中国科学院大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
· 招生办公室
· 2014年11月21日
考试对象
报考中国科学院大学各单位（具体指中国科学院所属各研究院、所、中心、园、台、站及校部各直属院系）相关专业拟攻读博士学位的考生。
考试目的
检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段的英语水平和能力。
考试类型、考试内容及考试结构
本考试共有五个部分：词汇（占10%）、完形填空（占15%）、阅读理解（占40%）、英译汉（占15%），写作（占20%）。试卷分为：试卷一（Paper One）客观试题，包括前三个部分，共75题，顺序排号；试卷二（Paper Two）主观试题，包括英译汉和写作两个部分。
一、词汇
主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。词和词组的测试范围基本以本考试大纲词汇表为参照依据。共20题。每题为一个留有空白的英文句子。要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组。
二、完形填空
主要测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度。考生应具有借助于词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。要求考生就所给篇章中15处空白所需的词或短语分别从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
三、阅读理解
本部分共分两节。要求考生能：
1）掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节；
2）进行相关的判断和推理；
3）准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义；
4）领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。
A节：主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。考生须完成1800-2000词的阅读量并就题目从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
B节：主要测试考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。考生须完成700－900词的阅读量（2篇短文），并根据每篇文章（约400词）的内容，从文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
四、英译汉
要求考生将一篇近400词的英语短文中有下划线的5个句子翻译成汉语。主要测试考生是否能从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来。
五、写作
要求考生按照命题、所给提纲或背景图、表写出一篇不少于200字的短文。目的是测试考生用英语表达思想或传递信息的能力及对英文写作基础知识的实际运用。
考试时间及计分
考试时间总计为180分钟,其中试卷一为110分钟,试卷二为70分钟。卷面总分100分。详见下表：
试卷一：
题号
名称
题量
分值
时间（分钟）
I
词汇选择填空
20
10
15
II
完形填空
15
15
15
III-A
阅读理解（A）
30
30
60
III-B
阅读理解（B）
10
10
20
小计
75
65
110分钟
试卷二：
题号
名称
题量
分值
时间（分钟）
IV
英译汉–语篇中句子
5
15
30
V
写作
1
20
40
小计
6
35
70分钟
SAMPLE TEST
UNIVERSITY OFCHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATION
FOR
DOCTORAL CANDIDATES
PAPER ONE
PART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)
Directions: Choosethe word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement,and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across thesquare brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
1. Ten years ago, ahouse with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among universityprofessors.
A.post B. status
C.position D. place
2. It would be farbetter if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money insupport of ___________ archaeological research.
A.legible B. legitimate
C.legislative D. illicit
3. We seek asociety that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of theindividual.
A.end B. hand
C. core D. best
4. A variety ofproblems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.
A.impeded B.imparted
C.implored D. implemented
5. A good educationis an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.
A.spellout B.call upon
C.fallover D.resort to
6. Oil can change asociety more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.
A.grossly B. severely
C.rapidly D. drastically
7. Beneath itsmyriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world apleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.
A.elitism B.eloquence
C.eminence D. etiquette
8. The NewTestament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived fromGreek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.
A.altered B. criticized
C.incorporated D. translated
9. Nobody will everknow the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.
A. over B. with
C. down D. through
10. While a country’s economy is becomingthe most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ abouttheir quality of life.
A.discriminating B. distributing
C.disagreeing D.disclosing
11. Cheated by twoboys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.
A. find faultwith B. make the most of
C. look downupon D. get even with
12. The Minister’s _________ answer letto an outcry from the Opposition.
A. impressive B. evasive
C. intensive D. exhaustive
13. In proportionas the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostilityof one nation to another will come to an end.
A.intolerance B. pessimism
C.injustice D. antagonism
14. Everyone doestheir own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on afourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.
A.count B. insist
C.fall D. dwell
15. When the firebroke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into theelevator.
A.hearts B. tempers
C.heads D. senses
16. Consumersdeprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply___________ every cheat in the marketplace.
A. at the mercyof B. in lieu of
C. by courtesyof D. for the price of
17. In fact thepurchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 percent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.
A.equivalent B.similar
C.consistent D.identical
18. He became awarethat he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.
A. honestly B. graciously
C.coherently D.flexibly
19. The novel,which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by itsimmeasurable difference from life.
A. significance in B. imagination at
C. resemblanceto D. predominance over
20. She was artfuland could always ____________ her parents in the end.
A. shoutdown B. getround
C. complywith D. pass over
PART II CLOZETEST (15 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: For eachblank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choicesgiven in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice witha single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
We are entering aperiod in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, anddwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels foran extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason forthese levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 andsome rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth amongnations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply awillingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 thanthe advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. Therequired increases in 25 in the backward regionswould necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources.
It is uncertainwhether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and moreserious, 27 that its application would bring us to thethreshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 aconsequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It isthis 29 problem that poses the most demanding anddifficult of the challenges. The existing 30 ofindustrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repairglobal poverty, hold 31 the risk of enteringthe danger zone of climatic change in as 32 asthree or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrialgrowth will 33 have to come to animmediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 wouldliterally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can bepostponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 thattechnologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the useof solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)
21. A.one B. it C.this D. there
22. A. achieved B. succeeded C.produced D. executed
23. A.Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts
24. A. extent B. scale C.measure D. range
25. A.outgrowth B. outcrop C.output D. outcome
26. A.needed B. needy C.needless D. needing
27. A.possible B. possibly C.probable D. probably
28. A.in B. with C. as D. to
29. A.least B. late C. latest D. last
30. A.race B. pace C.face D. lace
31. A. on B. up C.down D. out
32. A.less B. fewer C. many D. little
33. A.rather B. hardly C. then D. yet
34. A.line B.move C. drive D. track
35. A.if B.or C. while D. as
PART III READING COMPREHENSION
Section A (60minutes, 30 points)
Directions: Beloweach of the following passages you will find some questions or incompletestatements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B,C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that bestanswers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choicewith a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerSheet.
Passage 1
The writing of ahistorical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to thehistorian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historicalsynthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailedinformation that has already been used to explain the causes for a historicalevent.
A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts ofa historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historicalsynthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historicalperspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can bedetermined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as partof a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that arefamiliar to the event will become the ideological framework in which thehistorian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not havea greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated whenviewed in a broad historical perspective.
The historian, insynthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses havesimilar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable thesesimilar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual frameworkof a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existinghypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitatesreconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political,social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.
As such, thesynthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common groundbetween an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretationof the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesisnecessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensiblewhole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the eventbeing synthesized.
36. The authorwould mostly be concerned with _____________.
A. finding the mostimportant cause for a particular historical event
B. determining whenhypotheses need to be reinterpreted
C. imposing apattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historicalevent
D. attributing manyconditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to singlemotive
37. The mostimportant preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.
A. to accumulatesufficient reference material to explain an event
B. analyzing thehistorical event to determine if a “single theme theory” apples to the event
C. determining thecommon strands that make up a historical event
D. interpretinghistorical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greatervalue
38. The bestdefinition for the term “historical synthesis” would be ______________.
A. combiningelements of different material into a unified whole
B. a tentativetheory set forth as an explanation for an event
C. the directopposite of the original interpretation of an event
D. interpretinghistorical material to prove that history repeats itself
39. A historianseeks to reconstruct the “spirit” of atime period because ____________.
A. the events inhistory are more important than the people who make history
B. existinghypotheses are adequate in explaining historical events
C. this is the bestmethod to determine the single most important cause for a particular action
D. varying factorscan be assimilated within a common base
40. Which of thefollowing statements would the author consider false?
A. One factor in ahistorical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.
B. It is possibleto analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.
C. Historicalevents should be studied as part of a continuum in history.
D. A synthesisseeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.
Passage 2
When you call thepolice, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free torespond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and locationof every police car—not an easy task for a large department.
Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is thatthe patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars willpass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimesfor times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by anyparticular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should beno guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simplyordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.
A computerdispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no troublekeeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, itcan determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And withthe aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routinepatrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car willpass through a particular area.
(Before computers,police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make randomassignments.)
Computers also canrelieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. Thepolice car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver.The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of thecar—patrolling,directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and soon. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for itsstatus. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantlyreporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically coulddetermine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The locationof the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.
41. The best titlefor this passage should be ___________.
A. Computers andCrimes
B. Patrol CarDispatching
C. The PowerfulComputers
D. The Police withModern Equipment
42. A policedispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.
A. locate everypatrol car
B. guarantee carson regular patrols
C. keep in touchwith each police car
D. find out whichcar should respond to the incoming call
43. If the patrolsare too regular, _____________.
A. the dispatcherswill be bored with it
B. the officers maybecome careless
C. the criminalsmay take advantage of it
D. the streets willbe in a state of chaos
44. The computerdispatching system is particularly good at ______________.
A. assigning carsto regular patrols
B. responding tothe incoming calls
C. orderingofficers to report their location
D. making routinepatrols unpredictable
45. According tothe account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located withoutcomputers?
A. Police officersreport their status constantly.
B. The headquarterspoll the car for its status.
C. A radiotransmitter and receiver is installed in a car.
D. A dial in thecar indicates its current status.
Passage 3
A child who hasonce been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold inidentically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printedfairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story thanread it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actualcircumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printedtext, so much the better.
A charge madeagainst fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousinghis sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in acontrolled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more oftenguilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadisticimpulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal dischargeseem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As tofears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children beingdangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from thechild having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetitionturns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced andmastered.
There are alsopeople who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectivelytrue, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do notexist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the childshould be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. Ifind such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do notknow how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be fullof madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick orcovering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchantedgirl-friend.
No fairy story everclaimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has everbelieved that it was.
46. According tothe author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.
A. tell it in acreativeway
B. take from itwhat the child likes
C. add to itwhatever at hand
D. read it out ofthe story book.
47. In the secondparagraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towardsfairy stories?
A. He sees in themthe worst of human nature.
B. He dislikeseverything about them.
C. He regards themas more of a benefit than harms.
D. He is expectantof the experimental results.
48. According tothe author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.
A. make childrenaggressive the whole life
B. incitedestructiveness in children
C. function as asafety valve for children
D. add children’s enjoyment of crueltyto others
49. If the childhas heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, hewould probably be______________.
A. scared to death
B. taking it andeven enjoying it
C. suffering morethe pain of fear
D. dangerouslyterrified
50. The author’s mention ofbroomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.
A. old fairystories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needs
B. fairy storieshave claimed many lives of victims
C. fairy storieshave thrown our world into chaos
D. fairy storiesare after all fairy stories
Passage 4
There has been alot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaminganyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police andnewspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility toElizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searchingcontinues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.
The fact is, in NewYork State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almostimpossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they arewhite, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.
Why does the statepermit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First,parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving itsapproval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.
Second, whileeveryone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homeswhen there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many childadvocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury ismore harmful than helpful.
Third, courts andlegislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrudeon a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Courtrecognized the “libertyof parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children undertheir control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld theteacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment againstschoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutionalimprimatur to parental use of physical force.
Under the bestconditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Underthe worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyoneor anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the lawprovided no protection.
To the contrary, byjustifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable methodof education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacyto her parents’conduct.
More than 80 yearsago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the NewYork State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state mustact to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycleof violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn fromthe death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare thechild.
51. The New YorkState law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of____________.
A. a family onwelfare
B. a pooruneducated family
C. an educatedblackfamily
D. a middle-classwhite family
52. “Sparing the rod” (in boldface) means ____________.
A. spoilingchildren
B. punishingchildren
C. not caring aboutchildren
D. not beatingchildren
53. Corporalpunishment against schoolchildren is _____________.
A. taken as illegalin the New York State
B. considered beingin the teacher’sprovince
C. officiallyapproved by law
D. disapproved byschool teachers
54. From thearticle we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of____________.
A. teachers’ corporalpunishment
B. misjudgment ofthe court
C. parents’ill-treatment
D. street violence
55. The writer ofthis article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run_____________.
A. prevent violenceof adults
B. save morechildren
C. protect childrenfromill-treatment
D. better thesystem
Passage 5
With its commoninterest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter andwidely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimateclaim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as adistinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditionalnovel.
The detective storyis probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word)of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of universityscholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths mayoccur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in politesociety, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort,college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at leastin the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normallyrealized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our lessintimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australianbush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography orhistory, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing areasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despisedby the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinklingof clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriatesolutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from reallife nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by avaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud ofsuspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.
Though its villainalso receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortableand credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashesand escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero,who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountablebruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with thephysique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs,brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detectivetale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almostaccidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led byour imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenuesto a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of allthat has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that wevainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.
56. The crime novelis regarded by the author as _________________.
A. a notrespectable form of the traditional novel
B. not a true novelat all
C. related in someways to the historical novel
D. a distinctbranch of the traditional novel
57. The creation ofdetective stories has its origin in _______________.
A. seeking restfrom work or worries
B. solvingmysterious deaths in this society
C. restoringexpectations in polite society
D. preventingcrimes
58. The charactersof the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.
A. more profoundthan those of the traditional novels
B. as real as lifeitself
C. not like humanbeings at all
D. not veryprofound but not unlikely
59. The setting ofthe detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because ___________.
A. it is more real
B. our friends arefamiliar with it
C. it pleases thereaders in a way
D. it needs thereaders’support
60. The writer ofthis passage thinks _____________.
A. what people hopefor from life can finally be granted if they have confidence
B. people like tofeel that justice and goodness will always triumph
C. they know in thereal world good does not prevail over evil
D. their hopes inlife can only be fulfilled through fiction reading
Passage 6
Whenever we areinvolved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feelingovercomes us—afeeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of whatis happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.
A rock dancerdescribes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I canradiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance forfloors. I become one with the atmosphere.” “You are inan ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throughout theworld are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity verymuch, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds truefor surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.
Flow provides asort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put itthis way: “Yourbody feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are soinvolved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as beingseparate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment.Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try toconcentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chessplayer compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, thesepeople feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time isaltered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes andspaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball somuch better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seamson a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.
It seems then thatflow is a “floatingaction” in which the individual is aware of his actionsbut not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book thathe knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he isturning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, sothey never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doingwell?” or “Did everyone see myjump?”
Finally, to flowsuccessfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult toproduce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting,fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading,learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.
61. What is themain purpose of the article?
A. to illustratethe feeling of “flow”
B. to analyze thecauses of a special feeling
C. to define thenew psychological term “flow”
D. to lead peopleto acquire the feeling of “flow”
62. In thisarticle, “flow” refers to a feeling which probably results from _____________.
A.awareness
B. ecstasy
C.unconsciousness
D. self-rewarding
63. The word “immersed” (in boldface) is closest in meaning to _____________.
A. occupied
B. engrossed
C.soaked
D. committed
64. What does oneusually act while “flowing” in reading?
A. thinks what heis doing
B. wonders how fasthe can read
C. turns the pages
D. minds the pagenumber
65. The activitywhich can successfully bring about “flow” is mostprobably ____________.
A.gripping
B. difficult
C.boring
D. easy
Section B ( 20minutes, 10 points)
Direction: In eachof the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the originaltext. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the mostsuitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of theblanks. Mark your answers on your machine scoring Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
A history of longand effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, itmay become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowingperiod after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight timeslarger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies ofscale. --- 66 --- America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams ofthe Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitablethat this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just asinevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980sAmericans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.--- 67 --- By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.America's machine tool industry was on the ropes. --- 68 ---
All of this causeda crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. Theybegan to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that theirincomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. --- 69 ---Theirsometimes-sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growingcompetition from overseas.
--- 70 ---In 1995the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan hasbeen struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes asa devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yieldedto blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone ona diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to RichardCavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud tobe an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington,DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that peoplewill look back on this period as" a golden age of business management inthe United States."
A. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America hadinvested and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to bethe next casualty.
B. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled.
C. How things have changed!
D. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America'sindustrial decline.
E. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk orvanished in the face of foreign competition.
F. Some of the nation's largest businesses shrink in size when they appear on thegovernment's database of federal contractors.
Passage 2
Ifsustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firmshave a problem. ---71--- Skill acquisition is considered an individualresponsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-rentedat the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment. k(Xv& Zn
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The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seenin the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer isalmost always second in command. ---72--- The executive who holds it is neverconsulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to ChiefExecutive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of humanresource management is central-usually the second most important executive,after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy. VQ}3
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While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on trainingtheir work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employeesthan do either Japanese or German firms. ---73---And the limited investmentsthat are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on thespecific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basicbackground skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. 1caod0gor
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As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive.---74---More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity,and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecksthat limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. ---75--- And inthe end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If thebottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, themanagement and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
A. If Americanworkers for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexiblemanufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective costof those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United Stated.
B. The head ofhuman resource management is one of the most important executives in the firm.
C. The money theydo invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerialemployees.
D. Human resourcemanagement is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival ofthe firm in the United States.
E. The post of headof human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge ofthe corporate hierarchy.
F. The result is aslower pace of technological change.
PAPER TWO
PART V TRANSLATION(30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions:Read thefollowing text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on yourAnswer Sheet II.
There is no greaterpower in the world today than that wielded by the manipulators of publicopinion in America. (1) No king or pope of old, no conquering generalor high priest ever disposed of a power even remotely approaching that of thefew dozen men who control America’s mass news and entertainment media.
(2)Theirpower is not distant and impersonal; it reaches into every home in America, andit works its will during nearly every waking hour. It is the power whichshapes and molds the mind of virtually every citizen, young or old, rich orpoor, simple or sophisticated.
The mass media formfor us our image of the world and then tell us what to think about that image.(3)Essentially everything we know—or think we know—about events outside our own neighborhood or circle of acquaintancescomes to us via our daily newspaper, our weekly news magazine, our radio, orour television.
It is not just theheavy-handed suppression of certain news stories from our newspapers or theblatant propagandizing of history-distorting TV “docudramas”which characterizes the opinion-manipulating techniques of the media masters.They exercise both subtlety and thoroughness in their management of both thenews and the entertainment which they present to us.
For example, theway in which the news is covered: (4)which items are emphasized and whichare played down, the reporter’s choice of words, tone of voice, andfacial expressions; the wording of headlines; the choice of illustrations—all of these things subliminally（浅意识地）andyet profoundly affect the way in which we interpret what we see or hear.
On top of this, ofcourse, the columnists and editors remove any remaining doubt from our minds asto just what we are to think about it all. (5)Employing carefully developedpsychological techniques, they guide our thought and opinion so that we can bein tune with the “in” crowd, the “beautiful people,” the “smart money.”They let us know exactly what our attitudes shouldbe toward various types of people and behavior by placing those people or thatbehavior in the context of a TV drama or situation comedy and having the otherTV characters react to them in the Politically Correct way.
PART VI WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)
Directions: Write anessay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper spaceon your Answer Sheet II.
Topic
Anything that isoverdone may bring unwanted results. Addiction to the Internet is of noexception. Discuss the harmful effects on a person’s life when he/she isindulged in the Internet.
KEY
PART I VOCABULARY
1.B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6.D 7. D 8. C 9.D 10. A 11. D 12. B
13. D 14. A 15. C 16. A 17.A 18. C 19. C 20. B
PARTII CLOZE TEST
21. D 22.A 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. B 28.C 29. D 30. B 31.D
32.C 33. C 34. A 35. B
PARTIII READING COMPREHENSION
Section A
36. C 37.C 38. B 39. D 40.A 41. B 62. B 43.C 44. D 45. A 46. A 47. C
48. C 49.B 50. D 51. D 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. A 56.D 57. A 58. D 59. C 60. B 61.A 62. D 63. B 64. C 65. A
Section B
66.B 67. E 68. A 69.D 70. C
71.D 72. E 73. C 74.A 75. F
PARTIV
PART V TRANSLATION
Suggested Chineseversion for the 5 English Segments:
（1）过去的国王、教皇、征战他国的大将军或者基督教会的长老所行使的权力远远无法与当今那几十个控制着美国大众新闻、娱乐媒体的人手中的权力相比拟。
（2）他们的权力之手伸得很近，伸及到每一个人，伸及到美国的每一个家庭。人们除了睡眠之外，几乎无时无刻不在受着这个权力意志的影响。
（3）从根本上说，我们所了解的（或者说我们认为我们所了解的）一切有关我们居住地或者熟人圈之外发生的事件的信息，都是通过我们的新闻日报、周刊、广播或者电视而获得的。
（4）哪些是重点强调的、哪些是刻意低调报道的；报道者所用的字汇、语调；他（她）的面部表情；标题的用语、图片的选择；所有这一切，都不知不觉地但却根深蒂固地影响着我们对所见所闻的理解和解释。
（5）他们精心地运用现代心理技术引导我们的思想和看法，使我们与他们所宣扬的一些观点如：“时尚大众”、“美丽的人”、“聪明财富”相一致。
PARTVI WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)
（略）
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