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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 'AlSq:g Z  
V.G9J!?<P  
一、主句单一原则 k%4A::=  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 QY CNO#*  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ]$` s}BN  
IbNTdg]/F`  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. zI*/u)48  
   (A) They occur where they are h0EGhJs  
   (B) Occuring where ]FnrbQ|  
   (C) Where they occur 8aIf{(/k  
   (D) Where do they occur H)}1xQ{3F  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 \~1zAiSd>#  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 N<i Vs  
\gW\Sa ^  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center k:uuJ|  
   (A) Fort Wayne g)G7 kB/<p  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne =[-- Hf  
   (C) For wayne is in GLcZ=6)"'  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in jKi*3-&  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 Q24:G  
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_ JJ0pc9t  
二、谓语动词专一原则 r.G/f{=<@  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 :phD?\!w8t  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 ~q%9zO'  
)p_LkX(  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” T_B.p*\BM  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with D]`B;aE>A*  
   social issues. (uxQBy  
    (A) covers  !'t 2  
    (B) covers it 9@EnmtR  
    (C) which covers uV:uXQni``  
    (D) which it covers cj_?*  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 *b l{F\  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused C>;8`6_!gU  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on `Qk R  
   the paper. v#2qwd3x  
   (A) the impression is m@2xC,@  
   (B) if the impression is s(9rBDoY(8  
   (C) impressions Llc|j&yHQ  
   (D) the impression aJ_Eh(cF  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression R[-:-8  
三、平行结构 k GeME   
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 <RsKV$Je I  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: E1v<-UPbA  
A and B, L VtQ^ 5>8  
A , B, and C zate% y  
-dN;\x  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- `IQC\DSl/  
   is known as accounting. 5DUPsV  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary M8Lj*JN  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's 3A1kH` X^q  
     transactions *Yjs$'_2  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are U}Fk %Jj  
     summarized %6:2cR  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an tqf -,BLh  
     enterprise Om{ML,d  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 $&C%C\(>D  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 ]qRz!D%@^  
&!MKqJ@t  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 4"=pcHNV  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and  Bqgw%_  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 5toNEDN  
   human patients. <[~M|OL9q,  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in >s~`K^zS  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures Bqj *{m  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures vM8]fSc  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull 4TV9t"Dk+c  
     fractures @) wXP@7  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 |zlwPi.  
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四、宾语从句结构 `R;XN-  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ;pq4El_  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: SOJHw6  
     state(陈述,表明)+that J)f?x T*  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that C ^'}{K  
-K4RQ{=>UZ  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, y6\#{   
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite nMqU6X>P!  
   units called quanta or photons. ZgtOy|?|  
    (A) energy that >EG;2]M&  
    (B) that it is energy ,P]{*uqGiB  
    (C) it is energy 4`B:Mq&j  
    (D) that energy NO)* UZ  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 f.WtD`Oas  
yuWrU<Kw  
qm_\#r  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 7UfyOOFa  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is [ aW#7  
   placed on them. TM9>r :j'  
   (A) although its crust and mantle _eS*e-@O5  
   (B) its crust and mantle to #& ^+hx|  
   (C) that its crust and mantle =KMck=#B  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to pa7fTd  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 Pj$a $C`Z  
五、介词+ which结构 x:(e: I8x(  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 K)n(U9#  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, YV9%^ZaN7  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 _oWenF  
(NP=5lLH  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, n D?XP<9UU  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 #RcmO **  
$O[ut.   
例1:In the United States, a primary election is 1BF+sT3  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees 3x#G SS  
   for public office. IQ\`n|  
    (A) that ~V<je b  
    (B)by which ~"(1~7_  
    (C)is that TYp{nWwi  
    (D)by those GYj`-t  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 BD#4=u  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 REa%kU  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 q.*qZ\;K  
,y^By_1wS  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players y jb .6  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called bf3)^ 49}  
   wickers. #df Aqg '  
   (A) when |^FDsJUN  
   (B) which WvR}c  
   (C) is when thOCzGJ$  
   (D) in which 9[:nW p^  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 \HRQSfGt  
m0:8thZN  
六、in that结构 ^  K/B[8  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, z%b3/rx  
  because of +名词, a"~W1|JC"  
  consequently是副词 p/@z4TCNX  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 qlSMg;"Ghw  
lVMAab  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals F|V?Z  
   ---- it is a liquid. 18a6i^7  
   (A) whereas cLamqZf3  
   (B) in that fz<Y9h=  
   (C) because of Oi7|R7NE  
   (D) consequently (RGl, x:  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 75<E0O  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 !m78/[LW  
WMrK8e'  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 8 #0?  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. i;yz%Ug  
   (A)they &u$l2hSS  
   (B)in they  c,x2   
   (C)that they ^ .>)*P  
   (D)in that they g=a-zg9LX  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ^fH]Rlx  
^1}}-9q  
D,]m7 yFT  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 #~nI^ ggW  
<PXA`]x~  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ==Ju2D?%  
   great inspiration for her poems. >[ywrB ?T  
   (A) that she drew +STT(bMn  
   (B) by drawing her v^JyVf>  
   (C) from which she drew bSBI[S  
   (D) drawn from which 9v0f4Pbxm  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 _/7[=e}y  
七、what结构 1 BVivEG  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: rXvvJIbi  
  what=the thing that 8ec~"vGLz~  
vP? "MG  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend v||8Q\d  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. C'kd>LAGu  
   (A) it grows w ~Es,@  
   (B) what grows u]CW5snz  
   (C) does it grow ,c}Q;eYc3  
   (D) what does it grow j =[Td   
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 v&p\ r'w  
J1&G1\G|s=  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle c7'I'~  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory AgO:"'c  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. wIL5-k,  
   (A) there kQwBrb 4  
   (B) where hZ5h(CQ?"#  
   (C) that ?ZE1>L7e  
   (D) what !Vv$  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 E.4`aJ@>d  
-i7W|X"  
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八、同位语结构 #2{ };)  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 @y{Whun~  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) jW"C: {Ol;  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing D 0 \  
   and swallowing . "PLZZL$+  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste $yI!YX&  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly VctAQ|h^  
   (C) the chief organ of taste ]7fqVOiOu  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes X#Ajt/XQ  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 }`\+_@ w  
/0\m;&  
l%rwJLN1  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 X+ h|sy  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) $@7S+'Q3  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of hd8:|_  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of |*e >hk  
   Dishonor. =VH, i/@  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause m+s^K{k}  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson )CSb\  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause + i !/J  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. qR--lvO  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 + 79?}|  
#7/_Usso  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as !/BXMj,=  
   hosts to many insect pests. bN8GRK )  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than n[[rI0]g  
     goldenrods u0Fu_Rtr  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods Y\Odj~Mj  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy @K7#}7,t  
     plants 6NVf&;laQ  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants k ?X  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 ,)@Q,EHN;  
?PO~$dUc]  
.#2YJ ~  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 Q?B5@J  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 35%'HFt_  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to FYFP 6ti  
   Athens. @V Bv}Jo  
   (A) the distance is (`>RwooE  
   (B) that the distance is T@;z o8:  
   (C) is that the distance y ]xG@;4M  
   (D) the distance /d ?)  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 o$FqMRep  
OW<i"?0  
九、比较结构 "gADHt=MIR  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 _%Sorr  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 7^4F,JuJO  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. ( 1T2? mO  
    (A) does gQ %'2m+  
    (B) in R?a)2jl  
    (C) it does in |kyxa2F{  
    (D) in it does $`W .9  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 5M4mFC6  
:A%uXgK<k  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. V'sp6:3*\  
    (A) rays more than infrared 8`XT`H  
    (B) rays are more infrared than zA=gDuy3@  
    (C) more than infrared rays PdcF  
    (D) more infrared rays than Mt(wy%{zK  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 }2:/&H'  
]S<y,d-  
~gQ$etP d  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 u1s^AW8 y  
例3:The activities of the international marketing w-*$gk]   
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. uF_gfjR[m  
   (A) the domestic marketer has _IBI x\F  
   (B) the domestic marketer does -fFM-gt^t  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer g VjI1{WTK  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer Y0fX\6=h  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 N>!RKf:ir  
0 Po",\^  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing R`q*a_  
   is greater than --. iD+Q\l;%  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined =Bo(*%  
   (B) mining and farming combination P -0  
   (C) that mining and farming combined xtMN<4#E  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming L"6qS3 [=  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 4^vEMq8lB  
c'B6E1}sx  
十、定语从句省略结构 58)`1p\c'  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 S'm&Ll2i@  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture rlTCVmE 8[  
   and overpower. n:d]Z2b  
   (A) can   MT9c:7}[&  
   (B) they can ,DsqKXSU  
   (C) which can +>mbBu!7  
   (D) and J4 [7*v  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 vHSX3\(  
3`[f<XaL  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can S\=j; Uem  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the PhL}V|W>  
   food they eat. .O! JI"?  
    (A) require _1jd{? kt  
    (B) requires ))f%3_H  
    (C) requiring rmXxid  
    (D)to require oe,I v nt  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 R!IODXP=  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food Y/cnj n  
h{xC0NC)  
|@#37  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 >xQgCOi  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of tSX<^VER7  
    A L1=+x^WQ  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ;Q"xXT`;:  
   B          C      D  eX7dyM  
   the world. 2Zt :]be  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to ^Xv_y+  
qgREkb0  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive OUCL  tn\  
          A  B      C 7PQ03dtfg  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. gz fs9e  
              D >i^8K U  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more K;,zE6WD$$  
A9Cq(L_H  
十一、状语从句省略结构 m(MPVY<X  
Metals expand when they are heated. ?d@3y<A,~  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: $="t7C9S  
`4^-@}  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; B#RBR<MFC  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, hBb&-/  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 b=nQi. /f  
GIXxOea1  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ?,G CR1|4  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand QTZf e<m0  
   considerable impact. %`*`HU#X  
   (A) apparently U caLi&  
   (B) are apparently Gk~QgD/Pix  
   (C) apparently their b(^gv  
   (D) are they apparently }dnO7K  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 B~S"1EE[  
 j1/.3\  
Ns?qLSN  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 9A|deETa-  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 2R}9wDP  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) sE BZ-qql  
D H7B4P  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the _i@{:v  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly 5R^ e  
   white. }M3f ?Jv  
   (A) when, pure which SePPI.n  
   (B) when, which pure .KzGb4U  
   (C) which, pure when w8MQA!=l  
   (D) which, when pure lqD.epm  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, Vz=ByyC  
c eH8  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 9 \2<#,R1q  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing 4J#F;#iA  
   infrequently K})=&<M0  
   (A) Even f?KHp |  
   (B) It is Eqx2.S  
   (C) Even though FG-v71!h#  
   (D) There is N?Wx-pK  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 JCL+uEX4S  
Y}db<Cz X  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 96L-bBtyY  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 Vjv~RNGF  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; Ino$N|G[  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 hLs<g!*O  
hxwo<wEg  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: Z%h _g-C  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 u%TZ),ny-  
  The starring troops have to surrender. U8f!yXF'  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 4*j6~  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 & XS2q0-x  
h=:*cqp4  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is bOEO2v'cQ  
(d> M/x?W  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often s} I8:ufT  
   called scapegoating. ]xx}\k  
   (A) Eliminate problems JEw+5 MO@  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) >9WJa5{  
   (C) Eliminating problems UR3qzPm!0e  
   (D) Problems are eliminated 1Q5:Vo^B#  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 u-8b,$@Z>'  
p`dH4y]D  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them G_vcuCHm  
   from damage due to weather. qjcPJ  
    (A) Painting Nldy76|g  
    (B) Painted r<%ua6@  
    (C) The paint P{bRRn4Z  
    (D) By painting p\'0m0*   
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 J]!&E~Y  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 }Wk^7[Y  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting A^2n i=b  
.83{NF  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to 8[k:FGp>  
   conserve water in the winter. !J6;F}Pd/  
   (A) when losing leaves vcmB)P-T`O  
   (B) leaves are lost #J Ay  
   (C) that losing leaves ir{li?kV  
   (D) the leaves losing K9HXy*y49  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 I[l8@!0  
Uh w:XV@m  
十三、make结构 >1$  vG  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) l%_r3W  
共有三种形式: anzt;V.;Y  
   make it possible+to do N^TE ;BM  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 x+;a2yE~  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) n^t!+  
QVR8b3T@  
做题技巧: O a%ZlEUF  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it xU!eT'Y  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it ?;YymD _  
}T~ }W8H  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and iD${7 _  
   thus make--details that are otherwise PB(q9gf"1}  
   impossible to observe . {8pN]=SaJ~  
   (A) it visible fe4Ki  
   (B) visibly VR XK/dZ  
   (C) visible )j+G4  
   (D) they are visible rizWaw5E!8  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 BW x=Q  
):-Ub4A\  
=v{Vl5&>?  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large eUVhNg  
   amount of information on a single map. )Y &RMYy  
   (A) possible *hIjVKTu79  
   (B) it possible :[J'B4>9  
   (C) it is possible [:(hqi!  
   (D) that possible K"/3/`T  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ?`/DFI'_G  
DS|q(O=7~t  
=$-+~  
十四、the more …the more…结构 8'* /|)Hn  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: n+57# pS7  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 rK[;wD<  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 IAi|4,y_L  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 K"jS,a?s 6  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 wE 3fKG.  
2GxkOch  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the d]K $0HY  
   number of lines of magnetic force. ;~GBD]  
   (A) of i :|e#$x  
   (B) the s8  5l  
   (C) is the !;Vqs/E  
   (D) is of the 8?LHYdJ  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B tz9"#=}0  
%.WW-S3  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the wpg7xx!  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  ldnKV&N  
   (A) the stress it is greater 3<>DDY2bl  
   (B) greater is the stress { u3giB  
   (C) greater stress is i`w)dS  
   (D) the greater the stress dVSQG947i:  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 ~?:>=x  
i`5Skr:M  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 q1Ad"rm  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 <;*w97n  
~KczP1p  
+ ryB*nT  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , ZgfhNI\  
             A     B |G/U%?`  
   thus making it possible the gentle ?)H:.]7-x  
       C            @F/,~|{iM  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. n~ZZX={a  
         D ux~=}{tz  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 <cO `jK  
%2\6.c=c  
~UHjc0  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more ]c M8TT  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, CwD=nT5`  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the xXfv({  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” UOyM=#ipY  
    (A) however -f*5lkO  
    (B) thus xd\ml 37~  
    (C) and fmD~f  
    (D) moreover R@#xPv4o%  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 ?*.:*A  
@?RaU4e  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the +F.@n_}p-I  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. YP[8d,  
    (A) to save the seeds y\,,hs   
    (B) saving the seeds m Dk6@Gd@U  
    (C)which saves the seeds >f4[OBc  
    (D) the seeds saved L9oLdWa(C  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B ;GKL[ tI"  
o'Fyo4Qd  
l%xTF@4e  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 *U}-Y*  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. g W_E  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 5$Kd<ky  
EdTL]Xk  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. |~#A?mK-  
   (A) the tallest vvs2:87zvJ  
   (B) the tallest that is ~2 nt33"  
   (C) which is the tallest ?:&2iW7z  
   (D) which the tallest is e"*1l>g  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 f96`n+>x i  
}%AfZ 2g;h  
V7`vLs-  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of R NQq"c\  
       A  B       C \B:k|Pw6~  
   domestic animals. jE=m4_Ntn  
    D /n6ZN4  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 $|7=$~y  
J"@X>n  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 Ux{0)"fj  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: +>%51#2.Q  
  program, programmed, programmed ;(jL`L F  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: >56fa6=3@  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Z:Vde^Ih  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be s diWQv  
^FQn\,  
/I1n${{ 5  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona Ju& FwY+  
   features structures built of red sandstone by Qa\,)<'D:  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. SSTn |  
   (A) That the {\NBNg(Vo  
   (B) In the <RpTk*Yo^=  
   (C) Around the U$y wO4.  
   (D) The xf8[&?  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 _~{J."q  
w{lj'3z I  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called 8DMqjt3B  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. D!#B*[|  
   (A) to be made BOR$R}q  
   (B) making r}sO},i  
   (C) made c HR*.  
   (D) are made <;'{Tj-"  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 ]Hq,Pr_+  
=hd0Ui>x  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given It/hXND `  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of 4}t&yu<P>  
   human beings. =S6bP< q  
   (A) without DfU= i'R  
   (B) lack 2<h~: L  
   (C) minus auX(d -m  
   (D) not having <gGO  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 MxI*ml8z?  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 o0F,!}  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 O"kb*//  
Rq e|7/As  
y`5 ?  
十八、逻辑主语结构 @$L|   
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 [\ Sd*-  
m8x?`Gw~jw  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. ZREy I(_  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members  b{)kup  
    of the committee AS:k&t  
   (B) the committee members discussed the JY"J}  
    problem 92R,o'#  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee tJQZRZViu  
    members the problem cyP+a  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by "X._:||8  
    the members of the committee y!:vX6l  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B 8 $H\b &u  
&e3}Vop  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until <^Y #q  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. nRw.82eK.  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch Oml3=TV  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 7@ y}J5,  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch  lA4J#  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 6Fk[wH 7  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 EG &me  
g2} aEfp!H  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her n!~QC  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her KyDd( 'i  
   first article in print. y,KZp2 j  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane 0pB'^Q{  
    Hawes had Eg&Q,dH[  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane `'mRGz7t  
    Hawe's first DIvxut  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first (r'NB  
    teaching position ,m7Z w_.  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching 2JeEmG9  
    position @^-f +o  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 ntL%&wY  
(tzAUrC  
例4: Even at low levels, --. &#~U1: 0  
   (A) the nervous system has produced ]^a{?2 ei  
     detrimental effects by lead *l0i}"T^_  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the ^;\6j u2  
    nervous system 7-9HCP  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the Nii5},  
    nervous system :N xksL ^  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on ,S, R6#3G  
    the nervous system )^E6VD&6  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 k.H4Mf(4  
)L,Nh~  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking *NI hYg6  
            A   B     C +2s][^-KV  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. p!K]c D  
       D %-NG eN8  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 *AYjMCo  
DJRr  
\&Oc}]  
十九、复合宾语结构 *eUxarI  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 Vvl8P|x.<  
We played soccer. :HN\A4=kc(  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 ogE|8`Tq^  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 Otm7j>w  
lMXLd91  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 <d3N2  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, =$vy_UN  
例:We appoint him monitor.  OV$|!n  
  We elected him president. \MmKz^tO  
zLVk7u{e  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck +0n,>eDjg^  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not At8^yF   
   consider them --because they are now primarily VK$s+"  
   kept as pets. Cv1CRmqq%  
   (A) where sporting dogs (k5d.E]CK  
   (B) sporting dogs m9 f[nT  
   (C) when sporting dogs 1BA5|  
   (D) they are sportingdogs 17;qJ_T)  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Vb8{OD3PK  
fh Q}Z%$  
二十、It结构 .&c!k1kH  
一、强调句型 -D,kL  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 WzO[-csy  
wE09%  
这个句型需要注意几点: {(qH8A  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; tY $4k26  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 1jQlwT(:  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 BZWGXzOFh  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: 3r,^is  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. BpZ17"\z  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. p3z%Y$!Tm  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. q|7$@H^*  
@c#M^:9Dc  
二、形式主语 *Wz\FixP0  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 *f( e`3E  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 l> :\% ol  
/:@X<  
Z:s:NvFX  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 0}y-DCuQ  
    A               B H@hHEzO  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are 0] $5jW6]  
                  C :*{\oqFn~$  
   the main focus of social psychology. O/2Jz  
           D !`F^LXGA  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is nH^RQ'19  
K+s xO/}h  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of R~&i8n.  
   educational films. `OmYz{*r  
   (A) It is  @ag*zl  
   (B) There is  #[{xEVf  
   (C) Though there is lKF<]25  
   (D) Although it is p~w|St 7jg  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 86,$ I+  
&,B 91H*#  
!,3U_!  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 rv?d3QqIC  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, Y2,\WKa  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 az2CFd^ M  
: 'LG%E:b  
in which+完整的句子 xz$S5tgDQK  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 @j Y_^8#S  
rX<gcntv  
名词+of which+谓语动词 dnP3{!"b  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 Qb;5:U/x  
SLze) ?.  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of yNb :zoT  
   which are accented. {PCf'n  
   (A) line consists of each E0i_sB~T  
   (B) consists of each line UUt631  
   (C) each line consists Ay Obaa5  
   (D) it consists of each line *G{Zo*2< i  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 z4nVsgQ$  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 cCjpQ  
=/Dp*  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a M\s^>7es  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. ~"*;lT5KX  
   (A) traps   ,Wp0,>!  
   (B) trap its  995^[c1o6  
   (C) which traps %-4e8d74/  
   (D) which it traps pP'-}%  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 `f^`i~c\  
Kup-O u,  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists Xm`K@hJ@  
  have paid little attention to cultural i#jCf3%+ h  
   A             m,u? ^W  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of r[$Qtj Q  
         B      C w?AE8n $8  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. F|V co]"S1  
           D J<_&f_K0]  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ZUyM:$  
rr4yJ;qpeP  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin $ZDh8 *ND  
   became interested in the art movement }}qR~.[  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, >t8eVMMa  
   both --her novels and short stories. k#%19B  
   (A) in which the influence xuelo0h,  
   (B) of which influenced LM _4.J  
   (C) to have influence wH#k~`M  
   (D) its influence in &TbnZnv  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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