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Part I Reading Comprehension (40%, 1=2 points) %#}Z y
Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. e$pV%5=
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Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage: `p7=t)5k
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. £¨definition£© what TU7'J
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight. £¨history£© how iyp=lLk
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous. £*****oods/items£© how 9E
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An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible. £¨process£© how£¨363words£© h*Pc=/p
1. Why is the end of the bidding called "knocking down"? £¨fact/detail£© uH-)y,2&
A. Because the auctioneer knocks the buyer down. e!r-+.i(
B. Because the auctioneers knocks the rostrum down. =>dGL|
C. Because the goods are knocked down on to the table. 6(e>P)
D. Because the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer. i@BtM9:
2. The Romans used to sell by auction _____.£¨fact/detail£© [=_jYzD,j|
A. spoilt goods B. old worn-out weapons orvp*F{7[H
C. property taken from the enemy D. spears -Vhw^T1iV
3. A candle used to bum at auction sales ______.£¨judgment/inference£© N"y)Oca{
A. because they took place at night 4NIRmDEd
B. as a signal for the crowd to gather {vO9ptR;
C. to keep the auctioneer warm Pco'l#:
D. to limit the time when offers could be made y#$CMf
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4. The auctioneer may decide to sell the "lots" out of the order because _____. _\HQvH
A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyers )tnh4WMh}
B. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain items Z87
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C. he wants to keep certain people waiting PAOJ\U
D. he wants to reduce the number of buyers O<;3M'
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Questions 5 to 8 are based on the following passage: t@Nyr&|D
Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. ,<p}o\
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Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. Doses of radiation are measured in units called 'rems'. We all receive radiation here on Earth from the sun, from cosmic rays and from radioactive minerals. The 'normal' dose of radiation that we receive each year is about 100 millirems; it varies according to where you live, and this is a very rough estimate. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than this without being damaged, the figure of 60 rems has been agreed. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage -- a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of children or even grandchildren. what {&T_sw@[
Early space probes showed that radiation varies in different parts of space around the Earth. It also varies in time because, when great spurts of gas shoot out of the sun, they are accompanied by a lot of extra radiation. Some estimates of the amount of radiation in space, based on various measurements and calculations, are as low as 10 rems per year, others are as high as 5 rems per hour. Missions to the moon have had to cross the Van Allen belts of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo 8 crew accumulated a total dose of about 200 millirems per man. It was hoped that there would not be any large solar flares during the times of the Apollo noon walks because the walls of the LEMs were not thick enough to protect the men inside, though the command modules did give reasonable protection. So far, no dangerous doses of radiation have been reported, but the Gemini orbits and the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory or in a base on the moon. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far. At present, radiation seems to be the greatest physical hazard to space travelers, but it is impossible to say just how serious the hazard will turn out to be in the future. how (422words) FtC^5{V+V
5. Scientists have fixed a safety level of _____.£¨fact/detail£© 9pxc~=
A. 10 rems per year B. 60 rems per year )Iq <+IJ
C. 100 milliremes per year D. 5 rems hour G<^{&E+=
6. The spacemen were worried about solar flares when they were ______. Nm>A'bLM
A. crossing the Van Allen belts B. setting up a moon base
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C. exploring the surface of the moon D. waiting in the command module CoAvSw
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7. When men spend long periods in space how will they protect themselves? h.s+)
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A. By taking special drugs. B. By wearing special suits. 7;(UF=4
C. By using a protective blanket. D. No solution has been found yet. yD6[\'%
£¨judgment/inference£© _1L![-ac
8. Which of the following is true? £¨judgment/inference£© Z} r*K%
A. The grandchildren of astronauts are deformed. X<
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B. The children of astronauts have damaged sex organs. m&?r%x
C. Radiation damage may show only in later generations. >q1L2',pK
D. Radiation does not seem to be very harmful. ;Nj7qt
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Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following passage: kO*$"w#X[p
Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from feathering their own nests at the expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses' pay to various performance measures, and giving bosses share options, so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders. ^7KH _t8
These reforms have been widely adopted by America's larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not. What (idea--attitude) gH7|=W
Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the boss's friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders. Why-what pKrN:ExB"\
All too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, "independent" boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance. Why-how EeRX+BM,
To assess the impact of performance-related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with sales of over $ 1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researcher's big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that affect a company's overall success. How aC.~&MxFC
In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage -- which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having. (360words) What 6Yxh9*N~]
9. What is the purpose of the large companies in recruiting outsiders and putting them on the board of directors? £¨judgment/inference£© zEy N)
A. To diversify the business of corporation tX %5BTv
B. To enhance the cooperation between the senior managers and the board directors. -f>%+<