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2017考博英语阅读模拟试题及答案

基本所有博士研究生招生院校都会有考博英语阅读题型，考博英语阅读的提高不仅需要知道解题技巧更应在平时的练习中加以运用，同时还可以复习考博英语词汇，freekaobo在此给大家整理了2017考博英语阅读练习，希望大家学以致用。

　Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s “intelligence” on the details of its own perceptions — its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
　　Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.
　　Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context — what happens if the axioms are relaxed? — is thereby ignored.
　　The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
　　1. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which of the following?
　　[A] Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.
　　[B] Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.
　　[C] Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.
　　[D] Provide one definition of intelligence.
　　2. It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?
　　[A] The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.
　　[B] The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.
　　[C] The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.
　　[D] The premises on which the arguments are based may change.
　　3. According to the text, mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?
　　[A] Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.
　　[B] Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.
　　[C] Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts.
　　[D] Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.
　　4. The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?
　　[A] Practical for scientific purposes.
　　[B] Detrimental to scientific progress.
　　[C] Unimportant in most situations.
　　[D] Expedient, but of little long-term value.
　　5. The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that
　　[A] mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.
　　[B] changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.
　　[C] well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.
　　[D] some factors in most situations must remain unknown.

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沙发发表于: 2016-07-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。旨在考察考生的语言基本功和对文章段落结构的认识。这是一道比较难的题目。通过仔细阅读第一段并且把第一段和本文其它段落相联系，可推导出本题的正确选项是B。原文作者借用大家所熟悉的“computing machines”作为例子来帮助我们更好的了解“theoretical mathematics”的特点。考生在解题时一定要识别出作者的写作手法和意图。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与引申推导题。通过本题题干中的“arguments”一词可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段。通过仔细阅读理解尾段的内容并且根据尾段的内容进行推导，可得知本题的正确选项应该是突出“the premises…may change”的选项D。考生在解题时即要具备迅速审题定位的能力，又要具备理解原文深层含义的能力。

　　3. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与细节推导题。根据本题题干中的“risk”一词可将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文倒数第二段的倒数第二句，通过仔细阅读倒数第二段的倒数第二句和第三句，尤其是倒数第二句中“danger”一词后面的同谓语从句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项是突出 “theoretical assumptions are facts”的选项C。考生在解题时一定要善于深入理解原文的含义，千万不能只停留在文字的表面。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位与关键词语题。通过本题题干中的“physicists”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的倒数第二句。通过阅读本句以及它的前后句，尤其是它后面的一句话(第二段的尾句)，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是表达“healthy”(有益的)含义的选项A，因为该选项中的“practical”是一个表示肯定的词语。考生在解题时一定要善于审题定位，更要善于理解句间关系所表达的内容。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道指代词题型。根据本题题干中的“healthy skepticism”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的尾句，该句中的指代词“this”暗示我们本题的真正答案信息来源在第二段的倒数第二句，通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段的第二句话，我们可以得知强调“invisible”的选项D是本题的正确选项，因为该选项中含有“unknown”一词。考生在解题时应注意指代词的作用和功能，更要注意对原文细节的理解和把握。

　　[参考译文]

　　计算机程序员经常说计算机器会执行任何愚蠢的命令，因为它们完全缺乏辨别力。当然，其原因在于计算机的智力在其感知细节上的狭窄固定性——它不能被冗长的上下文所引导。三个相关的形容词可以用来对计算机进行心理上的描述：单一的思维，刻板的思维，简单的思维。在认识到这一点的同时，我们也应该认识到这种单一的思维，刻板的思维，简单的思维同样可以用来(尽管只是在较低的程度上)描述理论数学。

　　由于科学总是处理现实的问题，即使最精确的科学也通常在或多或少的不完全理解的近似的基础上探讨现实，对此，科学家必须保持适当的怀疑。例如，当数学家得知关于氢原子的薛定谔方程并不是对这种原子的精确的描述，而只是在考虑了旋转、磁极以及相对论作用的基础上一个稍微正确的近似方程，并且这个所谓的正确方程自身也只是对一个无穷量子理论场的不完美的近似时，他们一定深感震惊。当物理学家看到最初的薛定谔方程时，他们从中感知到在可见的各种关系之外，仍然存在着许多不可见的关联，而这种感知就会激励物理学家合理地忽略方程中纯技术的特色。这种非常有益的怀疑态度对于数学领域而言则是较为陌生的。

　　数学家必须研究精确界定的情况。因此，数学家依赖数学以外的努力来对数学照字面意义理解的近似性加以详细的说明。当给予数学家一个不确定程度较小的情形时，他们会把它转化成一个完全确定的状态。这种转化可能是合适的，也可能是不合适的。在某些情形下，数学家的这种刻板思维可能会产生不幸的后果。数学家把科学家的理论假设，也就是科学家分析重点的权宜之点，转化成公理，然后依据精确字义理解这些公理。他们可能还会说服科学家依据字义理解公理，这就会带来危险。科学家调查的中心问题，在数学领域则成为极其扰乱人心的问题，因而被忽略——如果公理不严谨会发生什么情况?

　　物理学家惧怕精确的论断是对的，因为一个仅仅因其精确性而使人信服的论断，当它所基于的假设略微改变时，其说服力就会丧失殆尽，而一个尽管不精确却具有说服力的论断，却会在它的基础假设受到小干扰时，依旧岿然不动。

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板凳发表于: 2016-07-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.” Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics’ cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

　　In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people’s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.

　　Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists,” whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists… harbor… discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf detested what she called “preaching” in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.

　　Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.

　　Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society root and branch — a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.

　　1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

　　[A] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.

　　[B] Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-Century Novel.

　　[C] Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s Novels.

　　[D] Virginia Woolf’s Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.

　　2. In the first paragraph of the text, the author’s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as

　　[A] disparaging.

　　[B] ironic.

　　[C] facetious.

　　[D] skeptical but resigned.

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary example because she believed that

　　[A] Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters.

　　[B] Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D. H. Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society.

　　[C] Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted mores into question.

　　[D] Chaucer’s writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers.

　　4. It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she

　　[A] was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres.

　　[B] was interested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or her character and actions.

　　[C] needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them.

　　[D] wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist.

　　5. Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word “contemplative” as it is used in line 2, paragraph 4 of the text?

　　[A] Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores.

　　[B] Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment.

　　[C] Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the author’s perspective to the exclusion of the reader’s judgment.

　　[D] Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather than focusing on an isolated individual consciousness.

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地板发表于: 2016-07-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在首段的尾句，结合每段的主题句，我们可以推断出本文是在讲“Virginia Woolf”的小说以及其小说对个人与社会之间的关系进行的相关阐述。可见本题的正确选项应该是反映上述内容的选项D。考生在解题时应注意全文的中心主旨句以及每段的主题句之间的相互关系。

　　2. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】本题是一道细节推导题。题干中的“literary critics”暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在首段的尾句，通过对本句的阅读与理解可推断出本文作者对“literary critics”的态度是否定的，故选项A应该是本题的正确选项。本题的选项D因为“resigned”(屈从的，顺从的)一词而不能成为本题的正确选项，因为原文中并没有包含这方面的意思。考生在解题时一定要认真理解原文的每一个单词。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。通过题干中的“Chaucer”一词可迅速将本题的答案信息确定在尾段的首句。通过阅读尾段的第一句和第二句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“morality”含义的选项D。考生在解题时一定要考虑到上下句之间的联系。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。通过题干中的“realistically”和“social setting”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的尾句，通过阅读和理解第二段中仅有的两个句子，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“人的社会环境影响人的性格和行为”之含义的选项B。考生在解题时一定要重视上下句之间的相互联系。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道词汇理解题。本题的题干以将本题的答案信息来源确定在第四段的第一句。如果考生不认识“contemplative”这个词，可以通过这个词前后的语意关系以及第四段第二句所表达的内容进行推导。通过仔细阅读第四段的第一、二句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是C，因为该选项强调的是回避“direct commentary”(直接的评论)，不做“active art”(主动的艺术)，让读者自己去思考。考生在解题时应该注意原文中所表达的对立对比关系。

　　[参考译文]

　　“我要批判社会体制，揭示出它在最为紧要的关头是如何运作的。”弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙在谈及她写作《达勒维夫人》的意图时令人深思的言论，常常为批评家们所忽视，因为它着重突出了她文学兴趣的一个方面，而这一方面与这位“诗意”小说家的一贯形象大相径庭，她一贯所关注的是审视人们梦想与幻觉的种种状态，并沿着个人意识的复杂路径追寻。但弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙是一位“诗意”小说家也是一个现实主义者，是一个空想家也是一个讽刺作家和社会批评家，对于伍尔芙的社会空想，文学批评家们傲慢地忽视伍尔芙的社会批判的做法是经不起推敲的。

　　伍尔芙在其小说中全力探讨如下问题：社会环境是如何塑造个人的(或是使人堕落的)，历史发展的推动力是如何冲击人们生活的，阶级、财产和性别是如何在决定人生命运中发挥作用的。她的大部分小说植根于现实主义营造的社会背景中，并发生在某一精确的历史时期。

　　因为伍尔芙对艺术宣传十分厌恶，所以她对社会的关注并未得到普遍认可。在她的小说中，改革者的形象通常是具有讽刺性的或是带有尖锐的批判色彩。即使有时伍尔芙本质上对他们的事业怀有同情心，但她还是将急于改革社会的，怀揣救世咨文或是纲领的人塑造成傲慢自大而又不够诚实的形象，并还没有意识到其政治主张是如何为满足个人的心理私欲而服务的。(她在《作家日记》中写道：“唯有艺术家是诚实的人，”而“这些社会改革家和慈善家们……将可耻的欲望隐藏在热爱人类的假面之后……”)伍尔芙还痛恨在小说中应用所谓的“说教”，对应用这一理论进行创作的小说家D. H.劳伦斯(及其他作家)进行了批评。

　　伍尔芙将自己的社会批判以观察的语言而不是直接的评论来表现，因为对她而言，小说是一门沉思凝想的艺术而非一门积极干预生活的艺术。她对社会及社会性问题所表现出来的现象加以描述，并提供材料让人们作出评论。读者要做的才是将这些观察所得的资料综合起来，并体会出隐含其中的连贯的观点。作为一名道德家，伍尔芙间接而巧妙地对那些公认的伦理道德进行攻击，她嘲讽、暗示、质疑，而不是下论断，鼓吹自己的观点，或是充当见证：她的作品是讽刺作家的艺术。

　　伍尔芙的文学楷模是像契诃夫和乔叟那样敏锐的社会观察家。正如她在《普通读者》中表述的，“完全可以说，还没有因为乔叟说了什么或写了什么而制定出一项法律或是建起一块石碑;但当我们在阅读他的作品时，却会全身心地汲取其道德思想。”正如乔叟一样，伍尔芙选择去理解判断，去彻底了解她所置身的社会——去创造艺术而不是争论性文章，这才是至关重要的决定。

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地下室发表于: 2016-07-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

　If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of amb i tion is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped ― with the educated themselves riding on them.

　　Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is," Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."

　　The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.

　　27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if _____.

　　[A]its returns well compensate for the sacrifices

　　[B]it is rewarded with money, fame and power

　　[C]its goals are spiritual rather than material

　　[D]it is shared by the rich and the famous

　　28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____ .

　　[A]customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

　　[B]too late to check ambition once it has been let out

　　[C]dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

　　[D]impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

　　29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because____ .

　　[A]they think of it as immoral

　　[B]their pursuits are not fame or wealth

　　[C]ambition is not closely related to material benefits

　　[D]they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

　　30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_____.

　　[A]secretly and vigorously

　　[B]openly and enthusiastically

　　[C]easily and momentarily

　　[D]verbally and spiritually

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　答案解析

　　27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if _____.

　　普遍认为，如果 ____, 雄心就能够受人尊重。

　　[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices

　　雄心的回报充分补偿了所作的牺牲

　　[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power

　　雄心以金钱、名誉和权力作为回报

　　[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material

　　雄心的目标是精神上的而不是物质上的

　　[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous

　　它是富人和名人共享的

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文章第一句指出，“雄心如果想要获得尊重，那么它的回报——财富、声望、对命运的掌控——则必须被认为值得为之牺牲”。也就是说，正确答案是 [A] 。 [B] 中的金钱、声望和对命运的控制，在第一句中，只是作为取得回报的三个例子，并非仅包括这三方面而已。因此，选择项 [A] 更加确切地表达了第一句的意思。 [C] 、 [D] 的说法显然不对。

　　28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____.

　　第一段最后一句话很可能暗示的内容是 ____ 。

　　[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

　　受过教育的人习惯于口头上抛弃雄心

　　[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out

　　雄心一旦释放，要想再阻拦就晚了

　　[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

　　在目标达成之后不诚实地否认雄心

　　[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

　　对受过教育的人来说，要享受雄心带来的好处是不实际的。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】句意题。

　　【分析】本句中出现一个比喻，意思是“他们是野心的受益者，但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性”。这和 [C] 的意思是吻合的。 [A] 的错误在于它不够完整，没有提到受益这个概念。 [B] 的说法是字面意思。 [D] 选项没有根据。

　　29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because____.

　　一些人不公开宣称他们有雄心，是因为 ____ 。

　　[A] they think of it as immoral

　　他们认为这不道德

　　[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth

　　他们追求的不是名声和财富

　　[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits

　　雄心和物质利益并非紧密相连

　　[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

　　他们不想让自己看上去贪婪和可鄙

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据第二段第三句，“现在，人们不能像以前那样轻易公开地承认自己的梦想，以免别人认为自己爱出风头，贪婪和庸俗”，所以答案是 [D] 。

　　30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_____.

　　从最后一段可以得出雄心应该被 ____ _ 保持这一结论。

　　[A]secretly and vigorously 秘密并严格地

　　[B]openly and enthusiastically 公开和充满热情地

　　[C]easily and momentarily 容易并暂时地

　　[D]verbally and spiritually 在语言上和精神上

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】作者观点题。

　　【分析】文章最后一段提到“本应该是一种健康的冲动，一种应该受人仰慕并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，却被人攻击，得不到支持。由于不公开，雄心转为地下，雄心变得偷偷摸摸”。由此推论，作者认为人们不应该隐瞒自己的雄心，而应该坦言。

　　难句解析：

　　1. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

　　【结构分析】本句是并列句，前一个分句中，“ if ”引导条件状语从句，主句主语“ it ”指代“ the tradition of ambition ”。后一个分句中“ who ”引导一个定语从句修饰“ people ”，“ the educated not least among them ”是“ people ”的补语。

　　2. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.

　　【结构分析】 “ what ”引导主语从句，“ that ”引导表语从句。“ as…as… ”结构做程度状语，此外“ lest ”引导带虚拟语气的假设状语从句。

　　3. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

　　【结构分析】本句看上去很长，主句是“ we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles ”。“ which ”引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰“ spectacles ”。在冒号的后面是三个并列的名词性短语，关键词分别是“ critic ”，“ publisher ”和“ journalist ”。

　　全文翻译：

　　雄心如果想要获得尊重，那么它的回报——财富、声望、对命运的掌控——则必须被认为值得为之牺牲。如果雄心的传统要焕发生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的认同;雄心尤其应该得到那些自身得到他人崇拜的人们的高度尊重，那些接受过良好教育的人最应该包括在内。怪就怪在恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人在声称他们不再将雄心作为理想。可是奇怪的是他们已经从雄心中受益最多——如果不总是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着强烈的虚伪感，就好比把马放跑后再关上马厩的门，而骑在那些马背上的正是受过良好教育的人自己。

　　当然，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎不逊从前，夏日别墅，欧洲旅行、宝马轿车——尽管它们的地点、地名和商标可能会不一样，但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一、二十年前减少。现在，人们不能像以前那样轻易公开地承认自己的梦想，以免别人认为自己爱出风头，贪婪和庸俗。相反，我们目睹的是得体的虚伪，而且比以前任何时候都多。如：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢夏日别墅;激进读物的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐;倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人，以及其他许多不如他们这么特殊的人而言，最好的表达是“成功不惜一切代价，雄心不让任何人看出”。

　　很多人从不同角度对雄心进行了攻击;却没什么人为之公开辩护，即使辩护也不能服人，尽管辩护者并非极不引人注意。因此，在美国，本应该是一种健康的冲动，一种应该受人仰慕并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，其得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。但这并不意味着雄心已经结束了，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更少愿意公开地承认。很多不良后果随之而来，如雄心被赶入地下，或变得偷偷摸摸。现在的情况是这样的：左边是愤怒的批评家，右边是愚蠢的支持者，而居中的通常是大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。

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pecialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

　　No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

　　21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________.

　　[A]sociology and chemistry

　　[B]physics and psychology

　　[C]sociology and psychology

　　[D]physics and chemistry

　　22. We can infer from the passage that _________.

　　[A]there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation

　　[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

　　[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

　　23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________.

　　[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation

　　[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　[C]the change of policies in scientific publications

　　[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　24. The direct reason for specialization is _________.

　　[A]the development in communication

　　[B]the growth of professionalisation

　　[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge

　　[D]the splitting up of academic societies

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答案解析

　　21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_________.

　　19 世纪专业化的发展在 _______ 等科学领域容易看的更加清楚。

　　[A]sociology and chemistry 社会学和化学

　　[B]physics and psychology 物理学和心理学

　　[C]sociology and psychology 社会学和心理学

　　[D]physics and chemistry 物理学和化学

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据题干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到“专业化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，给参与科学活动的业余人士带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点”。在这四个选择项中， [A] 、 [B] 、 [C] 都提到了“文科学科”，只有 [D] 选项中的“物理学和化学”均是“以数学和实验作为基础的科学”，因此可以推断 [D] 选项符合原文，是正确答案。

　　22. We can infer from the passage that _____. 从本文可以推断出 ______ 。

　　[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization

　　在专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别

　　[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　业余人士在某些领域和专业人士可以竞争

　　[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

　　专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体的

　　[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

　　业余人士看起来只有全国性的学术协会，但是没有地方性的学术协会

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】选项 [A] 中提到“专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别”，而实际上，它们指的是“不同的领域和方向”，“ specialization ”针对“研究对象”，“ professionalization ”针对“研究者”，因此可以排除。选项 [C] 说“专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体”这种说法也是不对的，因为专业化的发展使得业余人士受到排挤。 [D] 选项明显错误，因为文中提到“既有全国性的学术协会，又有地方性的学术协会”。第三段指出“局部的研究 (local studies) 只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业人士所接受”。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的，同时说明了业余研究与职业研究并存的状况。既然是并存的，就说明在某个地方是可以竞争的。因此选择 [B] 。

　　23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.

　　作者提到地质学发展是为了说明 ______ 。

　　[A] the process of specialization and professionalization

　　专业化和职业化的过程

　　[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　业余人士在科学研究方面的艰辛

　　[C] the change of policies in scientific publications

　　科技出版政策的变化

　　[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　职业人士对业余人士的歧视

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】作者目的题。

　　【分析】根据题干“地质学发展”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要讲的是地质学的发展;以及第四段第一句“虽然职业化和专业化过程早在 19 世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到 20 世纪我们才看到其全面影响”，因此可以判断这里的正确答案是 [A] 。 [B] 选项认为是“业余研究者在科学研究方面的艰辛”。例子中虽然提到了专业化给业余研究者带来的不利影响 . 但是从整体来看，那个不是重点，地质学的例子主要是为了说明“专业化和职业化过程的形成及其影响”。

　　24. The direct reason for specialization is _______. 造成专业化的直接原因是 _______ 。

　　[A] the development in communication 交流的发展

　　[B] the growth of professionalization 职业化的发展

　　[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge 科学知识的扩展

　　[D] the splitting up of academic societies 学术团体的分化

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】本题要求考生找出现象间的因果关系。全文开篇就指出，“专业化过程可以被看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应”。这句话的含义实际上就是“科学知识的积累促进了专业化”。因此可以判定 [C] 是正确选项。 [A] 选项是不对的，因为根据其中的“交流”一词可以定位到第一段，文中提到“专业化影响了交流过程”，而不是反之。 [B] 不对，“专业化是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，是和职业化同时产生的”，不是其成因。 [D] 为专业化的结果。

　　难句解析：

　　1. Nevertheless, the word “ amateur ” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.

　　【结构分析】本句的主句是“ the word ‘ amateur ’ does carry a connotation ”，后面有一个“ that ”引导的同位语从句，解释“ connotation ”，而这个同位语从句中有两个并列谓语。

　　2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　【结构分析】本句的主干是“ The trend was naturally most obvious… and can be illustrated… ”。主语是“ the trend ”，两个谓语部分为“ was obvious ”和“ can be illustrated ”。前一个部分中“ based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training ”是过去分词做后置定语修饰“ areas of science ”。

　　3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

　　【结构分析】本句的主干结构是“ The overall result has been to do sth. ”。逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其关键词是“ a result ”，是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个“ that ”引导的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语“ first by..., and then by... ”。

　　4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　【结构分析】这是一个并列句，由“ whereas ” ( 而 ) 连接两个分句，说明了两种情况，前一个分句的主干是“ A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists ”，而后面说“ the amateurs have tended either to remain…or to come… ”。

　　全文翻译：

　　专业化可被看作针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细分为各个小的单元，个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为进一步研究的基础。但是专业化仅仅是一系列相关科学进步中影响交流过程的的一个。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

　　在科学领域内，职业人士与业余人士之间没有明确的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有一种含义，即相关的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，尤其是他可能并不完全认同他们的价值观。 19 世纪的专业化的发展，导致了对更长更复杂的训练的要求，意味着业余人员进入科学界会遇到更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。

　　对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物所进行的比较表明不但人们对研究首要性的重视程度在不断增加，而且对什么是可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在 19 世纪，局部的地质研究本身就代表了一种有价值的研究;而到了 20 世纪，如果局部的研究能够被职业人员接受，那么它就必须结合和思考一个更加广阔的地质面貌。另一方面，业余人员继续以传统方式从事局部的研究。结果，业余人员在职业化地质学杂志发表文章更加困难。审稿制度首先在 19 世纪的全国性杂志中实行，后来在 20 世纪一些地方性地质杂志中也开始实行，这使这个结果得到进一步加强。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致职业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

　　虽然职业化和专业化过程在 19 世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果一直拖到 20 世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从整个科学来看， 19 世纪必须被视为科学结构发生该变化的关键阶段。

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nanafly

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8楼发表于: 2016-07-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.

　　There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.

　　Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.

　　To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-coloni a l prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrials infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, barbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.

　　25. Digital divide is something _________.

　　[A]getting worse because of the Internet

　　[B]the rich countries are responsible for

　　[C]the world must guard against

　　[D]considered positive today

　　26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _________.

　　[A]offers economic potentials

　　[B]can bring foreign funds

　　[C]can soon wipe out world poverty

　　[D]connects people all over the world

　　27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.

　　[A]providing financial support overseas

　　[B]preventing foreign capital's control

　　[C]building industrial infrastructure

　　[D]accepting foreign investment

　　28. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on _________.

　　[A]how well-developed it is electronically

　　[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants

　　[C]whether it adopts America's industrial pattern

　　[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations

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9楼发表于: 2016-07-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

　名师解析

　　25. Digital divide is something _______. 数字鸿沟是 ______ 。

　　[A]getting worse because of the Internet 因为因特网而变得更加糟糕

　　[B]the rich countries are responsible for 由富裕国家应该承担责任的

　　[C]the world must guard against 全世界都要警惕的

　　[D]considered positive today 今天被认为是积极的

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】通过题干关键词“数字鸿沟”定位到第一段。第一句是对“数字鸿沟”所下的一个定义。其后作者提到，他和妻子 20 年前就谈到这种隐伏的的危险，这里的“ looming danger ”指的就是“ the digital divide ”。早在 20 年前，防止产生这种鸿沟的积极因素还不太明显，而今天作者认为是乐观的。同时定位到第二段，作者提到了“因特网的普及使这种鸿沟正得到缩小”，可见，选项 [A] 是错误的，“因为因特网而变得糟糕”与原文意思相左。 [B] 不对，是因为作者没有提到这个方面。在作者看来，这种鸿沟是不好的现象，而网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫困。 [D] 的说法显然是错误的，因为作者就是要消除这个鸿沟。

　　26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ______.

　　政府重视因特网是因为它 ________ 。

　　[A]offers economic potentials 提供很多经济可能

　　[B]can bring foreign funds 能够带来外国资金

　　[C]can soon wipe out world poverty 能够很快消除世界贫困

　　[D]connects people all over the world 将世界人民连在一起

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】定位到第二段，文中提到“政府之所以大力推广因特网是出于因特网可能成为消除贫困的最好的工具的考虑”。第三段更是提到“因特网可能具有巨大的潜力”。因此可以判断 [A] 是正确的。 [B] 选项认为“可以带来海外投资”，这仅仅是局部因素。 [C] 选项中，虽然作者提到了“国际互联网的利用可能是战胜贫困的工具”，但这仅仅是一种潜在的力量，并没有说能够很快消除贫困。 [D] 选项也是因特网的一个主要功能，但是也不是政府重视的主要原因。

　　27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.

　　作者提到美国的案例是为了证明 __________ 政策是对的。

　　[A]providing financial support overseas 为海外提供资金支持

　　[B]preventing foreign capital’s control 防止外国资金控制

　　[C]building industrial infrastructure 建设工业基础

　　[D]accepting foreign investment 接受外国投资

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】作者意图题。

　　【分析】在第四段，美国和巴西的例子都被作者用以说明抛弃过去的在那种在利用外资上的，过时的反殖民偏见，提出充分利用外资建立电子基础设施的重要性，并且指出，哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。因此可以判断正确选项是 [D] 。 [A] 选项把吸收外资的重要性和美国提供海外资金混淆起来。 [B] 的说法无法从美国这个案例中推断出来。 [C] 错在“工业”这个概念上。

　　28. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on _____.

　　现在，一个国家的经济看起来极大地依赖于 _______ 。

　　[A]how well developed it is electronically 它的电子发展程度

　　[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants 它是否歧视移民

　　[C]whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern 它是否接受美国的工业模式

　　[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations 它对外国公司的控制有多大

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】文章最后一段提到哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。这里的“第三次浪潮”指的就是“电子基础建设”。因此选项 [A] 是正确的。其他三个选项中， [B] 和 [D] 文中没有提到。 [C] 再次出现“工业模式”，因此不正确。

　　难句解析：

　　1. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

　　【结构分析】本句主句是“ It is in the interest of business to universalize access ”，“ as ”引导一个伴随状语，“随着”，而非“因为”，后面破折号的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。

　　2. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be.

　　【结构分析】本句是一个“ the more..., the more... ”的句型。“ which today is an electronic infrastructure ”是修饰“ Third Wave infrastructure ”的非限定性定语从句。

　　全文翻译：

　　今天，人们十分关注所谓的数字鸿沟问题，即世界被分为信息资源丰富区和信息资源贫乏区两类。这个鸿沟今天确实存在，我和我妻子 20 年前谈过这个隐伏的危险。然而，那时一些抵制数字鸿沟的、新的积极因素还不如今天明显。我们是有理由感到乐观的。

　　一些技术上的因素使我们有理由希望鸿沟会缩小。随着互联网变得越来越商业化，普及上网对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。越来越多的政府，由于担心自己的国家会落后，都想推广互联网。一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人被网在一起。因此，我现在相信，在将来，数字鸿沟将会缩小而不是扩大。这是非常好的消息，因为互联网非常可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。

　　当然，使用互联网不是唯一战胜贫困的方法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的唯一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。

　　要想利用互联网这个工具，某些贫困国家必须克服在外国投资方面的过时的反殖民偏见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国基础设施 ( 社会的基本结构基础 ) 的历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，缺乏资金，这就是为什么美国的第二波基础设施建设——包括公路、港口，高速公路、港口城市等等——都是利用的国外资金。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在这片前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美国移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切?美国人。我想，同样的事情也可以发生在巴西或其他任何地方。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施 ( 今天主要指电子基础设施 ) 的外国资金越多，那么你就越富裕。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是让外国公司为所欲为。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。

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