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主题 : 2022医学考博英语语法大全
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楼主  发表于: 2022-02-28   

2022医学考博英语语法大全

2022医学考博英语语法:动名词 5's~>up&  
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动名词 UL$}{2N,_  

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  动名词可以起名词的作用,在句子中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语,构成动名词短语。 动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。 k[j90C5  
  (一) 做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时,谓语用复数形式。 !69&Ld  
  例如: <AH1i@4  
  Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。 V!_71x\-Q  
  在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中,It为形式主语,而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如: W/$Zvl  
  It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。 zi9[)YqxPH  
  It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。 co8"sz0(U  
  It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up. 吸烟没好处,你最好戒掉。 MGS-4>Q#  
  (二) 动名词短语作宾语。 H,unpZ(  
  常用的能接动名词的动词有:admit承认,appreciate 感激,avoid 避免,advise 建议,can’t help 不禁,celebrate 庆祝,consider 考虑,complete 完成, contemplate沉思、打算,defer推迟,delay 延期,deny 否认,detest 痛恨,discontinue 停止, dislike不喜欢,dispute不同意,endure 忍耐,enjoy 喜欢, escape逃脱,excuse 原谅, fancy想象,feel like 想要, finish结束, 严禁,forgive 原谅,hinder 阻碍,imagine想象,keep 保持,mention 提到,mind 在意,miss 错过,pardon 饶恕、原谅,permit允许,postpone 推迟,practise 实践、练习,prevent 阻止, recall 回忆, report报告,resent 怨恨, resist抵制、阻止,risk冒险,stop 停止,suggest 建议,understand 明白、理解,等等。 例如: hj%ye~|~  
  He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案 uo%P+om_}  
  (我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to pay the debt. ) -a,-J]d0+  
  下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语: Fb`a~c~s  
  abhor憎恶,attempt 试图,begin 开始,cannot bear 无法忍受,cannot stand无法忍受,cease停止,continue,继续,,decline 拒绝,deserve值得,disdain蔑视,dread害怕,endure忍耐,forget忘记,hate 痛恨,intend打算,learn学,like 喜欢,loathe厌恶,love喜欢,mean意思是、意味着,need需要,neglect疏忽,omit省略,忽略,plan计划,prefer更喜欢,propose建议,regret后悔,remember记得,require需要,scorn蔑视、瞧不起,start开始,try尝试,努力,entail必须,involve涉及,necessitate使成为必要,等。以上多数动词用不定式或用动名词作宾语意思一样,个别不同。 soA|wk\A  
  (三) 动名词短语作介词宾语的时候最多。 nfSbM3D]h  
  尤其是在短语动词后面。如: E>'a,!QPv  
  The children are fond of listening to pop music. 孩子们喜欢流行音乐。 ^&@w$  
  Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way. 托马斯坚持按他自己的方法做这件事。 &Mq~T_S  
  我们把这句话改为虚拟语气: y;w x?1)  
  Since returning from Xi’an, he has been busy. 从西安回来后,他一直很忙。 He warned me againstmming in this lake. 他警告我不要在这个湖里游泳。 &s Pq<lo  
  (四)动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语,就是在动名词短语前面加上物主代词或名词的所有格。 #6Fez`A  
  带逻辑主语的动名词短语可做主语,宾语,表语等。在非正式文体当中,经常把物主代词简化为宾格人称代词,把名词所有格简化为名词。例如: )c n+1R  
  I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me. 我坚持要他和我一起去看电影。 %,S f1fUJ  
  Linda’s coming will do you good.(主语) 林达的到来对你有好处。 L37Y+C//  
  What made him angry was their (them) laughing.(表语)使他生气的是他们笑。 *_a@z1  
  (五)动名词的完成式和被动语态: g VQjL+_W  
  (1)完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如: MYJg8 '[j  
  I apologize for having broken my promise. 我没有遵守诺言,我道歉。 {^(ACS9mL  
  (2)当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的对象或承受者时,动名词要用被动语态。例如: `>0MNmu  
  She was proud of having been trained in the U.K. 在英国受过训,她感到自豪。 他不喜欢嘲笑别人。 →He doesn’t like laughing at others. 他不喜欢被人嘲笑。→He doesn’t like being laughed at. 5;0g!&-t#  
  (六)某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语,但意义有差别。 jK \T|vGJa  
  (1)like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜爱,厌恶的动词后面,可用动名词也可用不定式作宾语,意义差别不大。但当这些词前面有should或would时,一定要用动词不定式作宾语。表示想要,愿意,打算。例如: BdlVabQyKW  
  (2) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做) forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做) 例如: mxb(<9O  
  The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着。她忘记关了。(关灯的动作没做) yjfat&$  
  The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off. 办公室的灯没亮着。是她关的,但她忘记关过灯。(已关过灯,她忘了) mPI8_ 5V8]  
  (3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得做过某事 例如: ^O^l(e!3  
  Do you remember meeting me at a party last year 你记得去年一次宴会上见过我吗(已见过面) 6qcO?U  
  You must remember to leave tomorrow。 你一定要记着明天离开。(还没离开) JkW9D)6  
  (4)stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 例如: Ee`1F#c  
  She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她停下来,在路边的一块大石头上休息。 tOfg?)h{dc  
  As long as you live, your heart never stops beating, 只要你活着,你的心脏就永远不会停止跳动。 3nZo{p:E  
  (5) regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾; regret doing sth. 对已做的事情表示后悔 例如: ,9WBTH8  
  I regret saying that. 我后悔说了那话。 I regret to tell you the following truth. 我非常遗憾地告诉你下面这个事实。 PaV-F_2  
  (6)try to do sth努力去做某事 try doing sth.做某事试一试 例如: 8_T6_jL<  
  You must try to do it again. 你必须想方设法再做一次。 &u#&@J  
  Let’s try doing the work in some other way. 咱们用另一种方法做这工作试试。 iD<(b`S  
  (7) mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事 Q}-~O1  
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沙发  发表于: 2022-02-28   
独立主格结构 -wjN"g<  
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  独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成。 U"Zmv  
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  独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语,分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语,有时还有其他修饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用,主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式(从句):独立主格结构加上连词,非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式,这样就成为从句了。 例如: =Q.^c.sw  
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  Today being Sunday, the library isn\' t open.今天星期天,图书馆不开放。 (原因)改为从句: I :vs ;-  
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  As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn\' t open. 例如: ,v{rCxFtvU  
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  There being no buses,we had to take a taxi. 没有汽车了,我们只好坐出租车了。 Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi. C+TI]{t  
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  The signal given,the bus started.信号发出后,公共汽车就启动了。 (时间)改为从句: 3\B>lKhQ  
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  After the signal was given, the bus started. >/8yGBD  
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  The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里,并爬了进来,手里拿着剑。 g[3)P+  
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  The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,and had a sword in his hand. The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考试结束了,两个月之后进行期末考试. ;1a~pF S  
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  The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later. FSA1gAW6g  
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  Weather permitting, we\' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天气允许的话,我们就去参观长城。 [x,>?~6ek  
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  If weather permits, we\' 11 visit the Great Wall.  <c2'0I >  
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  The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里,并爬了进来,手里拿着剑。(伴随状语) C,NJb+J  
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  上文例句中sword in hand是由“名词+介词短语”构成,表示伴随的情况。这种表示伴随情的独立主格结构,有时可以用with opc/e  
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  引出,二者的意思是一样的,with结构更加口语话,更加常用。 `wDl<[V  
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  She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪水,离开了办公室。 UOxkO  
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  The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子,手里拿着几本书,走进了教室。 d'G0m9u2  
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  The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand. ):b$xNn  
xUa{1!Y8  
  With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由这孩子领路,我们毫不费劲地找到他的家。 ^h"`}[+  
Q+W1lv8R  
  With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头,我们对一定能搞好。
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板凳  发表于: 2022-02-28   
非谓语动词 V;:jZpG  
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  在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 ^]W<X"H+Z  
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  1)不定式 q@nP}Pv&5  
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  时态\语态    主动      被动 RIY,K*f.  
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  一般式    to do      to be done o!{w"K  
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  完成式    to have done  to have been done 7:)n$,31FW  
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  2)动名词 jO1r)hw N>  
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  时态\语态    主动      被动 EB2!HpuQ3  
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  一般式    doing     being done n 3D;"a3  
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  完成式    having done  having been done 7lBAxqr2  
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  3)分词 Xt@Z}B))pu  
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  时态\语态    主动      被动  .5y+fL  
;bL EL"x%  
  一般式    doing     being done HY%i`]4X  
t`,` 6@d  
  完成式    having done  having been done Gq }U|Z  
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  否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词 &qr;IL7'  
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  1)动词不定式——只能接不定式做宾语的动词有: s! }ne"&0  
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  decide, hope, learn, manage(打算), offer, prepare, agree, refuse, fail(未), pretend, happen(碰巧), promise, plan(打算,计划) 9)gC6 IiW  
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  a) 测试作宾语时不定式带补语的结构 Y~(Md@!0S  
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  这种结构的常用动词有:find、think、consider、make等,基本句型是: v. + it + adj + to do HO}Hh[{V9  
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  [例]Do you consider wise to ignore him ~tR~?b T  
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  A. it is lAJxr8 .  
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  B. it to be qASqscO  
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  C. it as being 9J>&29@us0  
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  D. it W034N[9  
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  b) 不定式在svoc句型中的应用 J<dVT xK12  
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  解题的关键是记住带不定式作宾语补足语的动词,如:ask、tell、allow、enable、expect、get、require、request、cause、urge、want、force、order等。 ]jaQ[g$F  
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  [例]They don’t allow in the library, but they allow people in the restroom. 5i1>I=N  
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  A. to smoketo smoke B. smokingsmoking C. to smokesmoking D. smokingto smoke S<WdZ=8sA  
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  c) 不定式作定语的用法 W81E!RyP`  
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  (1)与其他非谓语形式或谓语形式的区别 ;r>snJ=M  
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  [例]The question tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased. p Wt) A  
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  A. to be debated LX@/RAd vz  
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  B. debates 2;^y4ssg  
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  C. debating YR>B_,Gl  
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  D. debated oA =4=`  
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  (2)介词的使用 ewfP G,S  
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  [例]The boy’s father bought him a large toy train . 0qo)."V{  
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  A. which to play with B. to play with it C. to play with D. at which to play 3$m4q`J  
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  d) 不定式的时态、语态 #%D_Y33;  
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  不定式完成时表示不定式动作发生在主句谓语动作之前,不定式被动语态表示不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者,be soory、be glad、seem或say、find、hear、report等动词的被动语态后加不定式完成时态较为常见。 zj/!In  
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  [例1]The new power station is reported within three years. e][B7wZ  
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  A. to have completed +=mkCU  
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  B. to have been completed }t ;(VynV)  
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  C. having been completed n#:N;T;\a  
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  D. to complete dpFVN[\oK  
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  [例2]Mr. Johnson preferred heavier work to do. OI?K/rn  
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  A. to be given 9{$<0,?  
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  B. to be giving C. to have given r} P<iX   
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  D. having given PZm:T+5H  
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  e) 不定式作状语 |0\0a&tkPl  
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  [例1]The police inspector spoke to the little girl kindlt her. =r.mlc``W  
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  A. not to frighten sU!6hk  
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  B. in order to not frighten r 3M1e+'fc  
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  C. so as not to frighten *5wu   
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  D. so not as to frighten Kv@e I$t5  
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  [例2]He moved away from his parents, and missed them_____ enjoy the exciting life in New York. A. too much to -\y-qHgb/  
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  B. enough to C. very much to nZ_v/?O  
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  D. much so as to O$g_@B0E1  
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  2)动名词 a2f^x@0k  
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  a) 只能接动名词做宾语的动词有: `s]4AKBO  
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  miss, mind, enjoy, suggest, practise, persist, quit, admit, appreciate, deny, escape, complete, fulfil, acknowledge, favour, delay, postpone, finish, avoid, prevent, recall, recollect, risk, consider ]u-0 2g  
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  b) 只能接动名词的一些常用句型\结构: It’s no good/use/fun (in) doing sth Xwa_3Xm*Le  
}%-t+Tf,  
  There is no need/point/use/sense (in) doing sth. be busy/be worth doing sth. @O}7XRJ_8  
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  have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth %y<ejM  
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  spend/waste time (in) doing sth can’t help doing sth e/8z+H^H  
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  confess to, object to, be opposed to, look forward to, contribute to, be used to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, lead to, refer to, equal to, stick to, belong to, thanks to, be accustomed to doing sth oW$s xS  
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  c) 既可接动名词又可接动词不定式做宾语的有: -/D|]qqHm  
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  ① 接动词不定式和动名词作宾语而意义差别不大的动词:love, like, dislike, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, propose, etc. +<.\5+  
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  ② 可跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语但意义有差别的动词:歧义动词中已讲。 >~\w+^2f8  
[`Cq\mI-W  
  ③ need, want, require, deserve + 动名词/+不定式被动态,表被动意义。 ^# A.@  
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  The pencil needs sharpening.(to be sharpened) zQH]s?v  
p8+/\Ee]B  
  [例1]Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination. {6d b{ ay_  
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  A. to prepare m= b~i^@  
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  B. preparing fA^7^0![  
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  C. to be prepared *C,N'M<u  
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  D. being prepared ^ft]b2i  
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  [例2]I appreciate to your home. ); 6,H.v  
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  A. to be invited idJh^YD  
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  B. to have invited sIm#_+Y  
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  C. having invited +=8X8<Pu  
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  D. being invited
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地板  发表于: 2022-02-28   
 1.内科常用词汇 lIuXo3  
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  1.10 综合性词汇 u3Do~RyL[  
+p?hGoF=  
  避孕的 contraceptive pN$;!  
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  生物学 biology lA{(8sKN  
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  剧渴 polydipsia  vbKQ*  
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  异性的 heterosexual 79z)C35~  
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  脂肪瘤 lipoma g+9v$[!  
.&chdVcxyS  
  脂肪过多症 lipomatosis a Qmfrx  
jm> U6  
  不适 malaise _:5=| 2-E  
M;qb7 Mu  
  夜尿症 nocturia F; a3  
h^d\xn9GT#  
  麻醉药 narcotics P/`m3aSzX.  
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  发育不良 dysplasia &gWiu9WbS  
1uC;$Aj6:  
  预后 prognosis \kk!Dz*H  
wDZ  
  恐水症 hydrophobia L1F###c  
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  抗生素 antibiotic fwH`}<o  
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  水疗法 hydrotherapy s@ z{dmL  
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  叩诊 percussion &PSTwZd  
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  禁忌症 contraindication +]_nbWL(%  
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  剧吐 hyperemesis K@*rVor{  
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  同性的 homosexual PC[cHgSYU  
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  注射 inject y]J3h Ks  
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  脂肪样的 lipoid -}<d(c  
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  畸形 malformaiton  XL&hs+Y  
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  坏死 necrosis 4uX,uEa  
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  多尿 ployuria ~~ U<  
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  增殖 hyperplasia 0n\^$WY  
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  消化不良 dyspepsia !8we8)7  
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  穿孔 perforation fE'-.nA+  
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  脏器痛 visceralgia
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地下室  发表于: 2022-02-28   
部分倒装 c!tvG*{  
i/5y^  
  1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。 r hi S  
rn5"o8|  
  Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活) NQDLI 1o  
gsLr=  
  2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法:例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。) In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化) Fl B, (Cm  
h9w@oRp`~  
  3) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。 Only in the country can you learn the “true English”. n33JTqX  
fndK/~?]H  
  4)一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。注意:在部分倒装句中,只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前,其它部分都要置于主语之后。 O3_D~O ."  
b^uP^](J  
  5)此外,一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装,这些结构包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 注意: LN@lrC7X  
-@YVe:$%b  
  a) 如果含有从句时,只要求主句倒装: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。) o}WB(WsG  
q,<n,0)K  
  b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装: ybD{4&ZE  
[>b  '}4  
  例: It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。) {D;Xa`:O  
&Pmc"9Rl  
  c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时,意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不),则无须倒装。 1bV2  
eNI kiJ$uS  
  例:Hardly any people invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。) 2(c<U6#C'l  
@?<N +qdH>  
  6) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装,因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面,然后才是主语和谓语,形成形式上的部分倒装句: F3k C"H  
d%}crM-KTL  
  例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河,不知道它有多长,多宽或多深。) t` }20=I+  
AzHIp^  
  7) 由as引导的部分倒装句: S/@dkHI'  
-D!#W%y8  
  a) 当as作为比较意义时,即用于as + adv. + as结构中时,如果把第一个as省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。 i1b4 J  
v\vE^|-\/  
  例:Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。) uznoyj6g  
t x:rj6 -z  
  She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑上楼去,跑得象兔子那么快!)  N&0uXrw  
F<P WBs%  
  b) 当 as引导让步状语时,和although, though一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。 WmT}t  
v$gMLu=  
  Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功,但他还是没及格) ,W)IVc   
u^#4G7<  
  c) 表示原因时,为了强调起见,也可以倒装。 ]wkSAi5z*  
dO 1-c`  
  例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。) 'k-u9  
]MqH13`)A  
  d) 等于so时,意义是“也,也是” A@@) lD.  
%=NM_5a}]  
  例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。) !7IT~pO`  
Vq\..!y  
  so, neither, nor倒装 VgFF+Eg  
w- 0O j  
  除了构成上述倒装句以外,还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话,构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。 \p>]G[g  
s0XRL1kWr  
  a) 当so表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句: YA^wUx  
*f0. =?  
  He promised to finish my homework, so did I. |"Xi%CQ2  
&J6o$i  
  b) so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分: Q !RVD*(  
9Th32}H  
  例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her. {0A[v}X ~  
}l]3m=)  
  c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调,例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人) &m%Pr  
8zCGMhd  
  d) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式,其含义分别为: JL.yd H79  
-_{C+Y_  
  1) 完全倒装时:表示"也不",和上文a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。 |oBdryi  
Zeme`/aBb  
  例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。) 8H 3!; ]  
O)U$Ef  
  2) 和其它否定副词连用,表示"也(不)",也要求用完全倒装句: H4y1Hpa,  
^7~SS2t!  
  例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they .(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。) S0Bl?XsD_  
7>#L  
  注意:若把这句话改成:"The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)"就不必倒装。 ?(,5eg  
G7/?hky 0.  
  She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper. -9H!j4]T?  
U3_yEvZ  
  3) 用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装: n6%jhv9H  
j6R{  
  例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。) t0asW5f  
G7_"^r%c9;  
  当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
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5楼  发表于: 2022-02-28   
2022医学考博英语语法:定语从句 H8t{ >C)]  
oVEr{K)  
1.关系代词引导的定语从句 Ji}IV  
bJ,=yB+0  
  引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词:that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 和关系副词where, when, why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时还做定语从句的一个成分。 <0Egkz3s  
(fGJP*YO  
  2.关于that, which的用法注意点 X_sG6Q@  
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  1)只能用that,不用which作为定语从句关系代词的情况 }PIGj}F/  
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  a)不定代词,如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词 l#vw L 15  
! ^*;c#  
  There is nothing that I can do. \I,Dje/:w  
/DG`Hg  
  I mean the one that was bought yesterday. agxSb^ 8tF  
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  b)先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last修饰 .Qi1I  
*~<]|H5~  
  This is the very book that I want to find. C(|T/rQ-  
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  The last place that I visited was the hospital. z.9FDQLp  
g d}TTe  
  c)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时 % K7EF_%  
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  This is the first composition that he has written in English. +i_f.Ipp  
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  d)先行词既有人,又有物时 xEZVsz  
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  He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. KsU&<eQ  
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  2)不用that, 只用which的情况 }}bi#G:R+  
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  a)引导非限定性定语从句时which V45Udwp ^  
mF:s-+  
  The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. jc~*#\N  
j nA_!;b  
  b)介词后用which <9.7gwzE  
otH[?c?BT  
  We depend on the land from which we get our food. :!YJ3:\  
OO+#KyU   
  3.关系副词引导的定语从句 V?z{UZkR  
KY34 'Di  
  关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 'xXqEwi4  
Csm!\ I  
  1)先行词是表示地点名词时(country, school, room…),而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语,一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是which前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 [T#a1!  
#5:A?aj  
  Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born. D!$ =oK  
}vA nP]!A5  
  He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago. z2q5f :d8  
N\e@$1  
  2)先行词是表示时间名词时(year, month, day, night…),而关系词代替先行词在定语 ot<o&  
Fsj&/: q  
  从句中充当时间状语,一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是when前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 .%b_3s".  
s /q5o@b{  
  His father died that year in which (=when) he was born. TY[d%rMm  
zXU{p\;)\  
  I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city. g E+OQWu  
LtWU"42  
  3)先行词是the reason,而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当原因状语,一般用why引导定语从句。也可以用for + which的结构。 |ylTy B  
ftuQ"Ds  
  Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer? $#W6z:  
2.2a2.I1  
  但是这里要指出的是,如果介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思,则我们只能保留介词+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter. `+;oo B  
R eu J=|F  
  4.判断关系代词与关系副词 yzR=:0J  
OmbKx&>YGz  
  方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要 24/~gft  
.ehvhMuG|  
  求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
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