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主题 : 2021年考博英语语法讲解之名词性从句用法
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楼主  发表于: 2021-02-22   

2021年考博英语语法讲解之名词性从句用法

 名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 k&Pt\- 9on  
  今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 JF=R$!5  
  【知识点归纳】 mqSVd^  
  名词性从句的用法 9CD ei~   
  在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 ;_}pIO  
  一、引导名词性从句的连接词 BA;r%?MRL  
  引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 &#p1ogf:  
  以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 J/1kJ@5  
  连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever j7I=2xnTWu  
  连接副词:when, where, how, why Q):#6|u+  
  不可省略的连词: Jh"[ug  
  1. 介词后的连词 %4~"$kE  
  2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 f:;-ZkIU ?  
  That she was chosen made us very happy. \u[x<-\/6  
  We heard the news that our team had won. j\}.GM'8  
  比较: \@Wv{0a(  
  Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: } z'Jsy[s  
  1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; VG5+ u,U6>  
  2. 引导表语从句 e!u]l  
  3. Whether从句作介词宾语; 4D65VgVDM  
  4. 从句后有"or not" prJd'  
  Whether he will come is not clear. +d, ~h_7!  
  大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 ( 5LCy?-6  
  It is not important who will go. 7D'\z IW  
  It is still unknown which team will win the match. ((M,6Q}  
  二、具体分类 'F W?   
  1.主语从句 Dk  `&tr  
  作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: '#Wx@  
  What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 * + T(i  
  Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 n|5\Q  
  It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Ts!'>_<Je  
  Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 juEPUsE  
  【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. KjGu !B  
  A. since B. what C. when D. whether x?AG*' h&  
  【答案】D 6A"$9sj6  
  【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 7}iv+rQ  
  【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. g *$2qKm  
  A. It B. This C. What D. As >axeUd+@i  
  【答案】C P@N+jS`Vf  
  【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。 +Tum K.  
  有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: SVU>q:ab  
  (1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 UytMnJ88  
  (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 9E7G%-  
  (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 qvn.uujYS  
  (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 ox-m)z `7  
  另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: KZKE&bTx  
  It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … bZ* = fdh  
  It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… 3d}v?q78  
  It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… Sa g)}6+  
  【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. ~qinCIj  
  A. as B. which C. whether D. that "2mPWRItO  
  【答案】D cC~RW71  
  【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 =WTSaC  
  2.宾语从句 D4VDWv  
  名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 O`Tz^Q /D  
  (1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 8'PZA,CW  
  由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: &g|[/~dIr  
  He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 $a_y-lY  
  We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 vPDw22L;'  
  注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: -8l<5g7  
  I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 $d*9]M4  
  The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 v#,queGi  
  (2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: K1@ Pt}  
  I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 a7g;8t-&   
  She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 5%jhVys23  
  She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 (% 6fMVp  
  【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. `nF SJlr&  
  A. which B. that C. what D. who a{`hAI${  
  【答案】C }zGx0 Q  
  【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 httywa^  
  【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? s|\)Y*B`  
  A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever G^.N$wcv  
  【答案】C I!hh_  
  【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 ~P|;Y<?3  
  (3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: j4/[Z'5ny  
  a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: ]y@A =nR  
  Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 n{gEIUo#  
  The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? YPGM||  
  Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 WZ'Z"'  
  I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 sT?{  
  Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? Uj5-x%~  
  (4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 8 W  
  不同时态。例如: NsB]f{7>8+  
  he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) !+SL=xy!{  
  he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) L"b&O<N o  
  I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) j!4{+&Laq  
  he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) JVoC2Z<  
  当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: 9'*7 ( j;  
  The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. iM!2m$'s  
  (5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: d27q,2f!  
  We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 *'?ZG/ (  
  I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 f\ P0%  
  3.表语从句 33 ~MP;  
  在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: 0z/*JVka  
  The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 E^)FnXe5  
  That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 Z:{| ?4  
  This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 X,49(-~\  
  That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 -@XSDfy7S  
  It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 #aX#gh}1  
  需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: FxlH;'+Q  
  The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . We y*\@  
  【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 L-Q8iFW'  
  【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. ]zYIblpde  
  A. where B. what C. how D. who ^0zfQu+!  
  【答案】A |&4A"2QN  
  【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 ^=x/:0  
  【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. f9#zV2ke]  
  A. where B. how C. when D. why b|_e):V|  
  【答案】C d dgDq0N1j  
  【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 i`+w.zJOH8  
  4. 同位语从句 byI" ?  
  同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: dy+A$)gY<  
  The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 'ayb`  
  I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 [0Xuo  
  The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 WHx #;  
  【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. *Hx*s_F  
  A. that B. when C. which D. where f:M^q ;  
  【答案】A y`j_]qvt  
  【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 )<HvIr(xr  
  三、对比与用法 YH58p&up  
  1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: IN/$b^Um  
  that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 9<3(  QR  
  试比较下面两个例句: to: ;:Goa  
  I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) qoZi1,i'  
  Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) fDDpR=  
  2.that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。 o1#3A  
  用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: $Z;8@O3  
  a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 Y[e.1\d'  
  It is necessary that… 有必要…… 9gA@D%0  
  It is important that… 重要的是…… f&$Bjq  
  It is obvious that… 很明显…… r ??_2>Q  
  b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 D`QMlRzXy  
  It is believed that… 人们相信…… 2W0nA t  
  It is known to all that… 从所周知…… g5#LoGc  
  It has been decided that… 已决定…… Z4G%Ve[  
  c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 jS]Saqd  
  It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 & PXT$x[i  
  It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… UA'bE~i  
  It is a fact that… 事实是…… *i*\ dl  
  d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 r3x;lICx-  
  It appears that… 似乎…… [>`.,k  
  It happens that… 碰巧…… `=;}I@]zj)  
  It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… U{dK8~  
  It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 28v^j*=* \  
  很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 Btznms'  
  It's a pity that you should have to leave. M>=@Z*u/+  
  你非走不可真是件憾事。 j8Mt"B  
  3.否定转移 +h-% {  
  (1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 9q0s  
  I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 b,:^\HKC  
  I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 .qe+"$K'n  
  注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 , l!>+@  
  I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 (ID%U  
  (2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 EyR/   
  It doesn't seem that they know where to go. hwk] ;6[  
  看来他们不知道往哪去。 P_jav 0j7g  
  It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. u0) O Fz  
  看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 Gfx !.[Y  
  【备考策略】 ;\pINtl9<  
  考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义,因为在对于名词性从句的考查中,引导词在句子中都起作用,有意义,因此在分析句子结构,对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后,最后还是要选择引导词;另外还要注意以下几点: yLqhj7  
  1.what 引导词的考查,尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。 }x$@j  
  2.Whether和if 的区别,尤其注意他们的不同之处。 z( ^?xv  
  3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。 8MW-JZ  
  4.句子语序和时态。 3qGz(6w6E  
  具体说: `B&E?x  
  1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能 sBWyUD  
  名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 VWd`06'BN'  
  (1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句 @) MG&X  
  (2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句 Xa-TNnws?  
  (3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句 w&}<b%l  
  (4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句 2 N(Z^  
  2.掌握连词的含义及分类 irw5<l  
  绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义,称为有义连词,如what表“……的内容”,when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地点”,why表“……的原因”,how表“如何;怎样”,who表“谁”,if, whether表“是否”;没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词,无义连词只有that一个。 ]) v61B  
  3.掌握名词性从句的语序 !:xE X~  
  名词性从句用陈述语序。 lV3k4iRH  
  4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系 c#?~1@=  
  有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句,应掌握它们之间的关系。 npytb*[|c  
  (1) if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句;if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句;whether表“无论是否;不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。 s7jNRY V  
  (2) when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句;when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句,where表“……的地方”,且修饰行为动词时,引导地点状语从句;when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。 `X ()"Qw  
  【专题巩固】 li{<F{7  
  1. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday . 7Kj7or|  
  A. if B. when C. that D. which 4S+E% b|)  
  2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning. n0K+/}m  
  A when B. which C. where D. what %PPy0RZ^  
  3. The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now. -)&lsFF  
  A. what B. which C. that D. where -ciwIS9L  
  4.Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event . BTO l`U  
  A. why B. what C. who D. that Zu~t )W  
  5.The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands. <Vh5`-J  
  A. that B. what C. which D. where Xrc{w Dn  
  6.The book is meant to _______needs it . WU/5i 8  
  A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. whom 8MU7|9 Q  
  7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive. z0YL,  
  A. how B. what C. which D. that }lq$Fi/  
  8.The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress. HFYe@2r  
  A. that what B. what C. that D. what that U`{ M1@$  
  9._______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem . jrm^n_6};  
  A. That B. What C. In spite of what D. Though what !0Ak)Q]e'  
  10. _______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment. 8H3O6ro  
  A. It; that B. What; that C. As; what D. What; what 96gaun J  
  11. Nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, _______they lost the game. wSALK)T1{  
  A. that B. which C. what D. why F"tM?V.|  
  12.—The patient looks much better. _______is it that has made him_______he is today? '&]6(+I>  
  —Perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care. O`~L*h_  
  A.What; that B.That; that C.What; what D.What; which kc@ \AZb  
  13. After three hours’ climbing , they reached _______ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of . (5RZLRn  
  A.what B.which C.where D.that LG?b]'#  
  14. A plan has been put forward _______more graduates should go to work in the country ?.Ml P,/K  
  A. when B. that C. whether D. how k$,y1hH;f8  
  15.It is pretty well understood _______controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. Wl,I%<&j}  
  A. that B. when C. what D. how G<~P||Lu^  
  【参考答案及解析】 ` KP}pi\  
  1. C 句意:我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头,用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做A warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开,增加了试题难度。此外,部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分,故错选D为答案。 )VG_Y9;Xk:  
  2. D 表语从句中缺did的宾语。 1fh6A`c  
  3. A “_______is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句,从句中缺主语句意为:政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。 _`9WNJiL  
  4. A“_______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.”做介词on的宾语,宾语从句中不缺主干,故排除B和C。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句(固定搭配除外),所以排除D。 oIKuo~  
  5. B “_______is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句,从句中缺少主语, 7{[i)  
  6. B whoever在宾语从句中做主语,部分学生,因为只看到介词to,误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。 {5T:7* J  
  7. B “_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.”做表语从句,从句中缺少takes的宾语,构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。 :XO7#P  
  8. A本题句子结构比较复杂,“_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句,同位语从句中_______ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句,故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一个真理,即,一个民族在灾难中失去的,必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。 j)jt&Gg'  
  9. C “_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语,而D. Though what错误, 因为, 一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导.句意: 尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上, 投入了很多, 但是公交工具的缺乏, 仍然是个问题. #XAH ` L\  
  10.B “_______is certain”在句中做主语,主语从句缺少一个主语,需要用What; “_______prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句,句意与结构完整,只有that,可以这样用。 Wp= &nh  
  11.A“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句,从句意思结构完整,结构完整。 < 'r<MA<  
  12. C先将句子结构理清楚,it is _______that has made him _______he is today 就可以判断,第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式;第二个空则是表语从句,表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意:病人好多了,是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。 RgVg~?A@  
  13. A考生误以为是地点状语从句,误选C.where。而reached是及物动词,后边接的是宾语从句,宾语从句除去插入语they thought,应该缺主语。 *18J$  
  14.B 考察同位语从句,表达A plan的具体内容,has been put forward将名词与从句隔开,加大了难度。 OKNGV,{`  
  15.C 主要测试主语从句。分析句子结构可知:句子属于形式主语格式;另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。例如:It is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在会上说的话仍然值得怀疑。 J2$ =H1-  
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