名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 1w
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今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 c2Exga_
【知识点归纳】 f'w`<
名词性从句的用法
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在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 E-($Xc
一、引导名词性从句的连接词 C"$~w3A k
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 |28'<BL
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 axDa&7%
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever cGR) $:
连接副词:when, where, how, why w/"vf3}(9
不可省略的连词: N&eo;Ti
1. 介词后的连词 \yZVn6GVr
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 3%Eu$|B
That she was chosen made us very happy. 5Zd oem
We heard the news that our team had won. .6LRg
比较: I$p1^8~L
Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: ij!],
1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; 5!cp^[rGL
2. 引导表语从句 KeRC8mYp
3. Whether从句作介词宾语; j"hEs(t
4. 从句后有"or not" #oFyi @U
Whether he will come is not clear. H(tC4'tA
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 -*Rf [|Z
It is not important who will go.
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It is still unknown which team will win the match. SDV#p];u
二、具体分类 $v[mIR
1.主语从句 ,|3_@tUl
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
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What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 rMHh!)^#W
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 ]1XtV<
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 -CuuO=h
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 c"-X:m"
【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. *4NY"EwjN
A. since B. what C. when D. whether n|6G\99l+M
【答案】D !=PH5jTY
【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 dKCl#~LAI'
【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. uR{)%udu
A. It B. This C. What D. As RXg\A!5GV
【答案】C )[J!{$&y
【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。 yn$1nt4
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: _h5d~
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 gd]S;<J
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(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 )W>$_QxbN
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 dO%f ;m>#
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 +6$+]u]
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: $[?N^
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
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It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… vA!IcDP"
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… xvl{o
【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. V^R,j1*
A. as B. which C. whether D. that 9
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【答案】D 5,##p"O(
【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 >'W,8F
2.宾语从句 ga/zt-&
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 L(K 5f7\
(1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 GiX3c^V"1
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: PN?;\k)"
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 ^.iRU'{
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 ym%` l!
注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: k<Gmb~Tg1
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 i0/QfB%O
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 <!FcQVH+L
(2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: poW%F zj
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 ;YY<KuT
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 Y)F(-H)
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 XXn3K BIf
【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. 3{|~'5*
A. which B. that C. what D. who Q"u2<
【答案】C 0+op|bdj
【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 G!sfp}qW
【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? -O?HfQ
A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever IMbF]6%p(
【答案】C
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【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 ],0I`!\
(3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: n.8870.BW
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: _[z)%`kay
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 FWW@t1)
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? }"WovU{*s
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 4[x`\
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 J5Zz*'av'
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? ~<<32t'S:
(4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 Q njK<}M9
不同时态。例如: v{|y,h&]a
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) KzV|::S^
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) "IQYy~
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I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) 0aY\(@
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) B,_K mHItd
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: ^_\m@
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. ?'a>?al%>
(5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: "}1cQ|0a
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 NY<qoV
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 ca3zY|
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3.表语从句 kG5+kwV=:
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: J`0dF<<{[y
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 f?=0Wzb
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 zj2y=A|Y
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 w@R" g%k-
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 _u6NaB
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 z.RM85 ?T
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: h(AL\9{=}
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . @8m%*
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【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 ;:oJFI#;
【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. 9e
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A. where B. what C. how D. who n+&8Uk
【答案】A
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【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 h P WP6;Z
【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. h {
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A. where B. how C. when D. why Q6URaw#Yt`
【答案】C w{ _g"X
【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 ( 1
4. 同位语从句 o-&0_Zq_
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: x|d? '
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 _}JMBIq$
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 Tr}XG
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 jHE^d<=O^
【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. x<rS2d-Y
A. that B. when C. which D. where \Ezcr=0z{j
【答案】A =(\BM')l
【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 *fj]L?,
三、对比与用法 Hq gg*4#
1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: pZ*%zt]-a
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 SvkCx>6/G
试比较下面两个例句: Ja&S_'P[
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) yDZm)|<.
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) Yd~J(
2.that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。 =<PEvIn
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: Qa:[iF
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 \JR^uJ{Y
It is necessary that… 有必要……
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It is important that… 重要的是…… 2v@B7r4}
It is obvious that… 很明显…… GNrRc3dr$
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 cvT@`1
It is believed that… 人们相信…… $~1mKx]]
It is known to all that… 从所周知…… ,G="wI
It has been decided that… 已决定…… @VG@|BQWa
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 D{y7[#$h$
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 ,=G]tnsv^
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… PP!-*~F0Jr
It is a fact that… 事实是…… ?fC9)s
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 f2M*]{N
It appears that… 似乎…… }hg2}g99
It happens that… 碰巧…… o%;ly
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… ;&}z
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It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. bnanTH9-
很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 nsVLgTbx
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 2T(+VeMQ=
你非走不可真是件憾事。
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3.否定转移 I
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(1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 {=Jo!t;f
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 < Mu`,Kv*
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 L%\Wt1\[
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 0#uB[N
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 #l:
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(2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 /2/aMF(J
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. srO>l ;Vf/
看来他们不知道往哪去。 ZADMtsk
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 9xzow,mi
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 |V{ Q
【备考策略】 +'olC^?5 }
考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义,因为在对于名词性从句的考查中,引导词在句子中都起作用,有意义,因此在分析句子结构,对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后,最后还是要选择引导词;另外还要注意以下几点: |%F4`gz8KP
1.what 引导词的考查,尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。 HB}rpiB
2.Whether和if 的区别,尤其注意他们的不同之处。
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3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。 x@bqPZ
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4.句子语序和时态。 whHuV*K}
具体说: &Q}%b7
1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能 u1#(~[.
名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 CqZHs
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(1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句 }Kp<w,
(2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句 9"gu>
(3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句 <Y1Plc
(4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句 ty[p5%L1
2.掌握连词的含义及分类 vF'>?O?
绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义,称为有义连词,如what表“……的内容”,when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地点”,why表“……的原因”,how表“如何;怎样”,who表“谁”,if, whether表“是否”;没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词,无义连词只有that一个。 i}v.x
3.掌握名词性从句的语序 hf2bM
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名词性从句用陈述语序。 _<sN54
4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系 Gs3V]qbEP
有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句,应掌握它们之间的关系。 Xz)F-C27h
(1) if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句;if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句;whether表“无论是否;不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。 2=8PA/
(2) when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句;when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句,where表“……的地方”,且修饰行为动词时,引导地点状语从句;when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。 F4z#u2~TC
【专题巩固】 HZWt>f
1. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday . WR"1d\m:
A. if B. when C. that D. which |D/a}Av>B
2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning. {R@V
A when B. which C. where D. what QdQ1+*/+U
3. The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now. u?dPCgs;h
A. what B. which C. that D. where t? 6 et1~
4.Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event . _&S#;ni\c
A. why B. what C. who D. that L_vl%ii-
5.The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands. $,, PF/N8c
A. that B. what C. which D. where `m<O!I"A
6.The book is meant to _______needs it . Q]N&^ E
A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. whom 0D@ $
7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive. BPt? 3tC
A. how B. what C. which D. that oU\7%gQ
8.The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress. g:JSy
A. that what B. what C. that D. what that ug2W{D
9._______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem . 3s%ND7!/
A. That B. What C. In spite of what D. Though what fpo{`;&F
10. _______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment. X`Q+,tx$
A. It; that B. What; that C. As; what D. What; what 2y^:
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11. Nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, _______they lost the game. OmBz'sp:
A. that B. which C. what D. why a0sz$u
12.—The patient looks much better. _______is it that has made him_______he is today? Hh=fv~X
—Perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care. Wmcd{MOS
A.What; that B.That; that C.What; what D.What; which *1
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13. After three hours’ climbing , they reached _______ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of . [I4MK%YQ
A.what B.which C.where D.that T&]-p:mg^
14. A plan has been put forward _______more graduates should go to work in the country LiT%d
A. when B. that C. whether D. how j;coP ehB
15.It is pretty well understood _______controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. \uPzj_kU6
A. that B. when C. what D. how a,RCK~GR
【参考答案及解析】 <.4(#Ebd
1. C 句意:我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头,用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做A warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开,增加了试题难度。此外,部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分,故错选D为答案。 2Wluc37
2. D 表语从句中缺did的宾语。 oxc;DfJ_
3. A “_______is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句,从句中缺主语句意为:政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。 B1nm?E 0i
4. A“_______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.”做介词on的宾语,宾语从句中不缺主干,故排除B和C。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句(固定搭配除外),所以排除D。 MBA?, |9Q#
5. B “_______is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句,从句中缺少主语, TxG@#" ^g}
6. B whoever在宾语从句中做主语,部分学生,因为只看到介词to,误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。 }BlyEcw'aN
7. B “_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.”做表语从句,从句中缺少takes的宾语,构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。 gUx}vE-
8. A本题句子结构比较复杂,“_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句,同位语从句中_______ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句,故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一个真理,即,一个民族在灾难中失去的,必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。 pPRX#
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9. C “_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语,而D. Though what错误, 因为, 一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导.句意: 尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上, 投入了很多, 但是公交工具的缺乏, 仍然是个问题. `Fr ,,Q81\
10.B “_______is certain”在句中做主语,主语从句缺少一个主语,需要用What; “_______prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句,句意与结构完整,只有that,可以这样用。 xN
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11.A“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句,从句意思结构完整,结构完整。 z fSE7i0
12. C先将句子结构理清楚,it is _______that has made him _______he is today 就可以判断,第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式;第二个空则是表语从句,表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意:病人好多了,是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。 xE<H@@w
13. A考生误以为是地点状语从句,误选C.where。而reached是及物动词,后边接的是宾语从句,宾语从句除去插入语they thought,应该缺主语。 o( zez
14.B 考察同位语从句,表达A plan的具体内容,has been put forward将名词与从句隔开,加大了难度。 '1b 1N5~
15.C 主要测试主语从句。分析句子结构可知:句子属于形式主语格式;另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。例如:It is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在会上说的话仍然值得怀疑。 K& ^qn&