (C) made ]G&[P8hz B  
   (D) are made S%H"i y  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 .NWsr*Tel  
#Br`;hL<T  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given =f@71D1  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of TlO=dLR7d  
   human beings. !C4)P3k  
   (A) without Sc3{Y+g  
   (B) lack rhYARr'  
   (C) minus dm[JDVv|  
   (D) not having alxIc.[  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 5k=04=Iyh#  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 Y 8}y0]V  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 p%Q{Rqc)  
qi^kf  
m[l&&(+J,  
十八、逻辑主语结构 vh|m[p  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 F" G+/c/L  
FYNUap,A  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. ^^V+0 l  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members W-D4" G@  
    of the committee g \+!+!"~  
   (B) the committee members discussed the hQ)?LPUB  
    problem XYV`[,^h&  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee 7lOAu]Zx  
    members the problem R4D$)D  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by ?!tO'}?  
    the members of the committee Y3V2}  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B x wfdJ(&  
J,h'eY5  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until AHa]=ka>  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. .^- I<4.  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch \*fXPJ4  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn hZ>1n&[ @  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch kT^`j^Jr  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 3;//o<  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 gxDyCL$h3  
=m;cy0))  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her UHI<8o9  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her -t*P=V|@  
   first article in print. Z'wGZ(  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane Q9g^'a  
    Hawes had "v'%M({  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane < ?rdhx  
    Hawe's first _bCIVf`  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first R|\kk?,u  
    teaching position }o=s"0a  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching BS?rKtdm(  
    position g s%[Cv  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 nI`9|W  
. N5$s2t  
例4: Even at low levels, --. O2~Q(q'   
   (A) the nervous system has produced T#YJ5Xw  
     detrimental effects by lead ?KFj=Yo  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the `$] ZT>&  
    nervous system %G, d&%f  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the !$0ozDmD  
    nervous system c*V/2" 5  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 70A* !v  
    the nervous system Y-y}gc_L  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 n?NUnFA  
Mgux (5`;  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking qc/)l~]?g{  
            A   B     C dJ7!je1N*  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. N}\3UHtO  
       D VBg M7d  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 &bwI7cO  
u/HNXJ7M`9  
\x~},!l  
十九、复合宾语结构 hx!hI1   
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 s, 8g^aF4  
We played soccer. "tU,.U  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 bP1]:^ x@W  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 3\?yjL^  
&BRi& &f  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 C <q@C!A  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, T3/Gl 6f  
例:We appoint him monitor. O.'\GM  
  We elected him president. R?J=5tO  
?`=r@  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck .Za)S5U  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not F44KbUH  
   consider them --because they are now primarily  kSU]~x  
   kept as pets. fqD1Ej  
   (A) where sporting dogs W< :7z  
   (B) sporting dogs oz/Nx{bg  
   (C) when sporting dogs eGlPi|  
   (D) they are sportingdogs kPF qsq  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 ;Km74!.e7  
</) HcRj'e  
二十、It结构 0I"r*;9?K  
一、强调句型 *waaM]u  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 SR*KZ1U  
"DU1k6XC  
这个句型需要注意几点: q;=!=aRg  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; *BAR`+;U  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; v0'`K 5M  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 }ujl2uhM  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: F4 :#okt  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. 3.<E{E!F  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. y-#01Z  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. b[`fQv$G  
2(K@V6j$M  
二、形式主语 OCN@P+L3q  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 /{*0 \`;  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ZBl!7_[_  
*_CzCl^   
0` %Ask  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than BoHp fx1C  
    A               B DRuG5|{I:  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are s8iB>-dk  
                  C ^QTtCt^:  
   the main focus of social psychology. :*dfP/GO  
           D n|AV7c  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ?$Jj^/luD  
r%UsUj  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of mVNHH!  
   educational films. c-q=Ct  
   (A) It is  G"D=ozr  
   (B) There is  =dDr:Y<@*  
   (C) Though there is uwo\FI  
   (D) Although it is 4"~l^yK  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 W}aCU~  
32x[6"T  
\^]*T'>b  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 M" R= ;n  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, gOLN7K-)  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 Ze"m;T  
jHQnD]Hr  
in which+完整的句子 p4^&G/'  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 Y4Y~e p  
S?<hs,  
名词+of which+谓语动词 ,jq:%Y[KZ  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 P87Lo4R d  
fprP$MbI  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of /_qW?LKG/  
   which are accented. V[2}  
   (A) line consists of each uZe"M(3r$  
   (B) consists of each line |qz&d=>  
   (C) each line consists oe<DP7e  
   (D) it consists of each line kJK*wq]U6  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 _o7t| pl~  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 6KDm#7J  
d<Dm(   
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a <S3s==Cg  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. 7j8lhrM}^  
   (A) traps   s w{e |  
   (B) trap its  {"c`k4R  
   (C) which traps >Og|*g  
   (D) which it traps F -Bj  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 Jq?Fi'2F%  
 ZvwU  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists  h@PE:=  
  have paid little attention to cultural Q^bYx (r5w  
   A             ]=ADX}  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of .$fSWlM;  
         B      C n8tw8o%&[  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. 'xLXj>  
           D Qk >9o  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 |DYgc$2pN  
 &Ufp8[  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin 0 9qfnQG  
   became interested in the art movement 05:?5M4};  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, Dt! <  
   both --her novels and short stories. (D:-p:q.  
   (A) in which the influence "  sC]z}  
   (B) of which influenced EJ(36h  
   (C) to have influence zz!jt A  
   (D) its influence in H+Aidsn  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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