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楼主  发表于: 2009-02-21   

@@@复旦同学提供的复习词汇

[p:5] \) dp  
wK2$hsq ue  
1. 8~(,qU8-N  
Contend p-"C^=l  
to compete in order to win something "9xJ},:-  
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title. >l 0aME@-0  
He's contending against someone with twice his experience. H}r]j\  
This decisive defeat puts them out of contention for this year's championship finals. p1'q{E+o*  
2@MpWj4  
to state something is true or is a fact 1#N`elm  
The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime. _t-6m2A  
P1OYS\  
contend with sth er_6PV  
to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation }m<+tn 3m  
At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. HB p??.r  
Vl$RMW@Ds  
content (HAPPY) |\Gkhi>;  
He seems fairly content with (his) life. =EVB?k ,  
5:38}p9`  
batter (HIT) s>L-0vG  
to hit and behave violently towards a person, especially a woman or child, repeatedly over a long period of time, or to hit something with force many times Wg%]  
He was battered to death with a rifle-butt. p*W{*wZ_^  
He was battering (at/on) the door with his fists and howling. !QdX+y<re  
The waves battered against the rocks at the bottom of the cliff. 5 xr2  
The burglars had battered down the door of the house (= hit it so hard that it broke and fell down). x(>XM:|  
!]R>D{""  
battered   5n>zJ ~  
1 hurt by being repeatedly hit W/RB|TMT  
She set up a sanctuary for battered wives. r!w4Br0  
2 damaged, especially by being used a lot lrPIXIM  
battered furniture/toys iaMl>ua  
z *VK{O)o  
confer (TALK)   Y, Lpv|  
to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take .`KzA]& #  
I should like some time to confer with my lawer p}~Sgi  
d?5oJ'JU  
confer (GIVE)   ;|\j][A  
to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone ~2[kCuu  
An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Edinburgh University. Jl\U~i  
`+."X1  
Conference I<W<;A  
`}ZtK574  
2. 9h+T O_T@F  
endeavor, v. Ta3* G  
try one’s utmost to, take pains to, spare no effort to, make effort to, try everything possible to, undertake, strive, aspire, o=![+g  
endeavor. N D @wIbU  
exertion (uHyWEHt  
nql{k/6  
potential, adj F1}d@^K 7d  
possible, plausible, within the realm of possibility, )`<&~>qp  
n. potentiality. D0_CDdW%7  
Actuality, reality non5e)w3@  
r^E(GmW  
Recession 7#&Q-3\:  
Depression, slump, stagnation, sag, f6( 1jx"  
Inflation, deflation, devaluation. /Aw@2 6  
^;{uop"DS  
recess (PAUSE)   noun P=P']\`p+  
1 [C or U] a period of time in the year when the members of a parliament are not meeting 0e:j=kd)NH  
2 [U] US in school, a period of time between classes when children do not study (bpxj3@R  
EpT^r8I  
recess (SPACE)   noun i}f"'KW  
1 [C] a small area in a room which is formed by one part of a wall being set back further than other parts l"h6e$dP  
The room has a recess designed to hold bookshelves. p? w^|V  
2 [C usually plural] a secret or hidden place ,l,q;]C%  
Psychoanalysts aim to explore the deepest/innermost recesses of the mind. ZBH^0  
H4wDF:n0H  
3. |g !$TUS.  
optional dtG>iJ  
not compulsory, elective, non-obligatory, alternative, O"X7 DgbC  
demanded, imperative, enforced, required, }Q^*Zq9-  
(6 RWI#  
optimum   (also optimal) ,CBE&g  
best; most likely to bring success or advantage }dU!PZ9N)  
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. Xe\v6gbD  
optimize, optimise   verb [T] L|'B*  
to make something as good as possible V HLNJnA  
We need to optimize our use of the existing technology. Osy_C<O  
Da)_OJYE  
humane adjective !@arPN$  
showing kindness, care and sympathy towards others, HqyAo]{GN  
The humane way of dealing with a suffering animal (= the way that causes the least pain) is to kill it quickly. \nT V;@F  
The opposite is inhumane SUvrOl   
humanely adverb ]T.+(\I  
I don't support the death penalty, but if people are to be executed, it should be done humanely. ,nV4%Aa  
9.9B#?  
Barbaric, barbarian, barbarous, outlandish, vulgar, primitive, ?O]RQXsZ2  
uA t{WDHm  
4. e)XnS'  
revive, restore, recuperate, {DUtd u[  
recuperate   verb [I] slightly formal R`Hy0;X  
to become well again after an illness; to get back your strength, health, etc 6 =G=4{q  
She spent a month in the country recuperating from/after the operation. E},zB*5TH  
5e?<x>e  
testify verb [I or T] 0fqycGSmU  
to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide evidence & Yx12B\  
[+ that]He testified that he had seen the man leaving the building around the time of the murder. fILvEf4b  
testimonial   noun [C] $++O@C5  
.t&G^i'n  
predict, NnU`u.$D  
foretell, foresee, forecast, prophesy, envisage, O*W<za;  
$> +g)  
5. OF-VVIS  
deteriorate i1bmUKZ8'L  
deteriorate   verb [I] -YrMV oZl  
to become worse *D9H3M[o#  
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated. &rl;+QS  
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. q1ZZ T"'  
deterioration   dT (i*E\j  
We've seen a deterioration in relations between the countries. <~:2~r  
lWT`y  
6 n.C5w8f  
once and for all AD@ {7  
completely and in a way that will finally solve a problem K CH`=lX  
Our intention is to destroy their offensive capability once and for all. JZ&_1~Z=  
#l3)3k* ;  
7. !_B*Po  
account (JUDGE) verb [+ object + noun or adjective] formal < $otBC/%  
to think of someone or something in the stated way; judge )+w1nw|m  
She was accounted a genius by all who knew her work. {];-b0MS~  
GQQp(%T  
account (to sb) for sth (EXPLAIN) PrA(==FX/  
to explain the reason for something or the cause of something jp^Sw|  
Can you account for your absence last Friday? ;Zr7NKs  
She was unable to account for over $5 000. f*9O39&|  
Z&P\}mm   
8 U4yl{?  
enlighten   verb [I or T] Uqy/~n-v<  
to provide someone with information and understanding; to explain the true facts about something to someone EbVva{;#$;  
Should the function of children's television be to entertain or to enlighten? nj0]c`6rN@  
I don't understand this. Could you enlighten me? U~;tk@  
%H2ios[UO  
9 VxARJ*4=Y  
count on sth (EXPECT) P8ZmrtQm  
to expect something to happen and make plans based on it _{gqi$Mi  
[+ ing form of verb]I'm counting on the meeting finishing on time, or I'll miss my train. !6@'H4cb=  
Sorry I'm late, I didn't count on being held up in the traffic.  KLE)+|  
There's never a taxi when you want one - that's the one thing you can count on! ;gD \JA  
Au}l^&,zN  
Wait on sb hand and foot x;\/Xj ;  
7')W+`o8eL  
Stand by SY%y*6[6  
She has vowed to stand by her husband during his trial. Y$]zba  
stand by (DO NOTHING) phrasal verb Gn_D IFa  
to allow something unpleasant to happen without doing anything to stop it Ke?,AWfG  
We can't stand by while millions of people starve. +@?'dw  
Despite its financial problems, the company is standing by the no-redundancy agreement. .kn2M&P>=  
-)VjjKz]8  
10 {uoF5|O6K  
stand for sth (ACCEPT) #Lp}j?Y  
If you will not stand for something, you will not accept a situation or a particular type of behaviour 4OpzGZ4+  
I wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you. !2l2;?jM  
stand for sth (REPRESENT) +>K&zS  
1 to support or represent a particular idea or set of ideas %Uz\P|6PO  
This party stands for low taxes and individual freedom. jy?*`q1]  
2 If one or more letters stand for a word or name, they are the first letter or letters of that word or name and they represent it FiUwy/,ZV  
'GMT' stands for Greenwich Mean Time. /UK]lP^w]!  
#?j sC)  
14 3IlVSR ^py  
die off FpA  t  
If a group of plants, animals or people dies off, all of that group dies over a period of time. j&'6|s{  
/pPH D]  
fall apart (STOP WORKING) X )tH23  
1 If an organization, system or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively %HoD)OJe  
The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing. \\#D!q*  
Their marriage fell apart when she found out about her husband's affair. kaB|+U9^  
2 informal to experience serious emotional problems that make you unable to think or act in the usual way 85q/|9D  
After his wife died, he began to fall apart. ,v>;/qm  
Pd"c*n&9  
15 76 )"uqv1x  
imprudent: indiscreet, injudicious -oyA5Y x0  
conjecture t:fz%IOe  
surmise, supposition, speculation u@#% SX  
d 4;$=P  
16 hQm=9gS  
adhere to sth =CK%Zo  
to continue to obey a rule or maintain a belief s.i9&1 Y-!  
She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life. j;]I -M[  
They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement/treaty. Yz_}*  
/-[vC$B"  
18 A'z]?xQR  
give way h$!YKfhq}  
yield to sth (STOP) ?j.a >{  
E2>{ seZ  
20 0j!3\=P$  
xz!0BG  
The course comprises a class book, a practice book and an audio tape. #C&';HB;y  
The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students. '2lzMc>wvP  
5S!#^>_  
The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans. |> STb\  
ZL<X* l2  
21 SqPqL<,e  
Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people. ~ O\A 0e  
:k1?I'q%  
approval or permission, especially formal or legal _D{A`z  
They tried to get official sanction for the scheme. #U`AK9rP_g  
_dd! nU\A|  
22 IsI5c  
Such a noisy environment was not conducive to a good night's sleep. 3=uhy|f! /  
This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying. EO)JMV?6  
q1:dcxR[  
Duce, duct = to lead hO8xH +;  
Conduce, conduct, deduce, deduct, deduction, induce, induct, induction, j_so s%-  
,:(s=J N+  
23 N E9,kWI  
Leave off! used to tell someone to stop being annoying hE(R[hc  
Hey, leave off! I hate people touching my hair. pmB {b  
hc q&`Gun  
I've made a list of names - I hope I haven't left anyone out. GO"|^W  
None of the other children play with her, and I think she feels rather left out (= feels that no one wants to be her friend). JGHj(0j  
1 7 KQ  
26 3XQa%|N(  
sb/sth in question formal /";tkad^  
the person or thing that is being discussed ASbI c"S6  
I stayed at home on the night in question. %J-0%-/_S:  
8C3oi&av/{  
27 A3/[9}(U  
repulsive, offensive, atrocious, disgusting, loathsome, obscene, repellent, unwholesome, _|M8xI  
alluring ~NK $rHwi%  
Y ]()v  
Streamlining cars increases their fuel efficiency. kMVr[q,MEq  
The bodies of dolphins are more streamlined than those of porpoises. Nksm&{=6S  
,VVA^'+  
The cost-cutting measures include streamlining administrative procedures in the company. "G@K(bnHn  
The government recently announced details of its plan to streamline the taxation system. B%\&Q @X  
[+D]!&P  
Overwhelm -O$vJ,*  
to cause someone to feel sudden strong emotion VrRF2(Kn?  
They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died. 4:rwzRDY  
I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received ];w}?LFb  
4ekwmw(ox  
Disperse, scatter, dispel, dissipate ,1~zYL?  
Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered. fr(Ja;  
Dispense Q$5 t~*$`  
They've had to dispense with a lot of luxuries since Mike lost his job. m'}`+#C%)  
W|8VE,"7  
31 7vZO;FGtG  
run over (sth) x"q]~u<rB  
I'm afraid we're starting to run over time, so could you make your speeches short please. 9jImuSZ  
to quickly say or practise something *xxk70Cb  
She quickly ran over her speech before going on-stage. F3(Sb M-  
The director wants to run through the whole play this morning. 7T[$BrO\  
mBwz.KEm<  
33 A2gFY}  
legitimate   _3%$E.Q  
1 allowed by law #,z-Pj?O!  
The army must give power back to the legitimate government. mQ`atFz:Z  
2 reasonable and acceptable H8w[{'Mei  
He claimed that the restaurant bill was a legitimate business expense. lU!_V%n  
Poverty-stricken -crMO57/  
34 VLm\PS   
indisposed (ILL) &UH0Tw4   
not willing Pi"?l[T0  
After their rude attitude in the past, we feel distinctly indisposed to help them now. 6V$ )ym*F  
RTl C]`IGT  
35 {v'eP[  
rectify (CORRECT) z$^wCd:  
1 to correct something or make something right j>8ubA  
I am determined to take whatever action is necessary to rectify the situation. Ut2T:%m{  
Every effort is made to rectify any errors/mistakes before the book is printed. ]CNPy$>*  
Rect=right, straight xKE=$SV(  
Rectal,直肠的 rectangle, direct, erect, _5S0A0  
F#|y,<}<  
37 1y:fH4V  
tap   F1BvDplQ>G  
to obtain or make use of something >QYx9`x&  
For more than a century, Eastern cities have expanded their water supplies by tapping ever more remote sources. 1/mB p+D  
There is a rich vein of literary talent here just waiting to be tapped (into) by publishers. EoutB Vm  
Q0"?TSY  
G.O;[(3ab  
She carefully steered the car around the potholes. (L4llZ;q  
This car is very easy to steer. +mBS&FK  
She steered her guests into the dining room. mg:kVS  
I'd like to steer our discussion back to our original topic. C+t3a@&|  
The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy. q 1xSylE  
steer clear of ;/V])4=  
to avoid someone or something which seems unpleasant, risky or dangerous ~m<K5K6 V  
Her speech steered clear of controversial issues. aJv+BX_,  
|in>`:qk  
38 ~*3Si(4l/  
illusory   (also illusive) Kn$t_7AF^  
not real; based on illusion {Pe&J2 +  
Their hopes of a peaceful solution turned out to be illusory. M*n94L=Sg&  
ostensible   }>AA[ba"'  
appearing or claiming to be one thing when it is really something else H ABUf^~-  
Their ostensible goal was to clean up government corruption, but their real aim was to unseat the government. ]6^S: K_"  
XBX`L"0  
Lud= to play g:~q&b[q6  
Allude,暗指 allusion, collude,共谋串通 delude,欺骗迷惑 delusion, elusive,逃避的,难以捉摸的 illusion, disillusion,幻灭 prelude, interlude, RLex#j  
-wH0g^Ed  
Practical, practicable h3E}Sa(MQ:  
unFm~rcf  
40 xX<T5Ls  
pull sth off (SUCCEED) fz VN;h  
to succeed in doing something difficult or unexpected ,Gbc4x  
The central bank has pulled off one of the biggest financial rescues of recent years. 416}# Mk  
13370209065 wbr$w>n  
Cover the expense R f)|p;  
f'"PQr^9  
pull (sb) through (sth) (MANAGE) IDpLf*vSG  
to succeed in dealing with a difficult period, or to help someone do this )(.g~Q:  
It was a crisis year for the company, but we have pulled through. m4uh<;C~  
qp*~  |  
42 h 8M_Uk  
The proposed restrictions have ignited a storm of protest. 1NZpd'$c  
43 O%bltNEx1  
compel nfZe "|d  
pel,puls =drive ;B2&#kot7  
pulse, compel,强迫 compulsive, compulsory, dispel,驱散 expel,驱逐 expulsion,放逐 impel, impellent, impulse, impulsion, impulsive, propel, propeller, propulsion, repel,逐推 repellent驱虫剂 gkTwGI+w  
#D(=[F  
45 "ivVIq2  
integrate   1 to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits and customs ] !1HN3  
[R]It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own. ]X7_ji(l,  
Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture. Hsov0  
=],c$)  
The idea with young children is to integrate learning with play. !jEV75  
The town's modern architecture is very well integrated with the old. xrY >Or  
integrated circuit zA|lbJz=GY  
ub1~+T'O  
46 n/BoK6g  
intricate WSU/Z[\`H  
complex, complicated, sophisticated, knotty, elaborate, Q9p7{^m&E  
|V}tTx1  
47 =<#++;!I  
denote   tNqSCjQ~_c  
to represent something x6\VIP"9L  
The colour red is used to denote passion or danger.  L`Ys`7  
c":2<:D&  
endorse (SUPPORT) HpeU'0u0VK  
1 to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone ^xgPL'  
I fully endorse (= agree with) everything the Chairperson has said.  cFjD*r-  
A'u]z\&%c  
49 hCX/k<}I  
assert   verb [T] u]9 #d^%V  
1 formal to say that something is certainly true w!d(NA<|0]  
[+ that]He asserts that she stole money from him. % bdBg  
2 to do something to show that you have power By*YBZ  
She very rarely asserts her authority over the children. tk 5 p@l  
assert yourself Y)GU{  
to behave in a way which expresses your confidence, importance or power and earns you respect from others 4`V&Yqwl  
I really must assert myself more in meetings. BG 4TUt  
'c/8|9jX  
aggravate (MAKE WORSE) x FvK jO)  
1 to make a bad situation worse Sq2 8=1%  
Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion. u?z,Vs"  
2 to make a disease worse r4?|sAK  
The treatment only aggravated the condition. HB<>x  
;kG"m7-/  
51 uXA}" f2  
for fear of: in case of ( Y Z2&  
Shut the window in case of rain 64'sJc.   
in case of: for fear of (\ |Go-2G  
We’d better ensure the house in case of fire. h]Gvt 5  
In case of fire, break the glass. Kb/qM}jS  
Take the coat in case it rains (in case it should rain) rNke&z:%X_  
;<F^&/a|yQ  
52 8|!"CQJ|H  
blare   ( p CU:'"  
to make an unpleasantly loud noise B'PS-Jr  
The loudspeakers blared across the square. r. rzU  
Glare hfvC-f97L  
a long angry look ]% G#x  
She gave me a fierce glare. 9zLeyw\  
to shine too brightly |$GPJaNqa  
The sun was glaring right in my eyes. 3?+t%_[  
XE;' K`%  
Blemish: defect, flaw, vice, imperfection. TTo?BVBK  
oy=ej+:  
53 m&MZn2u[4i  
ingenious ,o3`O|PiK  
(of a person) very clever and skilful, or (of a thing) cleverly made or planned and involving new ideas and methods (r1"!~d@  
an ingenious idea/method/solution Pn ?g B}l  
Johnny is so ingenious - he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials. ')WS :\J  
Adroit, canny, creative, innovational, innovative, innovatory, original, con. Awkward, clumsy, A`I1G9s  
(3j f_  
ingenuous I5Rd~-="G  
honest, sincere and trusting, sometimes in a way that seems foolish #zb67mg~  
It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to look after his luggage. P;IM -]  
Z3X9-_g  
55 #)%X0%9.*<  
entail +N|t:8qaf  
to make something necessary, or to involve something AG G xx?I  
Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk. *4Z! 5iOs  
Repairing the roof will entail spending a lot of money. "2"2qZ*h}  
AbX#wpp!  
defy $o ;48uV^  
1 to refuse to obey, or to act or be against, a person, decision, law, situation, etc dZC jg0cx  
The fact that aircraft don't fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity. _6aI>b#yL  
A forest fire raging in the south of France is defying (= is not changed by) all attempts to control it. @|d`n\%x  
2 defy belief/description/explanation to be extreme or very strange and therefore impossible to believe/describe/explain 7v`~;}5  
The chaos at the airport defies description. 7Ewq'Vu`y  
}%3i8e  
denounce (CRITICIZE) VF~kjH2>  
to criticize something or someone strongly and publicly }~v0o# I  
We must denounce injustice and oppression. f!B\X*|  
{w v{"*Q9Q  
57 85:mh\@-G  
sever   verb [T] (%4O\ s#l  
The knife severed an artery and he bled to death. X/D% cQ6  
Electricity cables have been severed by the storm. Z:VT%-  
The US severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961. z'Ut9u  
I%mGb$ Q  
59 ii ^Nxnc=  
call (in) on sb (VISIT) to visit someone for a short time 8y]{I^z}  
I thought we might call in on your mother on our way - I've got some magazines for her. a.XMeB  
u/` t+-A  
call on sth (USE) KN.WTaO  
to use something, especially a quality that you have, in order to achieve something w2V:g$~,  
She would have to call on all her strength if she was to survive the next few months. L#MMNc+  
/,+&O#SX  
61 9y;zk$O8  
Hang on a minute - I'll be with you in a moment! GOX2'N\h^  
Hang on tight - it's going to be a very bumpy ride. s<8|_Dt  
The safety of air travel hangs partly on the thoroughness of baggage checking. ['aiNhlbt  
W"5VqN6v  
hang over sth T{lK$j  
If a threat or doubt hangs over a place or a situation, it exists  *,e `.  
Uncertainty again hangs over the project. v@qVT'qlU  
f|{&Y2h(R  
hang out Mu$"fYKf"  
to spend a lot of time in a place or with someone f<Y g_TG  
You still hang out at the pool hall? ,BlNj^ 5f  
^x}k1F3  
63 Jy-V\.N>s  
access t0 )XdIl8  
cede, ceed, cess= go, yield ~L9I@(/ S  
accede,应允、就职 access, accessible, antecede,先行、超越 antecedent, cede,放弃、割让 cessation, concede,容许、勉强 concession, 特许权、租借地exceed, excess, excessive, incessant,不断的 intercede, 从中调停precede, precedent, proceed, process, procession, recess, secede,脱离、退去 succeed,   17!<8vIV$C  
gO_d!x*  
64 1-8 G2e  
revoke w*gG1BV  
to say officially that an agreement, permission, a law, etc. is no longer in effect "Pzh#rYY~W  
The authorities have revoked their original decision to allow development of this rural area. = Tq\Ag:  
Voc, voke = call, voice (A~w IKY,  
Vocal, vocalist, vocabulary, vocation, vouch,保证、担保 advocate, convoke,召集 equivocal,模棱两可 evoke, 唤起、使追忆到invoke,祈求、求助于 provoke, 刺激、激起、provocation, irrevocable, 不能取消的、 _i2k$Nr  
RFLw)IWkL_  
65 C]ef `5NR]  
inviting, tempting, appetizing, palatable, VB}^&{t)!  
v}Kj+9h  
68 Si-Q'*Y=  
She pampers her dog with the finest steak and salmon. =8Gpov1!V~  
Why not pamper yourself after a hard day with a hot bath scented with oils? WL}XD Kx  
1krSX 2L  
69 T}Ve:S  
befall %ZGG6Xgw  
If something bad or dangerous befalls you, it happens to you f^G-ba  
Should any harm befall me on my journey, you may open this letter. oVIc^yk5a  
a[NR%Xq  
afflict 3?<LWrhV3  
If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it LMI7Ih;  
It is an illness which afflicts women more than men. 8Bx58$xRq  
a country afflicted by civil war > QG@P  
O-qpB;|  
impose ricL.[v9S  
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes. ma@!"Z8 S  
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences. %g~zE a-g  
I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children. |*N;R+b  
LU+}iA)  
70 G$;cA:p-j  
A note of discord has crept into relations between the two countries. o~2 6<Lk  
=kBN&v_(!  
71 cueaOtD  
by virtue of because of; as a result of K<M WiB&  
She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent. >FqU=Q  
ZNJ<@K-  
be at the mercy of sb/sth 6dhzx; A  
to be in a situation where someone or something has complete power over you L)"CE].  
Poor people are increasingly at the mercy of money-lenders. X}`39r.  
{2U3   
73 y-mjfW`n  
Let's confine our discussion to the matter in question, please! .H Pa\b\L>  
Please confine your use of the telephone to business calls. \6%`)p  
By closing the infected farms we're hoping to confine the disease to the north of the region \f@obp  
D7g B%  
acquiesce to accept or agree to something, often unwillingly m |Sf'5fK  
Reluctantly, he acquiesced to/in the plans. 5RyxVC0<  
hP$5>G(3  
confirm (MAKE CERTAIN)   Ugme>60`'k  
to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or writing 12tk$FcY8*  
[+ that]Six people have confirmed that they will be attending and ten haven't replied yet. NKl`IiGv  
Flights should be confirmed 48 hours before departure. v1=N?8Hz1  
The leader's speech was impressive and confirmed her faith in the party. bZpx61h|  
\cK#/;a#  
to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing d=dHY(ms]  
to combat crime/terrorism/inflation/disease ahFK^ #s  
The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drug abuse. 15d' /f  
f6 s .xQ  
74 `W.g1"o8W4  
Students are required to undertake simple experiments. 2?:'p[z"]  
She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. ,s/laZ)V  
"^wIixOH5  
The prisoners' attempt to escape was foiled at the last minute when police received a tip-off. yw{r:fy  
S3&n?\CO:  
78 U65oh8x  
hold/keep sth/sb at bay LMuDda  
to prevent someone or something unpleasant from harming you 5F#FC89Kk  
Exercise can help keep fat at bay. tToP7q^  
@76I8r5l  
80 H-mQ{K^  
They made for the centre of town. ~i!I6d~  
Having faster computers would make for a more efficient system. p3e=~{v*  
4/OmgBo '  
take after }z qo<o  
to be similar to an older member of your family in appearance or character k{U[ U1j  
He takes after his mother/his mother's side of the family. |(CgX 6 l3  
9 9^7Ek!z#  
82 204"\ mv  
take sth on (ACCEPT) u=Xpu,q  
to accept a particular job or responsibility ! Y&]Y G  
She took too much on and made herself ill. m#4h5_N  
,C|{_4  
take sth on (BEGIN) to begin to have a particular quality /IF?|71,m  
Her voice took on a troubled tone. >pe!T aBN  
EAy@kzY?  
take sb on (EMPLOY) ]c bXI  
to employ someone ^E.mG>  
She was taken on as a laboratory assistant. mF UsTb]f  
D1@yW} 4  
84 &eqqgLz  
underway, under way   1 If something is underway, it is happening now T(Bcp^N  
Economic recovery is already underway. yPg0 :o-  
U@D\+T0  
It's a very beautiful village but it's a bit out of the way. DiGH o~f  
]2YC7  
85 | g1Cs  
Their baby bears a strong resemblance/an uncanny likeness to its grandfather. (!qfd Qq#  
The stone plaque bearing his name was smashed to pieces. P1Eg%Y6  
[+ two objects]I don't bear them any ill feeling . 6']G HDK  
Thank you for your advice, I'll bear it in mind Br.UN~q  
Eventually her efforts bore fruit and she got the job she wanted. |WSpWsr,  
h:sf?X[  
disclaim '-Oh$hqCx|  
to say that you have no responsibility for, or knowledge of, something that has happened or been done f2&6NC;  
We disclaim all responsibility for this disaster. GG-b)64h`  
f6nuh&!-  
86 d|)ARRW  
meager: very small or not enough uy~$ :0o  
a meagre salary S%B56|'  
The prisoners existed on a meagre diet. 7G*rxn"d  
 Z'l!/l!  
87 !ZvVj\{  
flamboyant a very confident in behaviour, or intended to be noticed, especially by being brightly coloured % 4t?X  
a flamboyant gesture }2:q#}"  
His clothes were rather flamboyant for such a serious occasion. XKDX*x G  
Her flamboyance annoys some people but delights others. o iC@ /  
R lbJ4`a  
88 ;uv$>F auk  
Mr Young was given a six-month jail sentence suspended for two years Sa0IRC<LV  
A cloud of smoke was suspended in the air. s&Al4>}.f  
mAY/J0_  
They offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students.  s{{8!Q  
discounted goods/rates zAvI f  
discount (NOT CONSIDER) verb [T] a/H5Y,b>  
You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back. _qpIdQBo  
z@?y(E  
90 qs= i+  
replenish to fill something up again qJ O6m-  
Food stocks were replenished by/with imports from the USA. ~l. C -  
Does your glass need replenishing? [eBt Dc*w  
L; A#N9  
replete .sOZ"=tW  
1 full, especially with food c&aqN\'4"  
After two helpings of dessert, Sergio was at last replete. i_+e&Bjd4j  
2 well supplied VS>hi~j  
This car has an engine replete with the latest technology. RBg2iG$ 8|  
c,ct=m.|6A  
91 KL9JA; "  
matrimonial   oL }d=x/  
related to marriage or people who are married ZtP/|P5@  
/L2n ~/  
92 &e#pL`N  
dispatch, 2`ERrh^i"  
1 to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for a particular purpose kK 5~hpv  
Two loads of woollen cloth were dispatched to the factory in December 9$ VdYw7D  
V~5vR`}  
93 bNtOqhi  
outgrow m7XN6zX  
1 to grow bigger than or too big for something &hi][Pt  
My seven-year-old had new shoes in April and he's already outgrown them (= his feet have grown too large for them). wN6sica|  
2 to lose interest in an idea or activity as you get older and change mUR[;;l  
He eventually outgrew his adolescent interest in war and guns. glKPjL*  
8^^ehaxy  
alleviate, relieve, g u' +kw  
#^ .G^d(=  
95 #>BC|/P}  
assemblage noun =&qfmq  
1 [C] formal a collection of things or a group of people or animals (4`Tf*5hHa  
A varied assemblage of birds was probing the mud for food. -(}N-yu  
5"q{b1  
96 !}1l8Y  
refer to sb/sth (DESCRIBE) ]#q$i[Y  
In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays. *]kE3  
He always refers to the house as his "refuge". q?L*Luu+  
2 The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors. G`;mSq6i  
b Hy<`p0  
look to sb for sth X\<a|/{V A  
to hope that someone will provide something for you (.{."  
They looked to the government for additional support. QEx&AT  
S%7 bM~J@  
look up (IMPROVE) L9whgXD  
to become better H-X5A\\5  
I hope things will start to look up in the new year. A7|x|mW  
Our financial situation is looking up at last. : R8+jO   
>4#\ U!  
100 U2JxzHXZ  
put sth/sb up (SUGGESTION) j{zVVT  
to suggest an idea, or to make a person available, for consideration T16B2|C"Y  
Each party is allowed to put up one candidate. A+3=OBpkW0  
William has been put up as a candidate for the committee. xlW>3'uHfa  
Is Chris willing to be put up for election? |txzIc.#  
Yt4v}{+  
put sb off (sth) (TAKE ATTENTION AWAY) gJzS,g1]  
Once she's made up her mind to do something, nothing will put her off. m :]F &s  
Could you be quiet please - I'm trying to concentrate and you're putting me off. Pp|pH|(n ,  
wp-3U}P2(  
put sth/sb forward (SUGGEST) &0-Pl. M  
The proposals that you have put forward deserve serious consideration. 27H4en; o=  
I wasn't convinced by any of the arguments that he put forward. #- d-zV*  
m(WVxVB  
101 Zt4 r_ 7  
barrier, obstacle, obstruction, impediment, [3W+h1  
Fd9Z7C  
102 6r,zOs-I]  
prevail ?Ye%k  
1 to get control or influence sF#t{x/sW  
I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end. F=kiYa}  
And did reason prevail over emotion? W@FGU  
k${F7I(Tb  
The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles. VH.}}RS%  
The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road. niM(0p  
&44?k:  
permeate   faI4`.i  
to spread through something and be present in every part of it TUVqQ\oF:  
Dissatisfaction with the government seems to have permeated every section of society. UX<0/"0h  
o/\z4Ri)$  
103 |n&EbOmgf  
surge   noun [C] i{/ nHrN  
1 a sudden and great increase 7PI|~Ifi  
There has been a surge in house prices recently. ZbcpE~<a  
3 a sudden increase of an emotion J7rfHhz  
She was overwhelmed by a surge of remorse. SkA"MhX  
@BXV>U2B{  
The company's profits have surged. T k4"qGC.  
She felt a wave of resentment surging (up) inside her. /d-7n|#E  
\(ZOt.3!J  
104 L"!BN/i_  
expand gG=E2+=uy  
to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this way _Msaub!N  
The air in the balloon expands when heated. bga2{<VF  
They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s. !b+Kasss9  
the rapid expansion of the software industry V]9 ?9-r  
Expansion into new areas of research is possible. 'H,l\i@"  
an expansion of industry nS1 D&;#Y  
\D #NO  
extend (REACH) mWM!6"  
to (cause something to) reach, stretch or continue; to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer |bz,cvlP W  
The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles. C,D~2G  
The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road. #y VY! +A  
zKk2 >.  
105 Io&F0~Z;;(  
turn off (sth) (ROAD) to leave the road you are travelling on and travel along another one rB:W\5~7  
Turn off the motorway at the next exit. ,9p 4(jjX  
DFt1{qS8@u  
turn sth/sb down ,tL<?6_  
to refuse an offer or request o3l_&?^  
He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned it/him down. MLc c   
He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling. dg1h<]T"9  
@vaK-&|#$  
106 v }ZQC8wL  
eligible K/jC>4/c/  
1 having the necessary qualities or fulfilling the necessary conditions amIG9:-1'  
Only people over 18 are eligible to vote. @D rMaTr  
2 describes someone who is not married and is desirable as a marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive x,z+l-y  
I can think of several eligible bachelors of my acquaintance. q8.K-"f(Q  
[L,Tf_t^Y  
edible suitable or safe for eating M:qeqn+  
Only the leaves of the plant are edible. +)FB[/pXk  
T'l >$6  
legible describes writing or print that can be read easily n8[ sl]L  
Her handwriting is barely legible. Z*QsDS  
The opposite is illegible Qsc%qt-l  
40oRO0p  
elated   nqt;Ge M  
extremely happy and excited, often because something has happened or been achieved q7C>A`w  
The prince was reported to be elated at/by the birth of his new daughter. 0I4RZ.2*Y  
elation !~cTe!T  
%J?;@ G)r  
107 -U(T  
Trim the lateral shoots of the flower e/E fWwqt  
=9e( )j  
108 T2 0dZ8{y  
Pornography degrades women. ]%3o"|  
It is so degrading to have to ask for money. nW3`Z1kq})  
ojzO?z  
deteriorate yK<%AV@v  
to become worse ;-47d ^  
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated. n0kBLn  
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. zo&'2I  
ig] * Z  
1 causing a lot of damage or destruction TGGeTtk=  
The drought has had devastating consequences/effects. [L8Bgw1  
2 making someone very shocked and upset L{;q ^  
devastating news I3D8xl>P\  
3 describes a personal quality that has a powerful effect nk]jIR y^T  
She had a devastating beauty/charm/smile that few men could resist. 2P~zYdjS  
Zi[@xG8dm  
109 h*{{_3,  
tune in (UNDERSTANDING) be tuned in to have a good understanding of what is happening in a situation or what other people are thinking Uwr inkoeE  
She just doesn't seem to be tuned in to her students' needs. 2GA6@-u\  
d>eVR  
revolve around/round sb/sth "d>{hP  
The conversation revolved around childcare problems. f2B?Zn  
His whole life revolves around football. J{Ei+@^/9  
abUvU26t  
111 V}=9S@$o  
As a young man, he had agitated against the Vietnam war. =xWZJ:UnU  
The anti-war agitation is beginning to worry the government. ~cVFCM  
DTk)Y-eQ  
to make someone feel anxious and not calm 11}X2j~Ww  
She became very agitated when her son failed to return home. mnu4XE#|  
Q5b?- P  
112 *fso6j#%  
oblivious -mOSB(#bo  
not aware of something, especially what is happening around you e3UGYwQ  
Absorbed in her work, she was totally oblivious of her surroundings. c_<m8b{AEF  
The government seems oblivious to the likely effects of the new legislation. R:P'QM   
#"fBF/Q  
an obscure island in the Pacific ;ajCnSmR  
Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure. vF0#]  
His answers were obscure and confusing. xGCW-YR9  
> $DMVtE0  
113 3r!6Z5P7{'  
deterrent noun [C] I?LJXo\O  
something which deters people from doing something j+"i$ln+s  
a nuclear deterrent Q{T6t;eH  
Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as (= be) a deterrent to other would-be offenders. MW l?pG!Y  
Qyvn A|&  
detergent   noun [C or U] z^$DXl@)h  
a chemical substance in the form of a powder or a liquid for removing dirt from clothes or dishes, etc. 5drc8_fZ  
q`_d>l  
114  P&"8R  
on the wane (of power, popularity, etc.) becoming less strong \fIGMoy!  
There are signs that support for the party is on the wane. UjxEbk5>^  
m/RX~,T*v&  
115 Qn'Do4Le  
comply to act according to an order, set of rules or request 'NHtCs=F   
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations. g cDo o2RE  
compliance XG FjqZr`  
1 formal when people obey an order, rule or request <"F\&M`G  
The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws. GSo&$T;B6  
jN 9|q  
encumber   uvR9BL2=  
to weigh someone or something down, or to make it difficult for someone to do something s+IU%y/9$a  
Today, thankfully, women tennis players are not encumbered with/by long, heavy skirts and high-necked blouses. X^;[X~g  
w/_n$hX  
117 Bu|U z0Y  
incident noun [C] ,p2BB"^_i  
an event which is either unpleasant or unusual "c5C0 pK0  
an isolated/serious/unfortunate incident ZS&>%G  
A youth was seriously injured in a shooting incident on Saturday night. uG<VQ2LM  
Tj5G /H>   
she experienced/suffered a setback. GZJIIP#  
There has been a slight/temporary setback in our plans. Z9P rw/8P  
X 'D~#r  
recurrence   noun [C or U] &q~**^;'  
The doctor told him to go to the hospital if there was a recurrence of his symptoms. S%+,:kq  
[4qCW{x._  
118 1$S;#9PQ  
infer kg@D?VqJP  
What do you infer from her refusal? MtE18m "z  
[+ that]I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave. _<Hx1l~  
Fer=carry, bear ! C}t)R]^  
Ferry, fertile (sterile), circumference,圆周 confer, defer,延期,顺从 deference, differ, differentiate, indifferent, prefer, refer, suffer, transfer, /P_1vQq  
RSL%<  
119 - ^A =U7  
diffuse g;p]lVx=>  
1 to (cause something to) spread in many directions dFdll3bC  
Television is a powerful means of diffusing knowledge. x0t&hY>P!  
2 to (cause a gas or liquid to) spread through or into a surrounding substance by mixing with it >| d^  
The drop of red dye diffused slowly in the water. D+$k  
5<0d2bK$  
The lecturer temporarily digressed from her subject to deal with a related theory. L|sWSrqd  
Digression X`,4pS Q;  
 ]J= S\  
121 [,GXA)j  
succumb 1 to lose the determination to oppose something; to accept defeat i&cH  
I'm afraid I succumbed to temptation and had a piece of cheesecake. _ F0qq j  
I felt sure it would only be a matter of time before he succumbed to my charms. ~&E|;\G  
2 to die or suffer badly from an illness K?l1Gj  
Thousands of cows have succumbed to the disease in the past few months. R=D\VIu,Z  
%}z/_QZ  
Traffic was held up for several hours by the accident. DNgQ.lV  
Sweden is often held up as an example of a successful social democracy. 4fDo }~  
dhW;|  
122 Ru%: z>Y  
rather (MORE EXACTLY)   ^$][ah  
1 more accurately; more exactly Z&mV1dxR  
She'll go to London on Thursday, or rather, she will if she has to. uO$ujbWZ  
vP G!S{4  
126 >K`.!!av,Y  
The children are playing in the open. 7R\!'`]\M  
Animals live in the wild. vcB +h;x  
 1fbd/-h  
127 c$f|a$$b   
Of course, a 200-year-old building is very old in American terms. 9X&Xs/B  
I've always been on good terms with my neighbours. %EPqJ(T  
oH+UuP2a-J  
128 3 )f=Z2U>  
LvpHR#K)F5  
It's hard work teaching a class of lively children. 1{ #Xa=  
a lively city Q6S[sTKR  
A new coat of paint would liven the kitchen up. P F.sM(  
< /y V  
139 vg5zsR0u  
Medieval knights took an oath of allegiance/loyalty to their lord. hoC}@8_  
The witness placed her hand on the Bible and took the oath bcpH|}[F)  
@{_PO{=\C  
obligation   noun \3q{E",\>@  
1 [C or U] when you are obliged to do something !W:QLOe6F  
[+ to infinitive]If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to (= it is not necessary to) pay them any money. 'OGOT0(  
You have a legal obligation to (= The law says you must) ensure your child receives a proper education. Tu_dkif'  
"!)8bTW  
151 F dv&kK!  
let out a secret |~H'V4)zXu  
"EpE!jh  
pay up phrasal verb informal z!Kadqns  
to give someone the money that you owe them, especially when you do not want to u\qyh9s  
Eventually they paid up, but only after receiving several reminders. mS~3QV  
Lu:!vTRmw  
part with sth #Mbt%m  
to give something to someone else, especially when you do not want to >K\ 79<x|  
I was going to give away her old baby clothes, but I couldn't bring myself to part with them. =X&h5;x'  
j{_MDE7N  
155 <Mc:Cg8>  
destination noun [C] mA^>Y_:  
the place where someone is going or where something is being sent or taken =r0!-[XCa  
We arrived at our destination tired and hungry. 7 oZ-D~3  
His letter never reached its destination. ?7&VT1  
The Caribbean is a popular tourist/ holiday/ vacation destination. N[pk@M\vX  
Kg]( kP  
destiny noun ^|sxbP  
1 [C] the things that will happen in the future 7DYD+N+T  
The destiny of our nation depends on this vote! La9@h"  
People want to control/determine/take charge of their own destinies. j|aT`UH03  
g<.8iW 'c  
157 It_yh #s  
gear (sb/sth) up 8=nm`7(]  
to prepare for something that you have to do, or to prepare someone else for something 1~`g fHI4  
Politicians are already gearing up for the election. A`N;vq,  
I'm gearing myself up to ask him to give me my money back. kT$4X0}  
I'm trying to gear myself up for tomorrow's exam. SiBbz4  
l%w7N9  
161 2Qk \}KWs  
reference   noun [C or U] b5)>h  
a mention of something 57MoO  
Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings. 7I44BC*R~  
formal I am writing with/in reference to (= in connection with) your letter of 15 March. $\K(EBi#G  
& {/ u>,  
preference +_}2zc4  
I have a preference for sweet food over spicy. qnm9L w#  
Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference. C4cg,>P7  
2 an advantage which is given to a person or a group of people *|3z($*U]  
We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time. O71rLk;  
0ND 7F  
He studied chemistry in preference to physics at university. ixH7oWH#  
a $|u!_)!h  
The government's interference in the strike has been widely criticized. U{}7:&As  
enr mjA&3  
163 1e+?O7/  
prosecution   noun [C or U] OlJj|?z $  
A number of the cases have resulted in successful prosecution. N~kYT\$b#  
Doctors guilty of neglect are liable to prosecution. UmuFzw^  
$3Ia+O   
The prosecution alleged that he lured the officer to his death by making an emergency call. Yt'o#"R)  
N{yZk"fq:6  
Religious minorities were persecuted and massacred during the ten-year regime. U,S286  
They left the country out of fear of persecution. l{AT)1;^  
0Q9OQqg m  
166 D-!%L<<  
come to (BECOME CONSCIOUS) to become conscious again after an accident or operation "8]170  
 f#nmr5F  
come off (SUCCEED) to happen as planned or to succeed HXQ rtJ  
'W*F[U*&HP  
I tried telling a few jokes but they didn't come off (= no one laughed). 463dLEd  
come through (sth) (DIFFICULT SITUATION) to manage to get to the end of a difficult or dangerous situation 1hWz%c|  
We've had some hard times, but we've come through. qh 3f  
"LWuN>   
169 }+J@;:  
drought noun [C or U] VLN3x.BY  
a long period when there is little or no rain 7A6sSfPUy  
draught (COLD AIR) J5T#}!f  
a current of unpleasantly cold air blowing through a room (ce NVo&  
xW4+)F5P(  
183 IycxRig  
take to sb/sth (LIKE) cg%CYV)  
to start to like someone or something Se`N5hQ  
She's taken to tennis like a duck to water ^ym{DSx  
WRyL pTr-  
188 `.g8JC\_m  
optimal) ?g4|EV-56  
best; most likely to bring success or advantage uyj*v]AE'  
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. 9Q/!%y%5  
GcCs} (eo  
compelling adjective E;H(jVZ  
1 If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong |/;5|  z  
compelling evidence M3 u8NRd5|  
It's a fairly compelling argument for going. oZ[ w  
2 very exciting and interesting and making you want to watch or listen E|  
I found the whole film very compelling. jt--w"|-r  
a compelling story x^2/jUc#B  
@F^L4 N':  
190 vh8Kd' y  
hold off &X,)+ b=  
They've decided to hold off on buying a car until they're both working. neFno5dj  
hold forth E}/|Lja  
to talk about a particular subject for a long time, often in a way that other people find boring {VG[m@  
She held forth all afternoon about/on government incompetence. 7=A9E]:  
F|`B2Gr  
hold down a job Qmx~_  
to manage to keep a job for a period of time %esZ}U   
L"6/"L  
192 \<x_96jt!\  
He was on his knees, pleading for mercy/forgiveness. <" l;l~Y1  
She appeared on television to plead with the kidnappers t>@3RBEK  
_hL4@ C  
205 ]u ~Fn2  
transcend verb [T] U2lC !j%K  
to go beyond, rise above or be more important or better than something, especially a limit bvS\P!m\c  
The best films are those which transcend national or cultural barriers. ,<r3Z$G  
The underlying message of the film is that love transcends everything else. Pt0}9Q  
s{J!^q  
209 I jztj  
pledge noun [C] A""*vqA  
I give you this ring as a pledge of my everlasting love for you. y"L`bl A9}  
UA4d|^ev  
compulsion (DESIRE) Xb:BIp!e  
a very strong or uncontrollable desire (to do something repeatedly) JgKZ;GM:W  
I seem to have a constant compulsion to eat. rIfGmh%H  
compulsive 3=|2Gs?ut  
a compulsive liar/thief/eater aa%&&  
?[1qC=[Z<  
233 v[DbhIXU  
stand up to sb/sth (DEFEND) qq7X ",s  
to defend yourself against a powerful person or organization when they treat you unfairly 4|41^B5Y  
He wasn't afraid to stand up to bullies. bKMR7&e.Ep  
bd P,Zqd  
stand up to sth (NOT CHANGE) H?(SSL  
to not be changed or damaged by something DcR}pQ(e  
Will the lorries stand up to the journey over rough roads? =<zSF\Zr_  
$gl<{{  
235 SP?U@w%}  
burst into song/tears/laughter u}LX,B-n(  
to suddenly begin to sing/cry/laugh ]v\egfW,W  
Much to my surprise Ben suddenly burst into song. CL'Xip')T  
5 -WRv;  
break into sth 5H :~6z  
to suddenly begin to do something u !3]RGJ  
He felt so happy that he broke into song. $FusDdCv3  
She walked quickly, occasionally breaking into a run q&Tn>B  
Sa1z,EP  
250 L}jF#*Q%  
counterfeit   adjective ?9gTk \s?R  
made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes =1 BNCKT<  
counterfeit jewellery/passports/coins E_D ^O  
\9(- /rE  
251 (YYj3# |  
keep sth off (sb/sth) (STOP) }\u%)uZ  
to stop something touching or harming someone or something 9sU+IT K4  
Wear a hat to keep the sun off Z2rzb{oS}  
4d e]?#=  
write sb/sth off (FAILURE) Yb%-tv:  
to decide that a particular person or thing will not be useful, important or successful P wB g  
A lot of companies seem to write people off if they're over 50. [l':G]  
@ <OO  
255 Z<ajET`)  
fall away/off (AMOUNT) 'cAc{\)  
to become smaller or lower in amount or rate J}(6>iuQY?  
Membership of the club has fallen away in recent months. ```d:f  
AUxM)H  
fall out (ARGUE) jWXR__>.  
to argue with someone and stop being friendly with them iIsE Qh  
He left home after falling out with his parents. (rr}Pv%yb  
8VP"ydg-U  
fall short 2f|6z- Z  
to fail to reach a desired or expected amount or standard, causing disappointment 3a#PA4Ql  
August car sales fell short of the industry's expectations. (A29Z H  
g@@&sB-A"  
fall through SPkKiEdM  
to fail to happen aXdf>2c{JD  
We found a buyer for our house, but then the sale fell through. K DYYB6|  
2yln7[a  
256  c6Lif)4  
repulsive adjective 'lhP!E_)q  
extremely unpleasant or unacceptable Mo}H_8y  
What a repulsive old man! N%9h~G  
5M%,N-P^  
obnoxious   d/XlV]#2x\  
very unpleasant or rude J=UZ){c>:.  
Some of his colleagues say that he's loud and obnoxious.
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