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1. q/o|uAq
Contend "%c\i-&t
to compete in order to win something I 9yNTD
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title. o@ ?3i+%}8
He's contending against someone with twice his experience. |P_\l,f8`
This decisive defeat puts them out of contention for this year's championship finals. H!F Cerg
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to state something is true or is a fact ^y?7B_%:B#
The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime. idwiM|.iU
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contend with sth rz]0i@ehv'
to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation z$3 3NM
At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. |~mi6 lJ6
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content (HAPPY) G>?hojvi
He seems fairly content with (his) life. x1m J&D
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batter (HIT) ,}!OJyT
to hit and behave violently towards a person, especially a woman or child, repeatedly over a long period of time, or to hit something with force many times DiK@>$v
He was battered to death with a rifle-butt. G:FP9
He was battering (at/on) the door with his fists and howling. Epm\=s
The waves battered against the rocks at the bottom of the cliff. c9\jELO
The burglars had battered down the door of the house (= hit it so hard that it broke and fell down). =J0X{Ovn4z
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battered =,0E]MZ
1 hurt by being repeatedly hit !>B|z=
She set up a sanctuary for battered wives. &pS <4
2 damaged, especially by being used a lot X>w(^L*>
battered furniture/toys JcEPwF.
OWs K>egD
confer (TALK) /dpEL9K
to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take Z~^)B8
I should like some time to confer with my lawer D 8^wR{-;J
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confer (GIVE) 0
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to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone F}P+3IaE
An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Edinburgh University. $:V'+s4o
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2. tz-, |n0
endeavor, v. =$6z1] ;3
try one’s utmost to, take pains to, spare no effort to, make effort to, try everything possible to, undertake, strive, aspire, 8^CdE*a
endeavor. N _p/
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exertion d@~Hp?
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potential, adj M<oIo036
possible, plausible, within the realm of possibility, MG<kvx~2
n. potentiality. I!?-lI@(
Actuality, reality }p 0\
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Recession 25%[nkO4
Depression, slump, stagnation, sag, H'E(gc)>)
Inflation, deflation, devaluation. Lu,72i0O ^
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recess (PAUSE) noun XlPq>@4p
1 [C or U] a period of time in the year when the members of a parliament are not meeting - Te+{
2 [U] US in school, a period of time between classes when children do not study {\3ZmF
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recess (SPACE) noun z+IBy+
1 [C] a small area in a room which is formed by one part of a wall being set back further than other parts 9<BC6M_/
The room has a recess designed to hold bookshelves. JGl0
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2 [C usually plural] a secret or hidden place aMdWT4
Psychoanalysts aim to explore the deepest/innermost recesses of the mind. |P!7T.
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3. gXZl3
optional 57 (bd0@8
not compulsory, elective, non-obligatory, alternative, r'!L}^n
demanded, imperative, enforced, required, -I
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optimum (also optimal) jpijnz{M
best; most likely to bring success or advantage LbCcOkL/@@
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. %DOV)Qc2
optimize, optimise verb [T] cX~J6vNy5
to make something as good as possible 8NP|>uaj
We need to optimize our use of the existing technology. Q`= ,&;T>
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humane adjective 3`
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showing kindness, care and sympathy towards others, ^HiI
The humane way of dealing with a suffering animal (= the way that causes the least pain) is to kill it quickly. dV/ ^@[
The opposite is inhumane V.\12P
humanely adverb MgpjC`
I don't support the death penalty, but if people are to be executed, it should be done humanely. :X+!W_xR
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Barbaric, barbarian, barbarous, outlandish, vulgar, primitive, ]7|Zs]6
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4. A!GQ4
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revive, restore, recuperate, %p; 'l
recuperate verb [I] slightly formal PNgdWf3
to become well again after an illness; to get back your strength, health, etc b=
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She spent a month in the country recuperating from/after the operation. Mp-hNO}.Z
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testify verb [I or T] z79c30y]"
to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide evidence i:/Ws1=q
[+ that]He testified that he had seen the man leaving the building around the time of the murder. *!5X!\e_
testimonial noun [C] Fo.p}j+>
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predict, UD0#Tpd7
foretell, foresee, forecast, prophesy, envisage,
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5. k1_"}B5
deteriorate -\I".8"YE
deteriorate verb [I] ;
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to become worse uXuA4o$t-
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated. a<CJ#B2K
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. cOoF +hz0O
deterioration 7*>(C*q=
We've seen a deterioration in relations between the countries. ir<K"wi(2
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once and for all t2Y2v2 J
completely and in a way that will finally solve a problem c2~oPUj
Our intention is to destroy their offensive capability once and for all. Dd'4W
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7. dw YGhhm
account (JUDGE) verb [+ object + noun or adjective] formal 8S#TOeQ
to think of someone or something in the stated way; judge J`'wprSBb
She was accounted a genius by all who knew her work. ;y]BXW&l&
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account (to sb) for sth (EXPLAIN) +@BjQ|UZ
to explain the reason for something or the cause of something zW:r7
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Can you account for your absence last Friday? W%P$$x5&
She was unable to account for over $5 000. XJ6=Hg4_O
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enlighten verb [I or T] Cm%xI&Y
to provide someone with information and understanding; to explain the true facts about something to someone u!TMt8+c
Should the function of children's television be to entertain or to enlighten? Q=?YY-*$
I don't understand this. Could you enlighten me? =v6qr~
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count on sth (EXPECT) )~C+nb '6/
to expect something to happen and make plans based on it qt=nN-AC(
[+ ing form of verb]I'm counting on the meeting finishing on time, or I'll miss my train. k~=W1R%
Sorry I'm late, I didn't count on being held up in the traffic. D[Kq`
There's never a taxi when you want one - that's the one thing you can count on! ueLdjASJ
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Wait on sb hand and foot r#\Lq;+-B
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Stand by |*JMCI@Mz
She has vowed to stand by her husband during his trial. DpvMY94Qh
stand by (DO NOTHING) phrasal verb iu'At7
to allow something unpleasant to happen without doing anything to stop it P$Fq62;}r4
We can't stand by while millions of people starve. N'=b8J-fF
Despite its financial problems, the company is standing by the no-redundancy agreement. t$
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stand for sth (ACCEPT) JqP~2,T
If you will not stand for something, you will not accept a situation or a particular type of behaviour VY j
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I wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you. p#>d1R1&
stand for sth (REPRESENT) qV:TuR-|w
1 to support or represent a particular idea or set of ideas VPUm4%?p$
This party stands for low taxes and individual freedom. !H4C5wDu
2 If one or more letters stand for a word or name, they are the first letter or letters of that word or name and they represent it 6a4-VX5
'GMT' stands for Greenwich Mean Time. x?n13C
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die off Cd'K~Ch3
If a group of plants, animals or people dies off, all of that group dies over a period of time. +a74] H"
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fall apart (STOP WORKING) 9 $Ud\
1 If an organization, system or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively u8b^DB#+W
The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing. c|(&6(r
Their marriage fell apart when she found out about her husband's affair. LseS8F/q
2 informal to experience serious emotional problems that make you unable to think or act in the usual way p[:E$#W~;
After his wife died, he began to fall apart. G&d