加入VIP 上传考博资料 您的流量 增加流量 考博报班 每日签到
   
主题 : 填空题常考结构
级别: 初级博友
显示用户信息 
楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构  XW`&1qx  
liPUK#  
一、主句单一原则 *(s)CWf  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 L<5go\!bV  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 >lN{FJ  
<dh7*M  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. rn U2EL  
   (A) They occur where they are MZ6?s(mkx  
   (B) Occuring where L)4TW6IUk  
   (C) Where they occur l\jf]BHX'  
   (D) Where do they occur 3x.|g   
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 cMI QbBM  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 {>>f5o 3  
 jats)!:  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center Z3T:R"l;  
   (A) Fort Wayne GYyP+7K4l[  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ci6j"nKci  
   (C) For wayne is in }=az6cLE2  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in Of SYOL7o  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 /|P&{ !  
0:Ak 4L6k  
SPn0D9 b]  
二、谓语动词专一原则 %dKUB4  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 ^1Y0JQ  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 n\ZDI+X  
RWz^ MV5K  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” [D^KM|I%+  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with a$l/N{<.  
   social issues. .COY%fz  
    (A) covers 39BGwKXb  
    (B) covers it -_4U+Cfmtl  
    (C) which covers vB#&XK.aW  
    (D) which it covers Kisd.~u8j  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 bH~ue5q  
wMT?p/9Blm  
'/Hx0]V  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused gV9 1=Pj  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on |l 03,dOF  
   the paper. /q ;MihK  
   (A) the impression is Z1wN+Y.CA  
   (B) if the impression is A_muuOIcI  
   (C) impressions EX~ U(JB6  
   (D) the impression tT ~}lW)Y  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression .|NF8Fj  
三、平行结构 :lcZ )6&S  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 5P ,{h  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: 1NtN-o)N?  
A and B, b?hdWQSW7  
A , B, and C 4/e-E^  
L 5J=+k,  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- 4=9To|U*  
   is known as accounting. #D XC 6f  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary :<Yc V#!P  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's RXP0 4  
     transactions Uvgv<OR`_  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are WoHFt*e2  
     summarized 6.kX~$K  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an {'4h.PB+r  
     enterprise jhr{JApbJv  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 $?Y Ry_SI  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 qsk8#  
qba<$  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed I2hX;pk,  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and 7afD^H%  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on wrv-"%u)  
   human patients. JhRXfIK>{  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in ]1>U@oK  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures uvz}qH@j/Q  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures jbcJ\2  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull 3/+ 9#  
     fractures n*(Vf'k  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 qRT1Wre 3  
^B8%Re%  
四、宾语从句结构 ]#]|]>& <  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 qMD6LWJ  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: kFZw"5hb  
     state(陈述,表明)+that J;,6ydf8!  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that gO_{(\w*  
TkXD#%nFY  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, i$gm/ZO  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite iK8aj)%Q@  
   units called quanta or photons. Ve#VGlI  
    (A) energy that ,R]hNjs-{  
    (B) that it is energy RL7OFfMe  
    (C) it is energy mJe;BU"y]  
    (D) that energy g N 76  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 XF(0>-  
,=whwl "tA  
RO"c+|Py  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth d%VG@./xq  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is )X2=x^u*U  
   placed on them. {)nm {IV,  
   (A) although its crust and mantle rlTCVmE 8[  
   (B) its crust and mantle to n:d]Z2b  
   (C) that its crust and mantle MT9c:7}[&  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to pi7Fd\A  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 b)RU+9x &  
五、介词+ which结构 MUsF/1  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 xp-.,^q\w  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子,  *X- 6]C  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 C%#=@HC  
5>+>=)*  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, ov&4&v  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 ;/?M&rX  
!wy Qk  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is ): HjpJv F  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees R{Q*"sf  
   for public office. 9a}rE  
    (A) that EfHo1Yn&  
    (B)by which |hms'n0  
    (C)is that <>JN&#3?  
    (D)by those *y +T(73  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 ^UI{U1N~Bz  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 ~ED8]*H|`  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 w@w(AFV9/  
8|k r|l  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players e~]3/0  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called wBz?OnD/D  
   wickers. N~7xj?  
   (A) when 9gP-//L@  
   (B) which M#o.$+Uh  
   (C) is when Qvc "?yx8}  
   (D) in which RsV<4$  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ct, B0(]  
?d@3y<A,~  
六、in that结构 ]WlE9z7:8  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, { No*Z'X  
  because of +名词, { FVLH:{U^  
  consequently是副词 n8W+q~sW%  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 w`_cmI  
VI83 3  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals XLwmX i  
   ---- it is a liquid. K)NB{8 _  
   (A) whereas sE BZ-qql  
   (B) in that D H7B4P  
   (C) because of xd[GJ;xvs  
   (D) consequently hC1CISm.U  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 61qs`N=k  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 QGv$~A[h  
~Sq !P  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual B 4s^X`?z  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. :exgdm;N  
   (A)they  m}t.E  
   (B)in they $U3|.4  
   (C)that they -)cau-(X  
   (D)in that they =+I~K'2  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 93Z/|7  
. X  (^E  
}b$?t7Q)  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 cJ CKxj  
:0G_n\  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ RQaB _bg7  
   great inspiration for her poems. .9":Ljs(L  
   (A) that she drew Ino$N|G[  
   (B) by drawing her hLs<g!*O  
   (C) from which she drew ll]MBq  
   (D) drawn from which J[Ck z]  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 [w0@7p"7  
七、what结构 8 $!&D&v  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: QNH-b9u>8  
  what=the thing that 2#<)-Cak  
=H<I` J'  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend wiwAdYEQ\  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. K-_XdJ\  
   (A) it grows {}sF ?wZf  
   (B) what grows 7H$I9e  
   (C) does it grow &.m.ruab  
   (D) what does it grow lpjeEaw o4  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 GnX+.uQL|  
 X.q,  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle >MTrq%.  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory ,A$#gLyk<  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. mJ_ 5Vt=  
   (A) there _u[2R=h  
   (B) where Az+k8=?  
   (C) that j&(Yk"j+  
   (D) what <Ny DrO"C3  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 0[# zn  
gwA+%]  
Rudj"OGO  
八、同位语结构 F @%`(/^TA  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 7R4t%^F  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) 1*aO2dOq  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing *(,zPn,  
   and swallowing . &H4Y`xV^=  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste #`HY"-7m_  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly d3[O!4<T  
   (C) the chief organ of taste Q)IL]S  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes *=2sXH1j  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 _.{I1*6Y2  
O x),jc[/  
> u!# 4  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 G%HuB5:u  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) "c5bz  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of sQXj?5!  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of W]CsKN,K  
   Dishonor. 2.2G79 U,  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause /Xm4%~b_gj  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson TPF5?  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause [["az'Lrk?  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. k9_c<TSzu  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 1EemVZdY  
6ec#3~ Y]  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 1PUeU+  
   hosts to many insect pests. y,xJ5BI$  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than IZs NMY  
     goldenrods ]ft}fU5C1  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods YHOo6syk  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy 'Z8=y[l  
     plants UbEK2&q/8  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants hd1aNaF-  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 ' 4.T1i,  
a{@gzB  
z=6zc-$y 9  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 sW&5Mu-  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 d#CAP9n;'  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to %PlA9@:IZ  
   Athens. Y[rRz6.*(  
   (A) the distance is 8'* /|)Hn  
   (B) that the distance is n+57# pS7  
   (C) is that the distance rK[;wD<  
   (D) the distance IAi|4,y_L  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 K"jS,a?s 6  
wE 3fKG.  
九、比较结构 ~X<?&;6  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 \IP 9EFA  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less [=TD)o>W(p  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. D@)L?AB1f  
    (A) does fb8)jd'~}O  
    (B) in 7hhv/9L1  
    (C) it does in ,Bs/.htQj  
    (D) in it does  a"D'QqtH  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 vP%}XEF  
C@WdPjxj  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. "j8`)XXa(  
    (A) rays more than infrared p$}/~5b}4  
    (B) rays are more infrared than ,WBKN)%u  
    (C) more than infrared rays ue*o>iohB  
    (D) more infrared rays than "(mF5BE-E  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 $IqubC>O  
/ 5/m x  
TN/y4(j  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 + ryB*nT  
例3:The activities of the international marketing ZgfhNI\  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. |G/U%?`  
   (A) the domestic marketer has (}rBnD  
   (B) the domestic marketer does @F/,~|{iM  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer P#}vi$dZ  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer 5w%[|%KG:L  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 WmkCV+thA  
3WM*4   
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing  $Gcjm~  
   is greater than --. PZVH=dagq  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined yxi&80$  
   (B) mining and farming combination sR^b_/ElxT  
   (C) that mining and farming combined ' g d=\gV  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming :!^NjO  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 Y`3\Z6KlV  
Zs8]A0$  
十、定语从句省略结构 qHvU4v  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 M9G?^mW1sT  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture 0oZZLi  
   and overpower. (*kKfg4Wj  
   (A) can   G7i0P j  
   (B) they can l[u 17,]S  
   (C) which can putRc??o;  
   (D) and gjx-tp 1.  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 @urZ  
x3sX=jIW_  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can dc0& */`:  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the $@l=FV_;  
   food they eat. X"9N<)C  
    (A) require xm5?C>vu(  
    (B) requires gW<4E=fl  
    (C) requiring L2_[M'  
    (D)to require |Qcj +HH.  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 s}-j.jzB{  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ( P=WKZMPN  
irvd>^&jDC  
u'k+t`V&  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 aX zb]">  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of MK1#^9Zr  
    A `7'^y  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ,F*HZBNFZ  
   B          C      D ~d3@x\I?  
   the world. R4T@ ]l&W  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to UG_ PrZd  
cM CM>*X  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive w^=(:`  
          A  B      C bBV03_*  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. ;(jL`L F  
              D j8 `7)^  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more XR 3 dG:  
s diWQv  
十一、状语从句省略结构 ^FQn\,  
Metals expand when they are heated. /I1n${{ 5  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: Ju& FwY+  
Qa\,)<'D:  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; D(TG)X?  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, k}I65 ^l#  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 BTYYp1  
SS24@:"{  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of U;*t5l  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand $Ff6nc=  
   considerable impact. a7uL {*ZR  
   (A) apparently G@Sqg  
   (B) are apparently V~ MsGj  
   (C) apparently their yPe9KN_  
   (D) are they apparently u^B!6Sj8  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 UZmUYSu;  
H=*0KX{  
);y ZyWDV  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式:  LAM{ ,?~  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; {Rb;1 eYj  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) +'iqGg-  
6d6Dk>(V  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the $T:;Kc W)  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly |pbetA4&  
   white. gR gB= C{  
   (A) when, pure which PhV/WjCZ  
   (B) when, which pure 2TQZu3$c  
   (C) which, pure when [{R>'~  
   (D) which, when pure ZR0 OqSp]  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, @%*@Rar  
JUj.:n2e  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine fVa z'R  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing /*BK6hc  
   infrequently g:xg ~H2  
   (A) Even cTn (Tv9s  
   (B) It is 3djw  
   (C) Even though $Q}L*4?]   
   (D) There is py':36'  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 l+@k:IK  
QmGK! H>3  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 Mae2L2vc  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 uHbbPtk  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; p\#;(pf}s  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 PY4a3dp U  
Y*A y=@z=y  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: 7bE`P[  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 zVe,HKF/  
  The starring troops have to surrender. hH-!3S2'  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; Q>;Aq!mr=  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 zL50|U0H  
I7SFGO  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is xO %yjG=  
 tj8o6N#  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often 8'fF{C  
   called scapegoating. `:m=rT_  
   (A) Eliminate problems j5[ >HL  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) CN-4FI)1D9  
   (C) Eliminating problems \k6OP  
   (D) Problems are eliminated 'u%_Ab_H  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 "]'W^Fg  
sT<h+[2d  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them -cZuP7oA  
   from damage due to weather. (5y*Btd=  
    (A) Painting 6"rS?>W/mO  
    (B) Painted #L*MMC"  
    (C) The paint u8<Fk !  
    (D) By painting @Y(7n/*  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 $SniQ  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 LA6Ik_-F  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting Tn38]UL  
\tS| N40  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to IWhe N  
   conserve water in the winter. : 9zEne4  
   (A) when losing leaves *s2 C+@ef  
   (B) leaves are lost %V!!S#W  
   (C) that losing leaves q'biTn]2  
   (D) the leaves losing tf9a- s  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 H a`V"X{}  
>Y:veEa6v6  
十三、make结构 =A"z.KfV  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) 3[m~6 Ys  
共有三种形式: |qq29dS?  
   make it possible+to do ]}_Ohe]X  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 ve(@=MJ  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) y#lg)nB  
>LEp EMJ\  
做题技巧: l W Lj==  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it k~$}&O  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it DJRr  
\&Oc}]  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and *eUxarI  
   thus make--details that are otherwise HR?a93  
   impossible to observe . Vjr}"K$Y  
   (A) it visible i$'#7U  
   (B) visibly X,+N/ nku  
   (C) visible DEpn>   
   (D) they are visible QPsvc6ds  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 (_~Dyvo  
B+=Xb;p8  
K WT[b?  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large Oj.xJ(uX+v  
   amount of information on a single map. 6C*4' P9>  
   (A) possible '\B!1 B>T  
   (B) it possible G%fNGQwT  
   (C) it is possible Jd/XEs?<q  
   (D) that possible ~^"s.Lsb  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 uB3Yl =P  
N< 7  
mF] 8  
十四、the more …the more…结构  EoHrXv  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: Q!}LtR$  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 {DGnh1  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 e!O:z   
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 1ba* U~OEg  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 {(qH8A  
tY $4k26  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 1jQlwT(:  
   number of lines of magnetic force. .ID9Xd$fky  
   (A) of C*,PH!$k  
   (B) the m^ [VM&%  
   (C) is the Cr$8\{2OA7  
   (D) is of the V(6ovJpA0  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B [^E{Yz=8,  
%W]" JwRu  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the gpzZs<ST  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  j+>&~  
   (A) the stress it is greater 5X"WgR;  
   (B) greater is the stress .LHzaeJCX  
   (C) greater stress is M-+= t8  
   (D) the greater the stress #^&.*' z%z  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 0}y-DCuQ  
H@hHEzO  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 0] $5jW6]  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 maTZNzy  
TZ+2S93c  
qJrMr4:F  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , [E/}-m6g  
             A     B jW!)5(B[A  
   thus making it possible the gentle CHRO9  
       C            v\?J$Hdd  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. = 3?"s(9  
         D [e+$jsPl  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 xg2 &  
D1VM_O  
wam- =3W  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more znl_~:.4]X  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, CD+2 w cy  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the d~b#dcv$"  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” Ho:X. Z9A^  
    (A) however kGX;x}q  
    (B) thus {Q la4U  
    (C) and t,yzqn  
    (D) moreover ;c_pa0L  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 b|HH9\  
hj.Du+1  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the 8>|@O<2\  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. mTW@E#)n  
    (A) to save the seeds D< 4!7*9%  
    (B) saving the seeds T?Dq2UW  
    (C)which saves the seeds zjrr*iw  
    (D) the seeds saved -)Y?1w  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B ^:RDu q  
z4nVsgQ$  
a;A&>Ei}  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 ?Ze3t5Ll  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. ^<e"OV  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. ^g dg0y!5~  
r]=3 aebR.  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. M]>JI'8  
   (A) the tallest Lu~e^Ul   
   (B) the tallest that is S"=o U}'|  
   (C) which is the tallest CDcs~PR@B  
   (D) which the tallest is C3%,pDh  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 '7F`qL\/#(  
^/Hj^4~_U  
(!';  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of _OF 8D  
       A  B       C *TuoC5  
   domestic animals. Dz&4za+{  
    D dBG]J18  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 EMH?z2iGd  
is}Fy>9i  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 'ce9v@(0  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: ftq~AF  
  program, programmed, programmed 2597#O  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: >?e*;f$VdJ  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 su=.4JcK  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be U2ANu|  
cQPH le2  
'q*1HNwGp  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona Qb# S)[6s+  
   features structures built of red sandstone by ]?)zH:2)  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ]-.Q9cjc$q  
   (A) That the l}AB):<Z  
   (B) In the '~ ]b;nA  
   (C) Around the Mdwh-Cis/  
   (D) The Q)a*bPz  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 5o~Z>  
jv0e&rt  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called Eun%uah6c  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. <1jiU%!w  
   (A) to be made M(3E b;`   
   (B) making 56':U29.]  
   (C) made oW+R:2I~O  
   (D) are made <b Ta88,)  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 5d4-95['_  
Y2$ % %@  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 2dI:],7  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of Z=H f OC  
   human beings. krl yEAK=  
   (A) without lp]O8^][&  
   (B) lack ss2:8up 99  
   (C) minus gh 0\9;h  
   (D) not having XnG!T$  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 i/Hi  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 A=3 U4L  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 E|fPI u  
w\QpQ~OX  
>%[W2L\'  
十八、逻辑主语结构 `150$*K&B  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 l:[=M:#p  
;}PL/L$L6;  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. w5nRgdboy!  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members l-npz)EM  
    of the committee L@ay4,e.bz  
   (B) the committee members discussed the 9!OpW:bR|  
    problem &KB{,:)?  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee 9PBmBP ~  
    members the problem Yk5kC 0B  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by Cm&itG  
    the members of the committee +l#2u#e  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B  5-J-Tn  
YUH/ tl  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until ^q6~xC,/  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. g=%&p?1@E  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 1Li@O[%X<  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn :z:Blp>nK/  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch K$Ph$P@   
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn o?3R HP47  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 s6$3[9Vh&9  
Dn[1BWM/7  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her f.= E.%  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her W< n`[  
   first article in print. Ud GoPzN  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane (g Z! o_  
    Hawes had 1mX*0>  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane 2 zy^(%a  
    Hawe's first 5c"kLq6r  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first u! i5Q  
    teaching position gY9"!IVe+  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching ff#-USK^R  
    position Trrh`@R  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 k mj m6  
nR7\ o(!  
例4: Even at low levels, --. a5-\=0L~  
   (A) the nervous system has produced {UcIt LjY  
     detrimental effects by lead fDd!Mt  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the :~(im_r  
    nervous system %\l,X{X  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the }>0 Kc=  
    nervous system jO 55<s94  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on ^aXBt  
    the nervous system =FmU]DV  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 PlZ iTP  
yr>bL"!CA  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking kre& J  
            A   B     C *K|aK p}  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. F :S,{&jB  
       D ^{:jY, ?]  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 prtxE&-  
opMUt,4  
$)Yog]}  
十九、复合宾语结构 `?Jg Hk  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 1v&Fo2ML  
We played soccer. {yR)}r  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 Nb~dw;t  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 GYC&P]  
|A0$XU{  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 JtpY][}"~3  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint,  7E`(8i  
例:We appoint him monitor. nud=uJ"(  
  We elected him president. t i^v%+r1  
o^Ysp&#p  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck `8;,&<U'`  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not HhmVV"g  
   consider them --because they are now primarily lt6;*z[  
   kept as pets. *frJ^ Ws{  
   (A) where sporting dogs $-Pqs ^g  
   (B) sporting dogs -,VhSI  
   (C) when sporting dogs #we>75l{+R  
   (D) they are sportingdogs 4iNbK~5j  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 fu<2t$Cn>  
sD8 m<   
二十、It结构 ]A72) 1  
一、强调句型 yv)nW::D(  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 Y#&0x_Z  
1N9< d,  
这个句型需要注意几点: j- YJ."  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; B>Cs&}Y!  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; "6N~2q,SW  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 K- I\P6R`  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: ) wY!/&  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. /3Nb  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. a3UPbl3^  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. bugFl>  
ZSPgci  
二、形式主语 pSQCT  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 aLKMDiT  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 DVl[t8K!  
gf3U#L}P  
e(~'pk"mZ  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than t0e{| du  
    A               B %e Sm&`  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are >wKu6- ]a  
                  C {b'}:aMc  
   the main focus of social psychology. X_u@D;$  
           D goDV2 alC^  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is -".kH<SWv  
X<~k =qwA  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of \[hn]@@  
   educational films. UU iNR  
   (A) It is  894r;UA7  
   (B) There is  =`qRu  
   (C) Though there is Z}8k[*.  
   (D) Although it is i}PK $sa#c  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 }_{y|NW  
tYs8)\{  
|XKOXa3.  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 + a-wv  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, l`@0zw+  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 PXw| L  
XC|*A$x,  
in which+完整的句子 m`hGDp3  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 j4;Du>obQ  
w &p~0cA~  
名词+of which+谓语动词 7:n?PN(p6a  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 j~Q}F|i8  
vO\:vp4fH  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of :?HSZocf  
   which are accented. ,H>W:O  
   (A) line consists of each  fO K|:  
   (B) consists of each line Bk,2WtVX  
   (C) each line consists k+FMZ, D|  
   (D) it consists of each line ?-e7e %  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 LU%#mY  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 tcZa~3.  
*oCxof9JA  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a /vHYM S  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. Y?<)Dg.[  
   (A) traps   _=pWG^a  
   (B) trap its  0; 7#ji  
   (C) which traps 13H;p[$  
   (D) which it traps axX{6  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 :vpl+)n  
xk& NAB  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists zX 98c  
  have paid little attention to cultural u^t$ cLIZ  
   A             D&/I1=\(  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of ?ty>}.c t  
         B      C yNBv-oe5  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. =~&VdPZ  
           D %)?`{O~ h  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 w8p8 ;@  
SrFx_n  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin lCR!:~  
   became interested in the art movement zEj#arSE4  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, M%I@<~wl  
   both --her novels and short stories. 4ZwKpQ 6  
   (A) in which the influence /N6}*0Ru  
   (B) of which influenced `rlk|&T1  
   (C) to have influence dxK9:IX  
   (D) its influence in H]&gW/=  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
评价一下你浏览此帖子的感受

精彩

感动

搞笑

开心

愤怒

无聊

灌水

  
级别: 初级博友
显示用户信息 
沙发  发表于: 2008-09-04   
描述
快速回复

验证问题:
5+2=? 正确答案:7
按"Ctrl+Enter"直接提交