副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 )9PQj
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(一) 副词的分类 l$zM|Z1wR`
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: Q*lZ;~R
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 M/#<=XhA
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 yCmiW
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3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 C$?dkmIt
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 Dpof~o,f
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 J.*dA j
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 XRaq\a`=:
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(二)副词的用法 v_oNM5w
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. A!hkofQ
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. ~xzRx$vU
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. <G#JPt6
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. J;G+6C$:
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: 4egq Y0A
Nearly everybody came to out party. CxwZ$0
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. 7zy6`OP
9. 修饰全句: qf+I2kyS
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. mO]>(^c
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(三)副词的构成 }cMb0`oA
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 rHh<_5-/>
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 M2mte#h
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 \u2p] K>
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 mZ*!$P:vy"
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 "M1[@xog
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 91e&-acA
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, gHA"O@HgDI
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 $^}?98m
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 9>\s81^
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。
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(四)与形容词同形的副词 &+d>xy\^/
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: $_% a=0
We had an early breakfast.
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We had breakfast early. s9@/(_
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 9}jF]P*Q
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 Kbrb;r59
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: STL&ZO
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1. close做“近”解: bBn4m:
He lives close to the school. vzd1:'^t
He was following close behind. S{zi8Oc6
做其他解释时用closely: d
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Watch what I do closely. 2X!O '
The prisons were closely guarded. nGZZCsf <
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: [#.E=s+&
She stopped dead. XXBN
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在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: ~Pq1@
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He was dead tired. M_<O'Ii3
The wind was dead against us. ouL/tt_~
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, 7O^ySy"l
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 Ri =>evx
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: ze@NqCF
The train goes there direct. |2z?8lx
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. `z=U-v'H)D
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: j6]+fo&3
He was looking directly at us. G0Q}
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She answered me very directly and openly. SAMP,un7
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: #9M6 q
Answer me directly.
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Let's meet directly after lunch. (&HAjB
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: F67%xz0
They looked around. 5N<f\W,
Let’s go on with the work. qkVGa%^
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 dfl| 6R
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(六)副词的词序 RZ 4xR
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 })RT2zw}
The building is very high. 8s(?zK\
He came long before the appointed time. C%_^0#8-0
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2. 副词修饰动词。 =%P'?(o|
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. ^PA[fL"
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. XN65bq
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 FdwT
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. Hbwjs?Vq?]
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4. 频度副词的位置。 #!V
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在一般动词前:They always say so. LoZ8;VU
有be动词时,在be动词后: *%<Ku&C
I am always busy. ~3-2Iu^F
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. .
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: ;m6Mm`[i<
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. 3?|gBi
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 \%\b*OO
地点+状态+次数+时间: k#"Pv"
She arrived there safely the other day. Cr0
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程度十状态+地点十时间: +<&\*VR
They played fairly well there yesterday.