副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 Q{=DLm`
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(一) 副词的分类 ^i[b
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副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: o#u
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1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 %t*KP= @
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 'IQ;;[Q
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 Sc14F
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4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 `|p8zV
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 0u}+n+\g
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 T&ib]LmR
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(二)副词的用法 JD)wxoeg
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. |U`ASo
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. `3^%ft~l
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. RPw1i*
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. Pd+Wb3
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: Mj W{JR)I
Nearly everybody came to out party. )1/J5DI @8
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. iw^"?:'%
9. 修饰全句: kS62]v]
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. I:UN2`*
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(三)副词的构成 Y z],["*Q
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 5Z_aN|Xn
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 .-:@+=(
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 2Uy}#n|)r
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 u>
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5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 a/Cc.s
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 \tfhF#'
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, OSkBBo]~z
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 \eCQL(_
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 # {~3bgY
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 y^:6D
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(四)与形容词同形的副词 L8cPNgZ
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: xeSv+I-b
We had an early breakfast. J1d|L|M
We had breakfast early. \l?.VE D
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 ,QHn} 3fW
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 O;RNmiVoq
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: 6'JP%~QlS
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1. close做“近”解: *Bx'g|
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He lives close to the school. \?NT,t=3J
He was following close behind. 3bMUsyJ 2
做其他解释时用closely: k?'PCV
Watch what I do closely.
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The prisons were closely guarded. *,oZ]!
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: M^~
She stopped dead. me/ae{
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: Nx"v|"
He was dead tired. x_|: 3I
The wind was dead against us. fY9/u =
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, >zWVM1\\j
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 b{Kw.?85
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: o'nrLI(t
The train goes there direct. N^8
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The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. ?#X`Eu
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: ?W"9G0hTqM
He was looking directly at us. ()+;KF8
She answered me very directly and openly. `?L-{VtM3*
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: $W;IW$
Answer me directly. tr\Vr;zd
Let's meet directly after lunch. ;.r >
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: R4|<Vp<U2
They looked around. ;zO(bj>
Let’s go on with the work. i>[1^~;
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 &p$SFH?s
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(六)副词的词序 2;`"B|-T
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 otO6<%/m
The building is very high. 8
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He came long before the appointed time. ZCMB]bL-e
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2. 副词修饰动词。 soZw""|v
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. _rqOzE)
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. 0n,5"B
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 0{Kl5>Z9M
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 685o1c|
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4. 频度副词的位置。 fT8Id\6js
在一般动词前:They always say so. ('uYA&9
有be动词时,在be动词后: uPV,-rm[F_
I am always busy. AEnS_Q
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. BPrA*u}T
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: #s#z@F
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. Lx?bO`=qg7
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 TKLy38
地点+状态+次数+时间: g@Ni!U"_c
She arrived there safely the other day. h0.Fstf]
程度十状态+地点十时间: R|+R4'
They played fairly well there yesterday.