填空题常考结构 c86?-u')
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一、主句单一原则 y`m0/SOT
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 S@pdCH, n
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 W"s/8;
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. D@X"1X!F`G
(A) They occur where they are x Y$x=)
(B) Occuring where MA9E??p3\
(C) Where they occur z+oy#p6+F.
(D) Where do they occur ghW`xm87
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 1h`F*:nva
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 ]Rf$&7`g{
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center A]QGaWK
(A) Fort Wayne ;K l'[~z
(B) Although Fort Wayne .(p_YjIA
(C) For wayne is in WllQM,h
(D) Fort Wayne, in x/]G"?Uix
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ' p!&&.%
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二、谓语动词专一原则 $p
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任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 d+h~4'ebv
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 m_ wvi
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” w"kBAi&
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with It'kO jx]
social issues. !6taOT
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(A) covers xG4 C 6
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(B) covers it \qW^AD(it<
(C) which covers UaXIrBc
(D) which it covers Y*jkUQ
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 OWr\$lm@z$
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused A]'XC"lS
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on lUnC+w#[
the paper. ^=-W8aVi>
(A) the impression is j}}
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(B) if the impression is w2!5TKZ`
(C) impressions 8v^AVg
(D) the impression ?ODBW/{[G
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression :Ef$[_S>
三、平行结构 T-oUcuQB
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 p7Yb8#XfU
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: bM
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A and B, ;,KT+!H$
A , B, and C S6yLq|W0
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- NU7k2`bqAk
is known as accounting. *ES"^N/88
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary 51s 3hX$
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's bwjLMWEVq
transactions :WSszak
(C) transactions of an enterprise are hZO=$Mm4p
summarized mL s>RR#b
(D) summarizing the transactions of an \xk8+= /A
enterprise Zr!CT5C5
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 VpM(}QHd
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 `v Ebm Xb
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed d6e]aO=g
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and {*qz<U>
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on u,S}4p&l
human patients. Z#_VxA>]v
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in qzE
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(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ^;mGOjS
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures lz0'E'%{P
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull j2!^iGS}
fractures 1d~cR
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 ].*I Z
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四、宾语从句结构 6[C>"s}Ol
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 rWzO>v
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: sJ cwN.s
state(陈述,表明)+that q+Qrc]>-f
indicate(指明,表明)+that %-, -:e
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, %y2i1^
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 92Df.xI}
units called quanta or photons. }^3ICwzm
(A) energy that 08 aZU
(B) that it is energy wfF0+T+IA
(C) it is energy >_um-w #C
(D) that energy U6R~aRJ;
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 `!iVMTp
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth \ HZ]=B#0
indicate--yield when unusual weight is ZU-vZD>
placed on them. lCMU{)
(A) although its crust and mantle XDrNc!XN
(B) its crust and mantle to F~_)auH
(C) that its crust and mantle 6H_7M(f
(D) for its crust and mantle to Y^W.gGM
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ,k5b,}tN
五、介词+ which结构 Ss~dK-{e7
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 XN1\!CM8
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, @`6db
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 2
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, zS##YR
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 5+[`x']l
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is Q]}aZ4L
a method ---- voters select the nominees +u:Q+PkM
for public office. 9e|]H+y
(A) that ZiS<vWa3R
(B)by which ?!J{Mrdn
(C)is that c_xo6+:l
(D)by those >=_Z\ wA
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 ,^UNQO*{GI
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 'y?(s
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B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 L[Dr[
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players ;*Cu >f7
hit wooden balls through wire arches called C?3?<FDL
wickers. J \@yP
(A) when -nQ :RHnd
(B) which Lit@ m2{\
(C) is when V.RG=TVS
(D) in which P%6-W5<
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ad1%"~1
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六、in that结构 $~V,.RD
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, DJv;ed%x
because of +名词, {/x["2a1
consequently是副词 FBYAd@="2
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 F;mK)
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 94umk*ib
---- it is a liquid. 6}Y
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(A) whereas .cTK\
(B) in that d85\GEF9i
(C) because of S?W!bkfn
(D) consequently :RsO$@0G
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 f((pRP
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 w !N;Y0
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual (Yzy;"iAu
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. +X4O.6Mn
(A)they ,r{[l D^
(B)in they }*{@-v|_R
(C)that they >g%^hjJ
(D)in that they 0W|}5(C
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 %-y%Q.;k?
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 &C eG4_Mi
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ LFsrqdzJ
great inspiration for her poems. i2ap]
(A) that she drew sp4J%2b
(B) by drawing her yub|
(C) from which she drew *x EcX6ZHX
(D) drawn from which }QszOi\fV1
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 IL?mt2I Q>
七、what结构 <#U9ih
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what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ?)$+W+vK
what=the thing that lW^bn(_gQ
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend j?&Rf,,%
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. RbUhLcG5
(A) it grows gA)!1V+:
(B) what grows G.2ij%Zz
(C) does it grow xtef1 8i>
(D) what does it grow ~7$E\w6
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 Mp=2}d%P
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle :3k&[W*
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory J
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became----is now Indiana and Ohio. 6iwIEb
(A) there
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(B) where jk-hIl&
(C) that uJz<:/rwZ-
(D) what [KA&KI^hF
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 OhmKjY/}
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八、同位语结构 d,}fp)
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 Bl5*sfjG
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ZMmaM "9
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ncg5%(2
and swallowing . WVc3C-h,
(A) is the chief organ of taste QJc3@
(B) tasting the organ chiefly +0U
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(C) the chief organ of taste Ju3-ZFUS4
(D) the organ chiefly tastes a.+2h%b
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 z -|gw.y
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) KK;3<kX
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of CW*Kdt
Native Americans in her novel, Century of cU8Rm\?
Dishonor. s(*LV2fa
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause
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(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson }
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(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause cW B
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(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. 68ce+|
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 XMb]&VvH
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as ( ONn{12Q
hosts to many insect pests. "?Dov/+Q.
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than %H=d_Nm{
goldenrods 9(?9yFbj5
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods )cA#2mlS'1
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy C/Vs+aW
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plants #<ppiu$
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants ^Rr0)4ns
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 O@;
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 K)z{R n
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 Xup rl2+
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to $4K(AEt[
Athens. Oax*3TD
(A) the distance is Xv[5)4N
(B) that the distance is P{YUW~
(C) is that the distance KU,KEtf
(D) the distance l,cnMr^.W
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 ~{Gbu oH
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