名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 <)d%c%f'`
今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 U5"u
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【知识点归纳】 {C w.?JU
名词性从句的用法 Z=%
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在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 s9C^Cy^su
一、引导名词性从句的连接词 Ti2cD
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 |lhnCShw
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 Jxl'!8t
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever hNc8uV{r=
连接副词:when, where, how, why rQv5uoD
不可省略的连词: ;Tbo
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1. 介词后的连词
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2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 2*snMA
That she was chosen made us very happy. HD<$0M|
We heard the news that our team had won. '6zZ`Ll9
比较: -#I]/7^
Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: =Ji[ ;wy@
1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; ue8 @=}
2. 引导表语从句 @.sn
3. Whether从句作介词宾语; X&[Zk5DU*
4. 从句后有"or not" kO)Y|zQ
Whether he will come is not clear. 7fqQ
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 ]Q FI>
It is not important who will go. u""26k51
It is still unknown which team will win the match. Um/l{:S
二、具体分类 DWtITO>
1.主语从句 v[|-`e*
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: L%H\|>
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What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 & *tL)qKDc
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 g]j&F65D
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 8$c) ]Bv
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 ,
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【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. :YLs]JI<
A. since B. what C. when D. whether :UT\L2 q=
【答案】D Dlz0*eHD
【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 V9/2y9u
【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. !hJ!ck]M
A. It B. This C. What D. As O-.G("
【答案】C w
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【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。 N5W!(h)
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: 2v(Y'f.
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 #e =E
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 4-HBXG9#/
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 $$Tf1hIg
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 <FR!x#!
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: Eve,*ATI
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … 9b6U]z,
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… i{9.bpp/
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… qOmL\'8
【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. Gv]94$'J9
A. as B. which C. whether D. that oNYFbZw
【答案】D IRR b^Q6
【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 Rt,po
2.宾语从句 6J- /%
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 8LF=l1=~
(1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 G,+3(C
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: Y_C6*T%
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 (I6Q"&h]
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 5{ !"}
注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: jq#`cay!
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 d%L/[.&
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 [uJS.`b
(2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: W@zxGH$z>
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 6shN%
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 zRgGSxn
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 eVX/<9>
【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. DTsD<o
A. which B. that C. what D. who `|&0j4(Pg
【答案】C (]?M=?0\
【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 V@y&n1?6
【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? mBB"e"o
A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever Xwu&K8q21
【答案】C BhjDyB
【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 {~#PM>f
(3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: `SZ-o{
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: !?J-Y
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 8$ RiFD,
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? e]dFNunFq0
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
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I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 p)z#%BY56
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? F|'u0JQ)$
(4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 7+KI9u}-
不同时态。例如: Q.3
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he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) k}qCkm27
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) tv~Y5e&8
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) '-X O;{,-R
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) ^qVBg BPb
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: Q`;eI
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The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. P1^|r}
(5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: Q Wc^}#!!
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 V[Sj+&e&
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 A>mk0P)~Q
3.表语从句 QctzIC#;k
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: MZWv#;.]
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 p&4n"hC
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 zMO#CZ t
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 Z( "-7_
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 r1}1lJ>7H
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 jY=M{?h''
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: 5')]Y1J
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . IDpx_
【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 })?-)fFD
【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. hM>.xr
A. where B. what C. how D. who zuFPG{^\#
【答案】A z[O*f#t
【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 oQ*LP{M
【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. voTP,R[}85
A. where B. how C. when D. why <$a-.C5
【答案】C &h!O<'*2
【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 CBpwtI>p
4. 同位语从句 %XZhSmlf
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: k\dPF@~Hvl
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 % -+7=x
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 s aHY9{)
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 :V@)A/}uk
【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. (ov&iN
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A. that B. when C. which D. where ab.B?bx
【答案】A 5~im.XfiVx
【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 sX*L[3!vN
三、对比与用法
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1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: .)p%|A#^
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 xirq$sEl
试比较下面两个例句: }QQ 7jE
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) ^Oeixi@f
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) '=\>n(%Q
2.that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。 ~F-lO1
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: L$+_
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 >ke.ZZV?
It is necessary that… 有必要…… _iEnS4$A8
It is important that… 重要的是…… &
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It is obvious that… 很明显…… 1w7XM0SHcn
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 h+&iWb3;
It is believed that… 人们相信…… BIew\N
It is known to all that… 从所周知…… mpVD;)?JmM
It has been decided that… 已决定…… Hvy$DX|p
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 =PNkzFUo
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 +{m+aHk
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… mW+5I-~
It is a fact that… 事实是…… F7nwVDc*
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 eOkiB!G.
It appears that… 似乎…… z 0zB&}
It happens that… 碰巧…… YjJ^SU`*
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… #h
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It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 8bs' Ek{'o
很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 #Ufb
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 9V&+xbR&
你非走不可真是件憾事。 *//z$la
3.否定转移 SDNRcSbOD6
(1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 @]8flb
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I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 e8oAGh"
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 Kng=v~)N'
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 PApr8Xe
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 ^,vFxN--q
(2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 8t, &dq
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. A-_M=\
看来他们不知道往哪去。 H"k\(SPVS
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. CR2.kuM0~
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 ycki0&n3
【备考策略】 !g
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考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义,因为在对于名词性从句的考查中,引导词在句子中都起作用,有意义,因此在分析句子结构,对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后,最后还是要选择引导词;另外还要注意以下几点: M"{*))O\-c
1.what 引导词的考查,尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。 -%P}LaC<
2.Whether和if 的区别,尤其注意他们的不同之处。 iC^91!<
3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。 Hg8
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4.句子语序和时态。 \w1',"l`
具体说: aaN/HE_
1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能 nnE'zk<"
名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 7r)]9_[(
(1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句 8y_(Iu|:
(2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句 xx7&y!_
(3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句 Lc[TIX
(4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句 m-;8O /
2.掌握连词的含义及分类 xN}f?
绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义,称为有义连词,如what表“……的内容”,when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地点”,why表“……的原因”,how表“如何;怎样”,who表“谁”,if, whether表“是否”;没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词,无义连词只有that一个。 m^m=/'<+
3.掌握名词性从句的语序 DTo"{!
名词性从句用陈述语序。 #2:?N8vz*
4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系 3vAP&i'I
有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句,应掌握它们之间的关系。 )\2KDXc
(1) if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句;if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句;whether表“无论是否;不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。 5rCJIl.
(2) when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句;when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句,where表“……的地方”,且修饰行为动词时,引导地点状语从句;when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。 $v e$Sq
【专题巩固】 mvt-+K?U
1. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday . I?%q`GyP5
A. if B. when C. that D. which 0:4>rYBC
2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning. _?'W30Dg
A when B. which C. where D. what pr4y*!|Y$
3. The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now. /uDcJ1u66
A. what B. which C. that D. where eLXL5&}`fh
4.Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event . n<> ^cD
A. why B. what C. who D. that Y$c7uA:4
5.The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands. ya^8mp-
A. that B. what C. which D. where fi ~@J`
6.The book is meant to _______needs it . c~OPH
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A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. whom 5
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7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive. C0Fd<