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1. 8~(,qU8- N
Contend p-"C^=l
to compete in order to win something "9xJ},:-
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title. >l 0aME@-0
He's contending against someone with twice his experience. H}r]j\
This decisive defeat puts them out of contention for this year's championship finals. p1'q{E+o*
2@MpWj4
to state something is true or is a fact 1#N`elm
The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime. _t-6m2A
P1OYS\
contend with sth e r_6PV
to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation }m<+tn
3m
At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. HBp??.r
Vl$RMW@Ds
content (HAPPY) |\Gkhi>;
He seems fairly content with (his) life. =EVB?k
,
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batter (HIT) s>L-0vG
to hit and behave violently towards a person, especially a woman or child, repeatedly over a long period of time, or to hit something with force many times Wg %]
He was battered to death with a rifle-butt. p*W{*wZ_^
He was battering (at/on) the door with his fists and howling. !QdX+y<re
The waves battered against the rocks at the bottom of the cliff. 5xr2
The burglars had battered down the door of the house (= hit it so hard that it broke and fell down). x(>XM:|
!]R>D{""
battered 5n>zJ
~
1 hurt by being repeatedly hit W/RB|TMT
She set up a sanctuary for battered wives. r!w4Br0
2 damaged, especially by being used a lot lrPIXIM
battered furniture/toys iaMl>ua
z
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confer (TALK) Y, Lpv|
to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take .`KzA]&
#
I should like some time to confer with my lawer p}~Sgi
d?5oJ'JU
confer (GIVE) ;|\j][A
to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone ~2[kCuu
An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Edinburgh University. Jl\U~i
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Conference I<W<;A
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2. 9h+TO_T@F
endeavor, v. Ta3* G
try one’s utmost to, take pains to, spare no effort to, make effort to, try everything possible to, undertake, strive, aspire, o=![+g
endeavor. N D
@wIbU
exertion (uHyWEHt
nql{k/6
potential, adj F1}d@^K
7d
possible, plausible, within the realm of possibility, )`<&~>qp
n. potentiality. D0_CDdW%7
Actuality, reality non5e)w3@
r^E(GmW
Recession 7#&Q-3\:
Depression, slump, stagnation, sag, f6(1jx"
Inflation, deflation, devaluation. /Aw@26
^;{uop"DS
recess (PAUSE) noun P=P']\`p+
1 [C or U] a period of time in the year when the members of a parliament are not meeting 0e:j=kd)NH
2 [U] US in school, a period of time between classes when children do not study (bpxj3@R
EpT^r8I
recess (SPACE) noun i}f" 'KW
1 [C] a small area in a room which is formed by one part of a wall being set back further than other parts l"h6e$dP
The room has a recess designed to hold bookshelves. p?
w^|V
2 [C usually plural] a secret or hidden place ,l,q;]C%
Psychoanalysts aim to explore the deepest/innermost recesses of the mind. ZBH^0
H4wDF:n0H
3. |g!$TUS.
optional dtG>iJ
not compulsory, elective, non-obligatory, alternative, O"X7 DgbC
demanded, imperative, enforced, required, }Q^*Zq9-
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optimum (also optimal) ,CB E&g
best; most likely to bring success or advantage }dU!PZ9N)
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. Xe\v6gbD
optimize, optimise verb [T] L|'B*
to make something as good as possible VHLNJnA
We need to optimize our use of the existing technology. O sy_C<O
Da)_O JYE
humane adjective !@arPN$
showing kindness, care and sympathy towards others, HqyAo]{GN
The humane way of dealing with a suffering animal (= the way that causes the least pain) is to kill it quickly. \nT
V;@F
The opposite is inhumane SUvrOl
humanely adverb ]T.+(\I
I don't support the death penalty, but if people are to be executed, it should be done humanely. ,nV4%Aa
9.9B#?
Barbaric, barbarian, barbarous, outlandish, vulgar, primitive, ?O]RQXsZ2
uA t{WDHm
4. e)XnS '
revive, restore, recuperate, {DUtd
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recuperate verb [I] slightly formal R`Hy0;X
to become well again after an illness; to get back your strength, health, etc 6 =G=4{q
She spent a month in the country recuperating from/after the operation. E},zB*5TH
5e?<x>e
testify verb [I or T] 0fqycGSmU
to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide evidence & Yx12B\
[+ that]He testified that he had seen the man leaving the building around the time of the murder. fILvEf4b
testimonial noun [C] $++O@C5
.t&G^i'n
predict, Nn U`u.$D
foretell, foresee, forecast, prophesy, envisage, O*W<za;
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5. OF-VVIS
deteriorate i1bmUKZ8'L
deteriorate verb [I] -YrMV
oZl
to become worse *D9H3M[o#
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated. &rl;+QS
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. q1ZZ T"'
deterioration dT (i*E\j
We've seen a deterioration in relations between the countries. <~:2~r
lWT`y
6 n.C5w8f
once and for all AD@ {7
completely and in a way that will finally solve a problem KCH`=lX
Our intention is to destroy their offensive capability once and for all. JZ&_1~Z=
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7. !_B*Po
account (JUDGE) verb [+ object + noun or adjective] formal <$otBC/%
to think of someone or something in the stated way; judge )+w1nw|m
She was accounted a genius by all who knew her work. {];-b0MS~
GQQp(%T
account (to sb) for sth (EXPLAIN) PrA(==FX/
to explain the reason for something or the cause of something jp^Sw|
Can you account for your absence last Friday? ;Zr7NKs
She was unable to account for over $5 000. f*9O39&|
Z&P\}mm
8 U4yl{?
enlighten verb [I or T] Uqy/~n-v<
to provide someone with information and understanding; to explain the true facts about something to someone EbVva{;#$;
Should the function of children's television be to entertain or to enlighten? nj0]c`6rN@
I don't understand this. Could you enlighten me? U~;tk@
%H2ios[UO
9 VxARJ*4=Y
count on sth (EXPECT) P8ZmrtQm
to expect something to happen and make plans based on it _{gqi$Mi
[+ ing form of verb]I'm counting on the meeting finishing on time, or I'll miss my train. !6@ 'H4cb=
Sorry I'm late, I didn't count on being held up in the traffic.
KLE)+|
There's never a taxi when you want one - that's the one thing you can count on! ;gD
\JA
Au}l^&,zN
Wait on sb hand and foot x;\/Xj;
7')W+`o8eL
Stand by SY%y *6[6
She has vowed to stand by her husband during his trial. Y$]zba
stand by (DO NOTHING) phrasal verb Gn_D
IFa
to allow something unpleasant to happen without doing anything to stop it Ke?,AWfG
We can't stand by while millions of people starve. +@?'dw
Despite its financial problems, the company is standing by the no-redundancy agreement. .kn2M&P>=
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10 {uoF5|O6K
stand for sth (ACCEPT) #Lp}j?Y
If you will not stand for something, you will not accept a situation or a particular type of behaviour 4OpzGZ4+
I wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you. !2l2;?jM
stand for sth (REPRESENT) +>K&zS
1 to support or represent a particular idea or set of ideas %Uz\P|6PO
This party stands for low taxes and individual freedom. jy?*` q1]
2 If one or more letters stand for a word or name, they are the first letter or letters of that word or name and they represent it FiUwy/,ZV
'GMT' stands for Greenwich Mean Time. /UK]lP^w]!
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die off FpA
t
If a group of plants, animals or people dies off, all of that group dies over a period of time. j&'6|s{
/pPH D]
fall apart (STOP WORKING) X )tH23
1 If an organization, system or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively %HoD)OJe
The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing. \\#D!q*
Their marriage fell apart when she found out about her husband's affair. kaB|+U9^
2 informal to experience serious emotional problems that make you unable to think or act in the usual way 85q/|9D
After his wife died, he began to fall apart. ,v>;/qm
Pd"c*n&9
15 76)"uqv1x
imprudent: indiscreet, injudicious -oyA5Yx0
conjecture t:fz%IOe
surmise, supposition, speculation u@ #%
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d4;$=P
16 hQm=9gS
adhere to sth =CK% Zo
to continue to obey a rule or maintain a belief s.i9&1
Y-!
She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life. j;]I
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They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement/treaty. Yz_}*
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18 A'z]?xQR
give way h$!YKfhq}
yield to sth (STOP) ?j.a
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E2>{se Z
20 0j!3\=P$
xz!0BG
The course comprises a class book, a practice book and an audio tape. #C&';HB;y
The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students. '2lzMc>wvP
5S!#^>_
The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans. |> STb\
ZL<X*l2
21 SqPqL<,e
Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people. ~O\A 0e
:k1?I'q%
approval or permission, especially formal or legal _D{A`z
They tried to get official sanction for the scheme. #U`AK9rP_g
_dd! nU\A|
22 IsI5c
Such a noisy environment was not conducive to a good night's sleep. 3=uhy|f! /
This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying. EO)JMV?6
q1:dcxR[
Duce, duct = to lead hO8xH +;
Conduce, conduct, deduce, deduct, deduction, induce, induct, induction, j_so s%-
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23 N E9,kWI
Leave off! used to tell someone to stop being annoying hE(R[hc
Hey, leave off! I hate people touching my hair. pmB
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hc
q&`Gun
I've made a list of names - I hope I haven't left anyone out. GO"|^W
None of the other children play with her, and I think she feels rather left out (= feels that no one wants to be her friend). JGHj(0j
17KQ
26 3XQa%|N(
sb/sth in question formal /";tkad^
the person or thing that is being discussed ASbIc"S6
I stayed at home on the night in question. %J-0%-/_S:
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27 A3/[9}(U
repulsive, offensive, atrocious, disgusting, loathsome, obscene, repellent, unwholesome, _|M8xI
alluring ~NK $rHwi%
Y
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Streamlining cars increases their fuel efficiency. kMVr[q,MEq
The bodies of dolphins are more streamlined than those of porpoises. Nksm&{=6S
,VVA^'+
The cost-cutting measures include streamlining administrative procedures in the company. "G@K(bnHn
The government recently announced details of its plan to streamline the taxation system. B%\&Q@X
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