副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 4L)#ku$jW
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(一) 副词的分类 (JenTL`%u
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: R2,Z`I
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 NhG?@N
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 {8p<iY- %
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 s3<gq x-&r
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 nM#/uuRl|
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 Lp31Y .
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6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 BRSIg]
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(二)副词的用法 1zIX
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1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. g A+p^`;[
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. )@(IhU)
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. l/xpAx
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. =Vie0TV&h
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: 2Sgv
Nearly everybody came to out party. Dm{9;Abs%
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. s$g3__|Y
9. 修饰全句: E|_J
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. >p*7)
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(三)副词的构成 {Qba`lOkq
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 u7nTk'#r
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 4
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3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 HkPdqNC&
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 L_`D
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 7TW&=(
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 g|Tkl
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, F FtB#
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 XOL_vS24
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 ##6u
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 1<G, 0Lt
(四)与形容词同形的副词 XwZR
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有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: "M3S
We had an early breakfast. uOAd$;h@_Z
We had breakfast early. \MDhm,H<
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 oH(a*i
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 Y41b8.|P+
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: PDpuHHB
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1. close做“近”解: l0r^LK$
He lives close to the school. 2WS Wfh
He was following close behind. *P\OP'o_
做其他解释时用closely: *+%$OH,
Watch what I do closely. /Yj; '\3
The prisons were closely guarded. *SYu
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: TB_OFbI2
She stopped dead. 8&:dzS
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: MKh}2B#S
He was dead tired. 79 \SbB
The wind was dead against us. )_kU,RvZ
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, -n:;/ere7-
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 *|,ye5"
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: Ow{NI-^K
The train goes there direct. O{Z
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The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. MFz6y":~
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: cS>xT cj
He was looking directly at us. f9HoQDFsM
She answered me very directly and openly. >&JS-jFg
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: @`nU=kY/
Answer me directly. K7ZRj\(CJv
Let's meet directly after lunch. /BrbP7
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: `pXPF}T
They looked around. KkSv23In
Let’s go on with the work. d z\yP
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上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 #Wt1Ph_;
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(六)副词的词序 8Ib5
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 qSQsY:]j0
The building is very high. zLjQ,Lp.I
He came long before the appointed time. GC@U['
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2. 副词修饰动词。 \7q>4[
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. | EFbT>
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. +?Y(6$o
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 Tl*FK?)MC^
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. nn/_>%Y
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4. 频度副词的位置。 ANd#m9(x
在一般动词前:They always say so. s
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有be动词时,在be动词后: Q".AmHn
I am always busy. X
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有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. ETq~,g'
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: ?)XPY<
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China.
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 TY gn
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地点+状态+次数+时间: eX9H/&g
She arrived there safely the other day. }aa ~@K<A
程度十状态+地点十时间: fAV=O%^
They played fairly well there yesterday.