福建医科大学2005博士研究生入学英语考试试卷

博士研究生入学英语考试试卷
(2005. 5)
Part I. Reading Comprehension  (40%)
Directions: Read the following five passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Most American women know regular Pap smears cut the risk of cervical cancer, but that doesn’t mean they go in to get the test. Half the women who develop the disease haven’t had a Pap test for three years. But a new test may one day offer a user—friendlier alternative. Two studies in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association report that a DNA test detects cervical cancer just as well as Pap smears do. Better yet, women can collect samples for the test themselves. The Pap smear has caused a fivefold drop in cervical cancer since 1960s. But since a doctor must take the smear during a pelvic exam, women who don’t have access to gynecologists aren’t screened. So a self-collected test could be good news for patients, like the 1,365 South Africans in one of the JAMA studies. They collected their own vaginal samples on swabs. Samples were sent to the United States, where a DNA test caught 66 percent of the women’s cervical cancers; 68 percent were detected by Pap smears. And when doctors collected the samples, that study, and a second one of Costa Rican women, found that DNA tests actually caught more cancers than Pap smears.
Does this mean women can bid farewell to the Pap test? Probably not. Doctors think cervical cancer is caused by the transmitted human papilloma virus. The DNA test detects genetic material from 13 forms of it, which are found in 96 percents who have cervical cancer. But most young women who have papilloma virus don’t actually develop cancer. So the test can cause false alarms. DNA tests could prove useful for older women, though. Most women fight off the virus before they turn 40. If they don’t, they’re more likely to get cervical cancer. But they’re also less likely to get Pap smears because many stop visiting gynecologists after childbearing age, and the test gets more uncomfortable. So a quick, self-collected test could cut cervical cancer rates: “If we could make screening as easy as a urine test at the doctor’s office, we would get more coverage,” says Thomas Wright, lead author of the South African study and associate professor of Pathology at Columbia. Though true home testing awaits FDA approval and could be years away, general practitioners could administer the test, too.
Detection is one thing; treating cervical cancer is another. Doctors recently announced that a combination of radiation and chemotherapy can cut the risk of death 30 to 50 percent. And researchers hope to someday prevent papilloma infections: “Ultimately, vaccines will be the best way we prevent cervical cancer worldwide,” Wright predicts. But for now, the DNA test could help mainly in countries that can afford the $6 billion the United States spends on Pap screening every year. But there’s one important caveat: a new test will be useful only if patients can get medical treatment afterward.
1.     The Pap smear __________________________.
A)    has caused a fivefold drop in cervical cancer since the 1960s
B)    caught 66 percent of the women’s cervical cancers
C)    Caught more cancers than the DNA Test
D)    Is very convenient for women to do self-examination
2.     Why the DNA test cannot replace Pap smear?
A)    Doctors think cervical cancer is caused by the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus.
B)    The DNA test detects genetic material from 12 forms of papillooma virus, which are found in 96 percent of patients who have cervical cancer.
C)    Most young women who have papilloma virus don’t actually develop cancer.
D)    The DNA test can cause false alarms.
3.     Which of the following statement is not correct?
A)    Home DNA test has not yet been approved by DNA.
B)    DNA tests could prove useful for older women. Most women fight off the virus before they turn 40.
C)    Doctors recently announced that a combination of radiation and chemotherapy can cure cervical cancer.
D)    The DNA test could help mainly in countries that can’t afford the $6 billion the United States spends on Pap screening every year.
Passage Two
Although language is used to transmit information, the informative functions of language are fused with older and deeper functions so that only a small portion of our everyday speech can be described as purely informative. The ability to use language for strictly informative purposes was probably developed relatively late in the course of linguistic evolution. Long before that time, our ancestral species probably made the sorts of cries animals do to express feelings of hunger, fear, loneliness, and the like. Gradually these noises seem to have become more differentiated, transforming the cries into language as we know it today.
Although we have developed language in which accurate reports may be given, we still use language as vocal equivalents of gestures such as crying in pain. When words are used as the vocal equivalent of expressive gestures, language is functioning in pre-symbolic ways. These pre-symbolic uses of language coexist with our symbolic system, so that the talking we do in everyday life is a thorough blending of symbolic and pre-symbolic language.
What we call social conversation is mainly pre-symbolic in character. When we are at a large social gathering, for example, we all have to talk. It is typical of these conversations that, except among very good friends, few of the remarks made have any informative value. We talk together about nothing at all and thereby establish a relationship.
There is a principle at work in the selection of the subject matter we deem appropriate for social conversation. Since the purpose of this kind of talk is the establishment of communion, we are careful to select subjects about which agreement is immediately possible. With each new agreement, no matter how commonplace, the fear and suspicion of the stranger wear away, and the possibility of friendship emerges. When further conversation reveals that we have friends or political views orartistic values or hobbies in common, a friend is made, and genuine communication and cooperation can begin.
4.     The author uses the term “pre-symbolic language” to mean ______________________.
A)    language used between friends
B)    language that lacks an elaborate grammatical structure
C)    nonverbal expressions used in communicating
D)    language that does not convey specific information
5.     The primary value of pre-symbolic language for humans is that it ___________________.
A)    Is common to all languages rather than unique to any one language
B)    Permits and aids the smooth functioning of interpersonal relationships
C)    Helps us understand and express our emotions
D)    Allows for a desirable amount of social mobility
6.     The most crucial difference between pre-symbolic and symbolic language lies in the ____________.
A)    origin and developmental path of each mode in linguistic evolution
B)    degree to which each mode may be accompanied by expressive gestures
C)    purposes served by each mode
D)    clarity each mode makes possible
Passage Three
In the ultrasound clinic, Suzie Woods stared at the screen in front of her. The sonographer pressed the foetal probe over her abdomen, already stretched into a taught little mound by months of pregnancy. “There are two embryos on the screen,” he told her. “No, no, there should only be one,” Suzie insisted, her eyes now fixed intently on his. “Look, I’ll show you,” he said. “There are two hearts beating on the screen.” “That moment,” recalls Suzie, “would have to have been the most electric of my life. I was absolutely ecstatic that these two gorgeous little people were all mine. “Suzie and the twins—Simon and Sabrina, now seven months—are part of an international population explosion, a twin boom in Western developed societies.
Reluctant to interrupt satisfying careers, women are having babies later in life and increasingly using fertility treatments. These two factors mean Australian mothers are having more twins than ever before. In 1998, 3,592 sets of twins were born in Australia, a 25 percent increase on the figure of 2,871 just 10 years earlier. This is despite static figures for the total number of births in 1988 and 1998. And the trend to multiple births shows no sign of abating. King George V hospital in the inner Sydney suburb of Camperdown, for instance, has just beaten its own record: 68 twins were born in the past six months—an increase of 40 percent on the previous six months, says the director of obstetrics, Dr. Andrew Child. Overseas, the number of twins born in the United States has doubled since 1980 and a similar, though more moderate, trend is evident in Britain, where twins as a proportion of all births are up a third since 1982.
A twin industry has been spawned, especially in the U.S., where you can now have your baby delivered by a specialist twin obstetrician and looked after by specialist nannies. There are 10 US magazine title aimed at the parents of twins and at least three dozen books, along with twin strollers ans a whole range of other specialized goods. In Australia, there is a new acceptance of the problems confronting the parents of twins, and mothers of twins leaving hospital have access to an ever-widening circle of support and services. The NSW Multiple Birth Association has mushroomed from one support group of three mothers to 34 clubs across the State in just 10 years.
Most are bristling with activity, regularly sending newsletters and social calendars to parents, holding information evenings and support groups, and offering hotlines, a library service and even advice on what brand of twin stroller mothers should buy. More importantly, these groups are as generous with camaraderie as practical advice. “Often it was quicker to ring the Multiple Birth Association than look up the baby manual,” says Suzie, who soon discovered that the euphoria at having twins was followed by a whole caravan of complications after they arrived.
7.     Why the Australian mothers are having more chances to have twins than ever before?
A)    Career women do not want to have babies early because they enjoy satisfying professions or they have to work for a living.
B)    Australian women are born to have genetic capabilities to bear twins.
C)    Australian women are strong and fertile comparatively.
D)    Australian women prefer to use fertilizer in pregnancy.
8.     The author mentioned Suzie Woods at the beginning of the article to __________________.
A)    make his article sound catchy
B)    express how ecstatic Suzie was when she knew she had two embryos
C)    portray the following topic of the article
D)    condemn the twin boost in the western countries
9.     What is the fact of Australia’s twin boom, according to the passage?
A)    In 1998, 3,592 sets of twins were born in Australia, a 25 percent increase on the figure of 2,871 just 10 years earlier.
B)    The trend to multiple births shows no sign of declining.
C)    68 twins were born in the past six-months in King George V Hospital in the inner Sydney suburb of Camperdown, which is an increase of 40 percent on the previous six months.
D)    All of the above.
10.    Which of the following statement is NOT true about U.S. according to the passage?
A)    There are many magazines and books aimed at the parents of twins in U.S.
B)    There is a new acceptance of the problems confronting the parents of twins, and mothers of twins leaving hospital have access to an ever-widening circle of support and services.
C)    Parents can have their babies delivered by a specialist twin obstetrician and looked after by specialist nannies.
D)    The number of twins born in the United States has doubled since 1980.
Passage Four
Until recently doctors were taught that the human body lives in homeostasis, changing little during the day. The science of chronobiology—the study of how time affects life—is sparking a medical revolution by revealing how much our bodies change through circadian (daily) rhythms.
These natural biological rhythms are as vital as our heart beat. By learning their secrets, we are discovering new ways to prevent and cure illness. There isn’t a function in your body that doesn’t have its own rhythm.
While you sleep, your blood pressure falls, our temperature drops more than a degree from its daily afternoon high, and some blood pools in your body’s extremities. Come morning, the body has to “jump start” itself from its sleeping to waking stages with a surge of excitation chemicals calls catecholamines. Heart rate increases and blood vessels constrict, raising blood pressure and reducing blood flow to heart muscle; this might cause ischemia, or angina, as well as sudden death from myocardial infarction. If hardened plaques of cholesterol coat arteries, fragments may break loose, causing the clots that lead to heart attacks.
When a leap from bed and a surge of catecholamines combine to “get your blood moving”, your blood is near its daily peak in thickness and tendency to clot. Packing kids off to school and rushing to get ready for work add emotional tension to the physical stress.
This circadian cardiovascular risk comes not from your bedside clock but from your interior biological clock. Whatever hour you get up, your peak risk of myocardial infarction will come within two to three hours after awakening.
The master timekeepers in our bodies help synchronize us with such outside cycles as day and night. Like orchestra conductors, they coordinate hundreds of functions inside us. Our body dances through the day to complex inner rhythms of rising and falling tides of hormones, immune cells, electrolytes and amino acids.
Most people enjoy a peak in short-term memory and mental quickness in the late-morning hours until shortly afternoon. Then a measurable dip in energy and efficiency begins around 1 p.m. In some Mediterranean cultures, shops close during the afternoon for a period of siesta.
In the afternoon, exercise endurance, reaction time and manual dexterity are at their highest. Some research indicates that from then until early evening, athletes put in their best performances. From 6:30 p.m. until 8:30 p.m. is the sharpest time of day for long-term memory, an optimal time to study.
Our daily rhythms can bring a dark side to the evening, however. These hours include a second daily peak in heart attacks, although smaller than the morning’s. Around 7 p.m., alcohol takes longer to be cleared by your liver, and hence can be more intoxicating and performance-impairing than at other times of day—except 11 p.m. which brings a second peak of high ethanol susceptibility.
Students often cram during late-night and early-morning hours. Research, however, shows this is the time of the circadian cycle when long-term memory, comprehension and learning are at their worst.
Sensitivity to pain has generally increased throughout the day; it reaches its peak late at night. But by early morning the body may have doubled its night time levels of beta endorphins, which help relieve pain. Researchers theorize that this is what increases the body’s pain tolerance during the hours after awakening.
For most of us, sleep is a time of life renewal. Within the first 90 minutes or so of sleep, we reach our daily peak of growth hormone, which may help regenerate our bodies.
By understanding our body clocks, we can improve our health and continue to foster our survival. Without grasping, for instance, that our natural temperature rises one to two degrees from morning until evening, we could misjudge thermometer readings, A temperature of 99 degrees might signal perfect health at 5 p.m. but augur illness at 7 a.m.
The effects of drugs are also subject to our rhythms. For instance, many doctors are learning to give powerful cancer drugs with the patient’s biological clocks in mind. A given chemotherapy drug may be highly toxic to the kidneys at one time of day, for example, and far less harmful at another.
By turning the cycles of your biological clock in your favor, you may reduce your daily danger and increase your days of life.
11.    No matter what hours you get up, sudden rise from bed ___________________.
A)    brings energy to one’s morning work
B)    should help form a good habit
C)    may cause heat attacks
D)    increases heart rate to normal action
12.    The passage advises that to improve our health, it is essential to ___________________.
A)    avoid sitting up late
B)    do the right thing at the right time
C)    get up as soon as the bedside clock gives alarm
D)    understand our body clock
13.    In the author’s opinion, physical stress should be avoided _________________________.
A)    as soon as you awake
B)    two to three hours after awakening
C)    around 1 p.m.
D)    in the late evening
14.    If you want to take some pills to kill your pain, you’d better take them ____________________.
A)    after lunch
B)    before going to bed
C)    in the early morning
D)    late at night
15.    According to the passage, it is harmful to ______________________.
A)    do morning exercise at about 6 o’clock
B)    neglect the doctor’s advice about the time to take drugs
C)    go to sleep again after awakening
D)    do memory work in the late-morning hours
Passage Five
As a person now publicly identified with the movement to reform our drug laws through the use of some form of decriminalization, I consider it very important to say that I am not soft on either drug use or drug dealers. I’m a soldier in the war against drugs. I spent years prosecuting and jailing drug dealers, and had one of the highest rates of imprisonment for drug convictions in the country. And if I were still State’s Attorney, I would be enforcing the law as vigorously as ever. My experience as a prosecutor did not in any way alter my passionate dislike for drug dealers, it simply convinced me that the present system doesn’t work and can’t be made to work.
As State’s Attorney, I was confronted daily with the victims of our drug crimes, who for the most part are ignored by the opponents of drug decriminalization. One of my most painful duties as State’s Attorney was prosecuting drug dealers who injured and sometimes killed police officers. In Baltimore, as in so many other cities, our police officers and plan-clothes agents serve with distinction and uncommon bravery. Their work is dangerous and needs to be highly commended. But that is no reason to ignore common sense. The end-game in the war on drugs is not less supply or mo0re jails, or even the death penalty. It’s less profit and less demand—and that will only come about through increased efforts at treatment and prevention.
A good general does not pursue a strategy in the face of overwhelming evidence of failure. Instead, a good general changes from a losing strategy to one that exploits his enemy’s weakness while exposing his own troops to only as much danger as is required to win. The drug dealers can be beaten and the public health of the United States can be improved if we’re willing to substitute common sense for myth and blind persistence.
16. The central argument of the passage about the drug problem is weather _____________________.
A) decriminalization will be accepted by the public
B) the authorities are firm and determined on drug use
C) the police officers are dedicated to their duties
D) a reform in policy should be enforced
17. Throughout the passage the author shows his concern over ______________________.
A) the appeal to the lawfulness of drug addition
B) the lives of those who fight at the forefront against drug dealers
C) his reputation as an experienced soldier in the war against drugs
D) drug dealers at large who are prosecuted and jailed
18. The end-game (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ___________________________.
A) the end purpose
B) the final endeavor
C) the decisive strategy
D) the last moment decision
19. According to the passage, the aim to be achieved in the fight against drugs is ___________________.
A) to cut off the supply of drugs and severely punish drug dealers
B) to take every measure to prevent people from taking drugs
C) to make drugs less demanded and less profitable
D) to offer medical treatment to the victims of drug crimes
20. It can be inferred from the passage that drug decriminalization ______________________.
A) will encourage drugs abuse
B) has caused much controversy
C) has proved to be a happy solution
D) will encounter attacks from drug dealers
Part II   Vocabulary  ( 15% )
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. Choose the one that best complete the sentence. And write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
21. The effort ___________ skepticism from psychologists who find it frivolous.
   A) protests           B) proportions         C) provokes         D) proposes
22. As my father is not ___________ with the language, he has asked me to assume the role of private secretary and meet you on his behalf.
   A) lounged         B) logged        C) acquainted         D) omitted
23. He had an ___________ habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window onto our door step.
   A) objectionable       B) afflicting       C) uneducated       D) offending
24. The jury ___________ him for having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced to five years’ imprisonment.
   A) accused        B) charged         C) acquitted         D) convicted
25. The plan was _____________ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.
   A) resigned        B) abandoned         C) released          D) redeemed
26. When people have their basic needs satisfied, they begin to think of other things to fulfill their life ____________.
   A) necessities       B) requirements        C) appreciations       D) expectations
27. The awards for the job include a competitive tax-free salary, ___________ educational assistance plan and high standard of free accommodation and utilities.
   A) triumphant        B) trivial         C) terrific         D) timid
28. It was manifest that ____________ red light of day did not come from the sun.
   A) wary          B) weird         C) waxy         D) weary
29. He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine, but remembering the doctor’s advice, he _________________.
   A) refrained         B) withdrew        C) avoided         D) retreated
30 the outflow of professionals to rich countries may create a severe bottleneck in the development of the ___________ technology in our country.
   A) excellent         B) marvelous         C) splendid         D) sophisticated
31. This legislation also limited the workday of children between 14 and 18 years of age to 12 hours, with an ___________ of 2 hours for meals and rest.
   A) intervention        B) intermission        C) interruption         D) intersection
32. The doctor promised that this medicine would ____________ the pain in the stomach.
   A) affirmed         B0 agitated         C) alleviate          D) allocate
33. The idea of a balanced diet is very difficult to ____________ anyone who knows nothing about food values.
   A) give up          B) take in         C) put across         D) make over
34. He was sent to hospital as a big nail __________ through the sole of his shoe, right into his foot.
   A) pierced          B) pinched           C) pursued          D) radiated
35. The officer inspected our passports and travel papers and ____________ us because our vacation certificates were missing.
   A) contained        B) sustained          C0 detained         D) retained
36. The question of ___________ agent is still under consideration and we hope that you will continue your efforts in pushing the sale of our product at present stage.
   A) creative        B) exclusive        C) intensive        D) perspective
37. According to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, wisdom comes from the ___________ of maturity.
   A) fulfillment        B) achievement         C) establishment        D) accomplishment
38. Jim’s plans to go to college ____________ at the last moment, which depre4ssed him very much.
   A) fell out         B) gave away        C) gave off        D) fell through
39. With the change of the economic foundation the entire immense superstructure is ____________ rapidly transformed.
   A) more or less       B) anything but       C) at large        D) any more
40. It was clear that the small grocer was _____________ people he owed money to.
   A) at the expense of                      B) at the risk of
   C) in the way of                         D) at the mercy of
41. At first the institute refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was ____________ revised.
   A) subsequently         B) occasionally        C) consequently        D) successively
42. The _____________ employer is the person who will, later on, be your boss in the company.
   A) proximate        B) prospective         C) preventable         D) proficient
43. An enlarged prostate may ____________ the bladder and pinch off the urethra, causing pain and difficulty with urination.
   A) collaborate       B) compress       C) bother        D) boil
44. Some teenagers harbor a generalized resentment against society, which ___________ them the rights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.
   A) deprives         B) restricts        C) denies        D) rejects
45. Due to their considerable comfortable environment and manner of self-service, people feel more relaxed and ____________ at such place.
   A) casual         B) frank          C) fraudulent        D) financial
46. If anyone is found _____________ he will be removed from his present position.
   A) inept          B) ingenious        C) acquisitive        D) admirable
47. The reference she made to her friend, the poet, was interesting but too __________ for anyone to appreciate.
   A) drastic          B) dull          C) distinct          D) obscure
48. Our attitude toward our teachers should be ___________, but not slavish or superstitious.
   A) respectable        B) respected         C) respective         D) respectful
49. Some people either ____________ avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them.
   A) violently          B) deliberately        C) sincerely         D) properly
50. The managing director promised that he would ___________ me as soon as he had any further information.
   A) communicate       B) notice         C) notify         D) note
Part III  Cloze Test   ( 10%)
Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Since World War II, considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better   51   to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health   52   . All have played a part in the recent improvement in life   53   . But there is mounting criticism of the large   54   gaps in access, unrestrained cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service excessive indulgence in   55   high-technology “gadgeteering and a   56   in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish   57   and disappointments      58    at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased   59    --“everything has been tried and nothing works” –which sometimes   60   on cynicism or even nihilism.
This pessimism, in part,    61   from expecting too much   62   health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a    63   experience, often   64   by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always   65   some unpleasantness and frustration.    66   , the   67   of medical science are limited. Humpty-Dumpty cannot always be   68     together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works.
The fact is, except for the most   69   and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this   70   , it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.
51. A) stress              B) excess              C) access             D) process
52. A) staff               B) workforce           C) trainee             D) personnel
53. A) expectancy         B) expectation          C) expansion           D) expenditure
54. A) dominating         B) remaining           C) existing             D) prevailing
55. A) useful             B) lawful              C) wasteful             D) trustful
56. A) breakdown         B) turndown            C) knockdown          D) rundown
57. A) step               B) pace                C) speed              D) rate
58. A) imply             B) apply                C) supply             D) multiply
59. A) pessimism         B) optimism             C) criticism            D) enthusiasm
60. A) bounds            B) borders              C) builds              D) breaks
61. A) derives            B) originates            C) stems               D) develops
62. A) on                B) of                  C) in                  D) for
63. A) painful            B) peaceful             C) wonderful           D) cheerful
64. A) dominated         B) replaced             C) accompanied         D) overwhelmed
65. A) retain             B) maintain             C) sustain              D) obtain
66. A) Therefore          B) Whereas             C) Moreover            D) However
67. A) capacities          B) abilities              C) aptitudes            D) capabilities
68. A) taken back         B) put back             C) sent back             D) drawn back
69. A) idealistic          B) realistic              C) pessimistic           D) optimistic
70. A) environment        B) atmosphere           C) surrounding          D) situation
Part IV  Short Answer Questions  ( 10% )
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words (no more than 10 words). Then write them down on your ANSWER SHEET.
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why?” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that goes beyond the range of history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence by publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic doctrine of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the explanation of any other explanations fall short of the truth. Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past): it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all time and in all circumstances.
71. What is the main idea of the passage?
   ____________________________________________________________________________________
72. What method do psychohistorians intend to use in their historical studies?
   ____________________________________________________________________________________
73. The basic criterion of historical evidence is that the evidence is ____________________.
   ____________________________________________________________________________________
74. A characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians is that past and current events are ______________.
   ____________________________________________________________________________________
75. What does the author mean by “the revolution that is taking place in historical studies”?
   ____________________________________________________________________________________
Part V   Translation  ( 10% )
Directions: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
Men live in society not because they are men, but because they are animals. The social way of life is a stage in the evolution of life prior to the appearance of the human race.
What is distinctive about man is that he had developed social organizations far more quickly than any other animal species, so that it is a giant step in complexity between the most elaborate non-human society and the most elementary society of men. Human society shares characteristics with animal societies: it is formed by a given population of individuals, all belonging to the same species, and possess one common language which sets them apart from other species. The level of population is perpetuated by means of biological reproduction and of constant struggle against the environment. Similarities like these become conspicuous when human social organization is compared with that of other Primates.
Part VI   Writing   ( 15% )
Directions: Write an essay on “Class Attendance Should or Should Not Be Required” with no less than 150 words. The following information is for reference.
Compulsory class attendance, like English, Chinese, Politics, etc, is so common in Chinese universities that both teachers and students simply assume it is a good thing. Now heated discussion is being held among the Chinese education circle. What is your opinion? Give reasons to support your idea.

Key for Reference:
Part I  Reading Comprehension
1 A 2 D 3 C 4 D 5 B 6 C 7 A 8 C 9 D 10 B 11 C 12 D 13 B 14 D 15B 16 D 17 B 18 C 19C 20 B
2Part II  Vocabulary and Structure
21C 22C 23A 24D 25 B 26D 27C 28B 29A 30D 31B 32C 33C 34A 35C 36B 37B 38AD39A 40D
41A 42B 43B 44C 45A 46A 47D 48 D 49B 50C
Part III Cloze Test
51C 52D 53A 54B 55C 56A 57B 58D 59A 60B 61A 62B 63A 64C 65A 66C 67A 68B 69A 70B
Part IV Short Answer Questions
71. The approach of psychohistorians to historical study.
72. psychoanalysis
73. assessable to and by all historians
74. placed within the same schema
75. (The application of) new methods (to new subjects)
Part V  Translation
   人类生活于社会中并非因为他们是人，而是应为他们是动物。社会化的生活方式是人类出现前就存在的生命进化的一个阶段。人类与众物种不同之处，在于与任何其它种类动物相比，他们发展社会组织要快得多，因此在最高级的非人类社会和最低级的人类社会之间，社会复杂性上相差了一大步。人类社会具有与动物社会共同的特征，这个社会有一既定群体中的各个个体所组成，所有个体均属同一物种。这个群体内部分工专门化，个体之间作为同物种成员相互交往，并具有使之区别于其他物种的共同语言。通过生育繁殖并与自然环境作不懈的斗争，是物种种群的数量持久地维持在一定的水平上。当人类社会组织与其他灵长目相比较时，像这样一些类似之处便变得十分突出了。


Name:____________________    Number:___________________
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Answer Sheet
Part I  Reading Comprehension
1.______2.______3.______4.______5.______6.______7.______8.______9.______10.______
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2Part II  Vocabulary and Structure
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31._____32._____33._____34._____35._____36._____37._____38._____39._____40.______
41._____42._____43._____44._____45._____46._____47._____48._____49._____50.______
Part III Cloze Test
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61._____62._____63._____64._____65._____66._____67._____68._____69._____70.______
Part IV Short Answer Questions
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Part V  Translation

Part VI  Writing:    Class Attendance Should or Should Not Be Required

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