考博英语阅读理解第三讲

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  In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. j6(?D*x  
  A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists’ predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected. saD-D2oj  
    Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house." Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are MlW 8t[  
formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
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In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories. ZX~ _g@  
11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______. B}d.#G+_$x  
  A) a good example           B) an imaginary model w{ `|N$  
  C) the kinetic molecular theory   D) an observed event (Vg}Hh?p  
12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____. D=RU`?L  
    A) mathematicians approach science YD
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    B) building a house is like performing experiments IF*&%pB  
    C) science is more than a collection of facts vw<K}z  
    D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology HEA eo!  
13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or-     der to show that hypotheses ______. 2=ztKfsBhE  
    A) are sometimes ill-conceived   B) can lead to dangerous results V,%L~dI  
    C) go beyond available facts     D) require effort to formulate d77r9  
14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7 7t-Lz| $"  
    A) Sifting through known facts. P%X-@0)  
    B) Communicating a scientist’s thoughts to others. q6`GI6  
    C) Providing direction for scientific research. jw6Tj;c  
    D) Linking together different theories. +Zk,2ri  
15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? 1@XgTL4  
    A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events. 59Sw+iZj  
    B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it. L(&}Wv  
    C) A scientist’s most difficult task is testing hypotheses. [;O^[Iybf:  
    D) A good scientist needs to be creative. b~7drf
  
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Passage 3 ? )3jqQ.  
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文章大意： Sav`%0q?7a  
  这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。科学理论是对观察 e&X>F"z2  
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到的相关事物的解释。经常包括一个想象的模式来帮助科学家想象事物的产生过 VGH/X.NJ  
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程。而一个实用的理论，不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测等待观察的事 =;c_} VY  
物。观察又可以验证一个理论是否正确。科学除了包括收集信息和做实验，还需要 h5@j`{  
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创造性的思考，然后形成可能的问题解决方法，即假设。假设总是朝着未知领域前进 _LfHs1g4
 
一步，它拓宽了科学家的视野，经过验证后的假设就变成了理论。 qjC_*X!  
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答案解析： &+nRIv S_`  
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[11]B第三句话中的代词“this'’指代前一句提到的“an imaginary model"。因为这个 , &' Y  
  例子就是要说明在动力分子理论中，气体被描绘成由许多不停运动的小分子所 #7z|mVzH  
  组成，即前句中“理论常包含一个想象模式来帮助科学家描绘事件的产生过 -Fwh3F4g  
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  程。” "xwM+AC  
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[12]C第三段最后一句中“科学是由事实构成的，就象房屋是由砖建成的。但是事实 A'eAu  
  堆积起来并不能成为科学，这比用砖块搭房子复杂得多”。因此说科学并不是 g_D-(J`IK,  
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  简单的堆砌事实。 B3L4F"  
[13]C最后一段第二句话，“假设”使科学家的思想可以超越已知事实。 kr_oUXiX  
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[14]C最后一段第四句话，若没有假设，更深入的调查就会缺少目标和方向。所假设 E#h~V5Tf  
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  的一个主要作用就是给科研提供方向。 )W9_qmYd"  
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[15]D第二段第一句说明理论不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测还未观察 0^\ /ERK  
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到的。 w#{l4{X|  
因此排除A。第二段最后两句，如果观察不能证实预测，那么说明实验有 7s]Wq6  
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  错或理论可能应被修改或推翻，因此排除B。而C在文章中没有涉及。根据第 |a(Q4 e/,  
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  三段最后一句话，科学需要想象力和创造性思考，可以得出D为正确答案。

谢谢，谢谢！