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英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: "5JMk
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(一) A is n timesas great(long,much,…)as B.(①) dz#"9i5b
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) X"Eqhl<t
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) IsE&k2 SD
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. ca=MUm=B
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Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. VmQ^F|
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这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 hx^@aI
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注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 puOM
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(二)increase to ntimes(④) {:cGt2*~^
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) d^'_H>x
increase by n times(⑥) /8Lb_QH{
increase by a factor of n(⑦) @G&oUhS
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 0Y`+L6&UX
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Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times ascompared with last year. E.#JCO|(1
The output of chemical fertilizer has beenraised five times as against l986. YWPkVvI
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 aR6~r^jB
That can increase metabolic rates by two orthree times. qA}l[:F+#
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 a[t"J*0
The drain voltage has been increased by afactor of four. i@{b+5$
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 `DSDu Jw%
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 E=.J*7
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(三)There is an-fold increase/growth…(⑧) dsEvpa$?
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: } %3;j5 ;6
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. x+sSmW
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 B <Jxj
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(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) W__$
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Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. 5G<`c
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 o/U}G,|G
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(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: BT:b&"AR[
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) JpQV7}$
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 0l(G7Ju
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. } BP.t$_
【= A is one and ahalf times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11)
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应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 +5ql`C
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(一)A is n times assmall (light,slow,…)as B.(12) [c>YKN2qa
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) ,=6;dT
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 `)jAdad-s
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. _hB7;N3
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 m]++
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Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. Xt*h2&
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 pr"q-S>E
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 (
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(二)decrease ntimes/n--fold (14) 6r5<uZ9w_X
decrease by n times(15) CJLfpvV
decrease by a factor of n(16) %?`$#*f\%
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 x8rp Z
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decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 DTV"~>@
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. ]\%u9,b%!
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 XuW>GT/
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by tentimes. .ktyA+r8v
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 #F >R5 D
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. p?sC</R
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 >^KO5N-:4
(三)There is an-fold decrease/reduction… 8DJoQl9
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) }W* q
这个句型还有其它一些形式, z)y{(gR
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. r`CsR0[
发现迅速减少到1/7。 h.h\)>DM@
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. p# (5
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这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
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从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 (E?X@d iu