考博英语阅读理解第三讲

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  In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. >]gB@tn[  
  A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists’ predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected. [hg9 0Q6  
    Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house." Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are bCC &5b  
formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses. ^w``(-[*  
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories. j?
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11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______. d JnKa]X  
  A) a good example           B) an imaginary model sn^ 3
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  C) the kinetic molecular theory   D) an observed event = 1R 2`H\  
12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____. .B2e$`s$  
    A) mathematicians approach science ^q/^.Gf  
    B) building a house is like performing experiments Z`GEF|eh  
    C) science is more than a collection of facts H*3u]Ebh  
    D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology DA>nYj-s  
13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or-     der to show that hypotheses ______. SC2LY  
    A) are sometimes ill-conceived   B) can lead to dangerous results DO*6gzW  
    C) go beyond available facts     D) require effort to formulate c1+z(NQ3  
14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7 @g;DA)!(  
    A) Sifting through known facts. }93FWo.  
    B) Communicating a scientist’s thoughts to others. r1RM7y  
    C) Providing direction for scientific research. %P<fz1  
    D) Linking together different theories. md18q:AG)  
15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? *)^ZUk  
    A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events. <_eEpG}9  
    B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it. ~-lUS0duh  
    C) A scientist’s most difficult task is testing hypotheses. '" &*7)+g*  
    D) A good scientist needs to be creative. < ^{(?*  
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Passage 3 X_D-K F  
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文章大意： 0~WXA=XG  
  这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。科学理论是对观察 4%_c9nat  
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到的相关事物的解释。经常包括一个想象的模式来帮助科学家想象事物的产生过 5pY|RV6:  
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程。而一个实用的理论，不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测等待观察的事 p^ROt'eQ<  
物。观察又可以验证一个理论是否正确。科学除了包括收集信息和做实验，还需要 k6z]"[yu  
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创造性的思考，然后形成可能的问题解决方法，即假设。假设总是朝着未知领域前进 X#ha*u~U  
一步，它拓宽了科学家的视野，经过验证后的假设就变成了理论。 y>u|3:z  
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答案解析： ?-`&YfF  
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[11]B第三句话中的代词“this'’指代前一句提到的“an imaginary model"。因为这个 f qWme:x  
  例子就是要说明在动力分子理论中，气体被描绘成由许多不停运动的小分子所 J[S!<\_!  
  组成，即前句中“理论常包含一个想象模式来帮助科学家描绘事件的产生过 N,VI55J:y>  
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  程。” 5t_Dt<lIz  
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[12]C第三段最后一句中“科学是由事实构成的，就象房屋是由砖建成的。但是事实 yqtHlz%  
  堆积起来并不能成为科学，这比用砖块搭房子复杂得多”。因此说科学并不是 .V_5q:tu  
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  简单的堆砌事实。 ,->5 sJ{U  
[13]C最后一段第二句话，“假设”使科学家的思想可以超越已知事实。 tBl(E  
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[14]C最后一段第四句话，若没有假设，更深入的调查就会缺少目标和方向。所假设 #(+V&<K  
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  的一个主要作用就是给科研提供方向。 ~P~q'   
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[15]D第二段第一句说明理论不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测还未观察 ]8Xip/uE  
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到的。 /Q:m
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因此排除A。第二段最后两句，如果观察不能证实预测，那么说明实验有 WW^+X~Y  
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  错或理论可能应被修改或推翻，因此排除B。而C在文章中没有涉及。根据第 TK~KM  
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  三段最后一句话，科学需要想象力和创造性思考，可以得出D为正确答案。

谢谢，谢谢！