¼ÓÈëVIP ÉÏ´«¿¼²©×ÊÁÏ ÄúµÄÁ÷Á¿ Ôö¼ÓÁ÷Á¿ ¿¼²©±¨°à ÿÈÕÇ©µ½
   
Ö÷Ìâ : ±±¾©´óѧ·ÖÉú±Ê¼Ç1
¼¶±ð: ³õ¼¶²©ÓÑ
ÏÔʾÓû§ÐÅÏ¢ 
Â¥Ö÷  ·¢±íÓÚ: 2007-12-30   

±±¾©´óѧ·ÖÉú±Ê¼Ç1

±±¾©´óѧ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ±Ê¼Ç -jk-ve  
µÚÒ»Õ »ùÒòµÄ½á¹¹ :CGh$d] +  
µÚÒ»½Ú »ùÒòºÍ»ùÒò×é XCj8QM.o  
Ò»¡¢»ùÒò(gene) yn|U<Hxl~H  
ÊǺϳÉÒ»ÖÖ¹¦Äܵ°°×»òRNA·Ö×ÓËù±ØÐëµÄÈ«²¿DNAÐòÁУ® qQp;i{X  
Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÕæºË»ùÒò°üÀ¨ BPd * @l  
¢Ù±àÂëÐòÁСªÍâÏÔ×Ó(exon) ,b9!\OWDF  
¢Ú²åÈëÍâÏÔ×ÓÖ®¼äµÄ·Ç±àÂëÐòÁСªÄÚºÏ×Ó(intron) G'{*guYU  
¢Û5'-¶ËºÍ3'-¶Ë·Ç·­ÒëÇø(UTR) CPci 'SO  
¢Üµ÷¿ØÐòÁÐ(¿ÉλÓÚÉÏÊöÈýÖÖÐòÁÐÖÐ) Xk`'m[  
¾ø´ó¶àÊýÕæºË»ùÒòÊǶÏÁÑ»ùÒò(split-gene)£¬ÍâÏÔ×Ó²»Á¬Ðø¡£ -Ra-Ux  
¶þ¡¢»ùÒò×é(genome) ]N{jF$  
Ò»Ìض¨ÉúÎïÌåµÄÕûÌ×(µ¥±¶Ìå)ÒÅ´«ÎïÖʵÄ×ܺͣ¬ M a^}7D /  
»ùÒò×éµÄ´óСÓÃÈ«²¿DNAµÄ¼î»ù¶Ô×ÜÊý±íʾ¡£ TT^L) d  
ÈË»ùÒò×é3X1 09(30ÒÚbp)£¬¹²±àÂëÔ¼10Íò¸ö»ùÒò¡£ Vc!'=&*  
ÿÖÖÕæºËÉúÎïµÄµ¥±¶Ìå»ùÒò×éÖеÄÈ«²¿DNAÁ¿³ÆΪCÖµ£¬Óë½ø»¯µÄ¸´ÔÓÐÔ²¢²»Ò»ÖÂ(C-value Paradox)¡£ F4$9r^21r  
ÈËÀà»ùÒò×é¼Æ»®£¨human genome project, HGP£© A`nzqe#(1  
»ùÒò×éѧ£*****enomics£©,½á¹¹»ùÒò×éѧ£¨structural genomics£©ºÍ¹¦ÄÜ»ùÒò×éѧ£¨functional genomics£©¡£ ?U3~rro!  
µ°°×ÖÊ×飨proteome£©ºÍµ°°×ÖÊ×éѧ£¨proteomics£© r<!/!}fE,  
µÚ¶þ½Ú ÕæºËÉúÎï»ùÒò×é t#2szr+  
Ò»¡¢ÕæºËÉúÎï»ùÒò×éµÄÌص㣺 £¬ IHwoG(A~<  
¢ÙÕæºË»ùÒò×éDNAÔÚϸ°ûºËÄÚ´¦ÓÚÒÔºËСÌåΪ»ù±¾µ¥Î»µÄȾɫÌå½á¹¹ÖУ® %mRnJgV5k  
¢ÚÕæºË»ùÒò×éÖУ¬±àÂëÐòÁÐÖ»Õ¼Õû¸ö»ùÒò×éµÄºÜС²¿·Ö(2¡ª3£¥)£¬ C:p`  
¶þ¡¢ÕæºË»ùÒò×éÖÐDNAÐòÁеķÖÀà • $GQ{Ai:VwF  
(Ò»)¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐ(Öظ´´ÎÊý>lO5) l4AXjq2  
ÎÀÐÇDNA(Satellite DNA) 5`)[FCQ  
(¶þ)ÖжÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐ nU/x,W[}  
1£®ÖжÈÖظ´ÐòÁеÄÌصã jH[{V[<# X  
¢ÙÖظ´µ¥Î»ÐòÁÐÏàËÆ£¬µ«²»ÍêÈ«Ò»Ñù£¬ GpXU&A'r  
¢ÚÉ¢ÔÚ·Ö²¼ÓÚ»ùÒò×éÖУ® 2#@-t{\3-p  
¢ÛÐòÁеij¤¶ÈºÍ¿½±´Êý·Ç³£²»¾ùÒ»£¬ ~;@\9oPpz%  
¢ÜÖжÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐÒ»°ã¾ßÓÐÖÖÊôÌØÒìÐÔ£¬¿É×÷ΪDNA±ê¼Ç£® z'}z4^35,  
¢ÝÖжÈÖظ´ÐòÁпÉÄÜÊÇת×ùÔª¼þ(·µ×ù×Ó)£¬ : 2A\X' @  
2£®ÖжÈÖظ´ÐòÁеķÖÀà ;-VXp80J  
¢Ù³¤É¢ÔÚÖظ´ÐòÁÐ(long interspersed repeated segments£®) LINES y<m }dW6[\  
¢Ú¶ÌÉ¢ÔÚÖظ´ÐòÁÐ(Short interspersed repeated segments) SINES TE- (Zil\  
SINES£º³¤¶È<500bp£¬¿½±´Êý>105£®ÈçÈËAluÐòÁÐ n!L}4Nmp  
LINEs£º³¤¶È>1000bp(¿É´ï7Kb),¿½±´Êý104-105£¬ÈçÈËLINEl yH(%*-S  
(Èý)µ¥¿½±´ÐòÁÐ(Unique Sequence) < ;fI*km  
°üÀ¨´ó¶àÊý±àÂëµ°°×ÖʵĽṹ»ùÒòºÍ»ùÒò¼ä¼ä¸ôÐòÁУ¬ 9j<7KSj  
Èý¡¢»ùÒò¼Ò×å(gene family) e|4U2\&3y  
Ò»×鹦ÄÜÏàËÆÇÒºËÜÕËáÐòÁоßÓÐͬԴÐԵĻùÒò£®¿ÉÄÜÓÉijһ¹²Í¬ 'h>CgR^NM1  
×æÏÈ»ùÒò(ancestral gene)¾­Öظ´(duplication)ºÍÍ»±ä²úÉú¡£ `86})xz{  
»ùÒò¼Ò×åµÄÌص㣺 rhC x&L  
¢Ù»ùÒò¼Ò×åµÄ³ÉÔ±¿ÉÒÔ´®ÁªÅÅÁÐÔÚÒ»Æð£¬ÐγɻùÒò´Ø(gene cluster)»ò´®ÁªÖظ´»ùÒò(tandemly repeated genes)£¬ÈçrRNA¡¢tRNAºÍ×éµ°°×µÄ»ùÒò£» w%~Mg3|  
¢ÚÓÐЩ»ùÒò¼Ò×åµÄ³ÉÔ±Ò²¿ÉλÓÚ²»Í¬µÄȾɫÌåÉÏ£¬ÈçÖéµ°°×»ùÒò£» DYTC2  
¢ÛÓÐЩ³ÉÔ±²»²úÉúÓй¦ÄܵĻùÒò²úÎÕâÖÖ»ùÒò³ÆΪ¼Ù»ùÒò (Pseudogene)£® 8i^d*:R  
¦·a1±íʾÓëa1ÏàËƵļٻùÒò£® @|fT%Rwho<  
¼Ù»ùÒò·ÖÀà¡£¼Ó¹¤¹ýµÄ¼Ù»ùÒò(processed pseudogene)¡£ +krDmU9(  
µäÐ͵ĻùÒò¼Ò×å )odz/\9n3c  
1£®tRNA»ùÒò M! uE#|  
µ¥±¶ÌåÈË»ùÒò×éÖÐ1300¸ötRNA»ùÒò£¬tRNA»ùÒò´Ø£® 838@jip  
2£®rRNA»ùÒò $`_xP1bUT  
>l00copy£®rRNA»ùÒò´Ø(Öظ´µ¥Ôª28S¡¢18S¡¢5.8s-rRNA) +,J!xy+~,  
3£®×éµ°°×»ùÒò Oo x,4 &  
30-40copy£®¶¨Î»£º7q32-q36 Z>hGqFZ0{  
×éµ°°×»ùÒò´Ø(Öظ´µ¥Î»£ºH1£¬H2A£¬H2B£¬H3¡¢H4) MG4(,"c!  
Ìص㣺ÎÞintron£¬Poly(A)- RNA£® A3Y}|7QA  
4£®Öéµ°°×»ùÒò CFG(4IMx  
¦ÁÀࣺ16p13£¬»ùÒò´Ø(24Kb)£º5¡¯¡ª¦Æ¡ª¦·¦Æ¡ª¦·¦Á1¡ª¦Á2¡ª¦Á1¡ª3¡¯ ]_2<uK}fg  
¦ÂÀࣺ11p15£¬»ùÒò´Ø(60Kb)£º5¡¯¡ª ¦Æ¡ªGr¡ªAr¡ª¦·¦Â¡ª¦Ä¡ª¦Â¡ª3¡¯ nOK1Wc%/'  
ËÄ¡¢³¬»ùÒò¼Ò×å(Supergene family £¬Superfamily) '|nAGkA  
ÓÉ»ùÒò¼Ò×åºÍµ¥»ùÒò×é³ÉµÄ´ó»ùÒò¼Ò×壬½á¹¹ÉÏÓг̶Ȳ»µÈµÄͬԴÐÔ£¬µ«¹¦Äܲ»Í¬£® fi'\{!!3m^  
Îå¡¢ÈËÀà»ùÒò×éÖеÄÖظ´ÐòÁбê¼Ç J pKCux  
1¡¢A1uÐòÁÐ 9Nu:{_YoP  
µ¥±¶ÌåÈË»ùÒò×é50Íò-100Íò¿½±´£¬Æ½¾ùÿ¸ô3-6Kb¾ÍÓÐÒ»¸öAluÐòÁУ¬ tFX!s;N[  
ÈËA1uÐòÁг¤300bp£º )<_:%oB  
2X130bpÖظ´ÐòÁУ» E*8).'S%k  
+31bp¼ä¸ôÐòÁÐ(Öмä)£» }?[a>.]u  
Á½²à7-21bpÕýÏòÖظ´(direct repeats)£¬·µ×ù×Ó? -{eI6#z|\A  
AluÐòÁй㷺ɢ²¼ÓÚÈË»ùÒò×飬Լ90%ËÈ¿Ë¡µÄÈË»ùÒòºÏÓÐAluÐòÁÐ N683!wNX  
AluÐòÁбêÖ¾¡£ )OV2CP  
2¡¢¿É±äÊý´®ÁªÖظ´ • £¬ • #8 0M+m  
Variable number tamdem repeat£¬ VNTR£® Hs(U|BXU  
ÓÖ³ÆСÎÀÐÇDNA(minisatellite DNA) y\<\P8X  
ÓɶÌÖظ´µ¥Î»(6-40bp)´®ÁªÖظ´(6-100´ÎÒÔÉÏ)¶ø³É£¬¶àλÓÚ»ùÒòµÄ·Ç±àÂëÇø£¬¹ã·º·Ö²¼¡£ }N W01nee  
VNTR¶à̬ÐÔ¡ª·Ö×Ó±ê¼Ç¡ªDNAÖ¸ÎÆͼ£¨fingerprint£©. nmUMg  
СÎÀÐÇDNAÍ»±äÓëÖ×Áö£¬H-Ras¡£ qp2&Z8S\D  
3¡¢¶Ì´®ÁªÖظ´£¨short tandem repeat,STR£© ^MUvd  
ÓÖ³Æ΢ÎÀÐÇDNA£¨microstallite DNA£© }Bn`0;]  
2-6¸öºËÜÕËá×é³ÉµÄÖظ´µ¥Î»´®ÁªÖظ´(10-60´Î),Á½²àΪÌØÒìµÄµ¥¿½±´ÐòÁУ¬ÈË»ùÒò×éÖÐÿl0kb DNAÐòÁÐÖÁÉÙÒ»¸öSTRÐòÁС£ X5c)T}pyv  
{CA)n£¬50£¬000-100£¬000¿½±´£® | gP%8nh'C  
ÐÂÒ»´úÒÅ´«±ê¼Ç£¬ÈËÀà»ùÒò×éÑо¿£¬Ö×Áö£¬ÒÅ´«²¡£® swG!O}29OX  
µÚÈý½Ú ÏßÁ£Ìå»ùÒò×é j~k+d$a  
ÈËÏßÁ£Ìå»ùÒò×éµÄÌص㣺 GaLQ/V2R  
1¡¢ÈËÏßÁ£Ìå»ùÒò×éΪ16£¬569bpµÄË«Á´±Õ»··Ö×Ó£¬Ò»ÌõÁ´ÎªÖØÁ´(HÁ´)£¬Ò»ÌõÁ´ÎªÇáÁ´(LÁ´)£¬Á½ÌõÁ´¾ùÓбàÂ빦ÄÜ£¬Ã¿¸ömtDNA·ÖÓÚ±àÂë13ÖÖµ°°×ÖʺÍ24ÖֽṹRNA(22rRNA£¬2tRNA)£® a,KqTQB  
2¡¢ÏßÁ£ÌåDNAΪĸϵÒÅ´«£® wZKEUJpQ  
3¡¢½á¹¹»ùÒò²»º¬ÄÚº¬×Ó£¬²¿·ÖÇøÓòÓлùÒòÖصþ£¬Òò´Ë²¡ÀíÐÔmtDNAÍ»±ä¸üÒ×·¢Éú£® yPVK>em5  
4¡¢mtDNAÍ»±äƵÂʸü¸ß£® z 9HUI5ns  
5¡¢ÏßÁ£ÌåDNAÍ»±äµÄ±íÐͱí´ïÓëºËDNA²»Í¬¡£ ' +E\-X  
µÚËÄ½Ú Ï¸¾úºÍ²¡¶¾»ùÒò×é .?*TU~S  
Ò»¡¢Ï¸¾ú»ùÒò×éµÄÌص㡣 8 J;\Z  
1£®¹¦ÄÜÏà¹ØµÄ¼¸¸ö½á¹¹»ùÒòÍùÍù´®ÁªÔÚ¡ªÆð£¬ÊÜËüÃÇÉÏÓεĹ²Í¬µ÷¿ØÇø¿ØÖÆ£¬ÐγɲÙ×Ý×ӽṹ£¬ zOA2chy4  
2£®½á¹¹»ùÒòÖÐûÓÐÄÚº¬×Ó£¬Ò²ÎÞÖصþÏÖÏó¡£ e~NF}9#A  
3£®Ï¸¾úDNA´ó²¿·ÖΪ±àÂëÐòÁС£ W4n( 6esO  
¶þ¡¢²¡¶¾»ùÒò×éµÄÌصã +/DT#}JE  
1£®Ã¿ÖÖ²¡¶¾Ö»ÓÐÒ»ÖÖºËËᣬ»òÕßDNA£¬»òÕßRNA£» esK0H<]  
2£®²¡¶¾ºËËá´óС²î±ðºÜ´ó£¬3X103Ò»3X106bp£» #w&N) c>  
3£®³ýÄ没¶¾Í⣬ËùÓв¡¶¾»ùÒò¶¼Êǵ¥¿½±´µÄ¡£ q ,*([yX  
4£®´ó²¿·Ý²¡¶¾ºËËáÊÇÓÉÒ»ÌõË«Á´»òµ¥Á´·Ö×Ó(RNA»òDNA)£¬½öÉÙÊýRNA²¡¶¾Óɼ¸¸öºËËáƬ¶Î×é³É£® lbiMB~rwI  
5£®ÕæºË²¡¶¾»ùÒòÓÐÄÚº¬×Ó£¬¶øÊɾúÌ壨¸ÐȾϸ¾úµÄ²¡¶¾£©»ùÒòÖÐÎÞÄÚº¬×Ó£® dIOi P\^  
6£®ÓÐÖصþ»ùÒò£® H:_R[u4r  
µÚÎå½Ú ȾɫÖʺÍȾɫÌå fE,Io3  
ϸ°û·ÖÁѼäÆÚ¡ªÈ¾É«ÖÊ(chromatin) hvOl9W>  
·ÖÁÑÆÚ¡ªÈ¾É«Ìå(chromosome) R&9Q#n-  
Ò»¡¢È¾É«ÖʵĻù±¾µ¥Î»¡ªºËСÌå )jHH-=JM  
(Ò»)ºËСÌå(nucleosome)½á¹¹ _"G./X  
DNAÈÆÔÚ×éµ°°×°Ë¾ÛÌå(H2A¡¢H2B¡¢H3¡¢H4¸÷Ò»¶Ô)ºËÐÄÍâ1.8ÖÜ(146bp),ÐγɺËСÌåºËÐÄ¿ÅÁ£¡£ $W 0O  
Á½¸öºËСÌåºËÐÄ¿ÅÁ£Ö®¼äÓÐLinker DNA(0-80bp)£¬ }<qT[m  
ºËСÌåºËÐÄ¿ÅÁ£+Linker=ºËСÌå(³¤180-210bp) ! ,&{1p  
ºËС ÌåDNA Ladder£® ;cp,d~mrf  
(¶þ)×éµ°°×(histone)£ºÒ»ÀàСµÄ´øÓзḻÕýµçºÉ<¸»º¬Lys£¬Arg)µÄºËµ°°×£¬ÓëDNAÓиßÇ׺ÍÁ¦£® 5:|=/X%#qp  
×éµ°°×·ÖÀࣺ -mY,nMDb  
1£®ºËСÌåºËÐÄ×éµ°°×£¬H2A£¬H2B£¬H3£¬H4¡£·Ö×ÓÁ¿½ÏС(102-135aa) x f<wM]&  
×÷ÓãºÅÌÈÆDNAÐγɺËСÌå ¡£ YK%rTbB(  
2£®H1×éµ°°×£º½Ï´ó(220aa)£¬×÷ÓãºÓëLinker DNA½áºÏºóÀûÓÚºËСÌåÎȶ¨ºÍ¸ü¸ß¼¶½á¹¹µÄÐγɕ ¡£ ^b^}6L'Z  
¶þ¡¢È¾É«Öʵĸ߼¶½á¹¹ 67T=ku  
1¡¢30nmȾɫÖÊÏËË¿ £¬ $c}-/U 8  
2¡¢ñÈ»·½á¹¹(looped domain) ¡£ @23~)uiZa  
3¡¢Ï¸°û·ÖÁÑÆÚȾɫÌå HMqR%A  
·ÖÁÑÆÚȾɫÌå=Ò»¶Ô½ãÃÃȾɫµ¥Ì壨Chromatid) hD9b2KZv  
ÓÐË¿·ÖÁÑÖÐÆÚ46ÌõȾɫÌå°´´óСºÍÐÎ×´ÅÅÁеĵĹâѧÏÔ΢¾µÍ¼Ïñ³ÆΪÈ˵ÄȾɫÌåºËÐÍ(Karyotype) ,v_NrX=f?  
Èý¡¢È¾É«ÌåµÄ½á¹¹ÒªËØ ¡£ W(\ ^6S)  
(Ò»)£®×ÅË¿Á££¨centromere)£ºÏ¸°û·ÖÁÑʱȾɫÌåÓë·Â´¸Ë¿ÏàÁ¬½áµÄ²¿Î»£¬ÎªÈ¾É«ÌåµÄÕý³£·ÖÀëËù±ØÐè¡£ VCQo3k5 {  
(¶þ)£®¶ËÁ£(telomere)£ºÕæºËÉúÎïÏß״ȾɫÌå·Ö×ÓÄ©¶ËµÄDNAÇøÓò oMHTB!A=2  
¶ËÁ£DNAµÄÌص㣺 1:22y:^j  
1¡¢Óɸ»º¬GµÄ¼òµ¥´®ÁªÖظ´ÐòÁÐ×é³É(³¤´ïÊýkb)£® *cAI gO7  
È˵ĶËÁ£DNAÖظ´ÐòÁУºTTAGGC¡£ DIF-%X5  
2¡¢¶ËÁ£µÄÄ©¶Ë¶¼ÓÐÒ»Ìõ12-16¼î»ùµÄµ¥Á´3¡¯¶ËÍ»³ö¡£ C1o^$Q|j  
¶ËÁ£µÄ×÷Ó㺷ÀÖ¹DNAÄ©¶Ë½µ½â£¬±£Ö¤È¾É«ÌåµÄÎȶ¨ÐԺ͹¦ÄÜ R'Uf#.  
£¨Èý£©¡¢¸´ÖÆÔ­µã vX|5*T`(  
µÚ¶þÕ DNAµÄ¸´ÖÆ¡¢ÐÞ¸´ºÍÖØ×é Mh~E ]8b  
µÚÒ»½Ú DNAµÄ¸´ÖÆ(DNA Replication) T,h 9xl 9i  
Ò»¡¢DNA¸´ÖƵĻù±¾ÌØÐÔ FaQc@4% o  
1. °ë±£ÁôÐÔ(Semi-Conservative) o>\o=%D.a  
Meselson-StahlʵÑé :f~qt%%/  
2. Ë«Ïò¸´ÖÆ(Ò»°ã) sW@_' Lw  
¸´ÖÆÆðʼµã(origin)+Á½²à¸´ÖƲæ=¸´ÖƵ¥Î»(¸´ÖÆ×Ó, Replicon) {A'_5 X9  
3.°ë²»Á¬ÐøÐÔ(Semi-discontinuous) v?_L_{x;W  
Ç°µ¼Á´(leading strand)-Á¬ÐøºÏ³É MI)v@_1d  
Ëæ´ÓÁ´(Lagging Strand)-²»Á¬Ðø,ÓɸÚÆéƬ¶Î(okazaki fragment)Á¬½Ó¶ø³É. (dTQ,0  
¶þ¡¢DNA¸´ÖƱØÐèµÄ³É·Ý(ÕæºËÉúÎï) bE?X?[K  
1.ȾɫÌåDNA¸´ÖƱØÐèÈýÖÖºËÜÕËáÐòÁТٸ´ÖÆÆðµã¢Ú×ÅË¿Á£¢Û¶ËÁ£. BhhFij4  
2£® RNAÒýÎï(RNA Primer) ?[7KN8$  
Ò»°ã8-14nt.´øÓÎÀë3'-OHÄ©¶Ë. Ll .P>LH  
3.²Î¼ÓDNA¸´ÖƵÄÖ÷ҪøºÍµ°°×ÖÊ \/ ipYc  
¢Ù DNA¾ÛºÏø(DNA Polymerase) -5JN`  
ÕæºËDNA¸´ÖƵÄÖ÷ҪøDNA Pol a/¦Ä. )]kxLf#  
¹¦ÄÜ:´Ó5'-3'·½ÏòÑÓÉìÓëÄ£°å»¥²¹µÄ×Ó´úÁ´. ,B'fOJ.2  
¢ÚÒý·¢Ã¸(Primase) ]kd:p*U6P  
ÓëÆäËû¶àÖÖµ°°××é³É¶àµ°°×¸´ºÏÌå-Òý·¢Ìå(Primosome).´ß»¯RNAÒýÎïºÏ³ÉºÍ¸´ÖÆÆðʼ. GSW%~9WBa  
¢ÛDNAÁ¬½Óø(DNA Ligase) Jj?HOtaM  
´ß»¯Ò»¸öË«Á´DNAµÄ5'Á×ËáÓëÁíһ˫Á´DNAµÄ3'-OHÐγÉÁ×Ëá¶þõ¥¼ü. 4:5M,p  
¢ÜDNA½âÁ´Ã¸(DNA Helicase),´ò¿ªDNAË«Á´. ;cB3D3fR.  
¢ÝÔöֳϸ°ûºË¿¹Ô­(Proliferating cell nuclear antigen.PCNA) Y& H <8ez  
¸¨Öú´ß»¯Ç°µ¼Á´ºÏ³É. zK&1ti@wln  
¢Þ¶ËÁ£Ã¸(Telomerase) Ft?eqDS1  
Ä©¶Ë¸´ÖÆÎÊÌâ¡£ ]|tR8`DGZ%  
¶ËÁ£Ã¸¸ºÔðȾɫÌåÄ©¶Ë(¶ËÁ£)¸´ÖÆ,ÊÇÓÉRNAºÍµ°°×ÖÊ×é³ÉµÄºËÌǺ˵°°×.ÆäÖеÄRNA³É·ÖÊǶËÁ£¸´ÖƵÄÄ£°å.(Òò´Ë¶ËÁ£ÊÇÄæת¼ø) k7 j.VpN9  
×÷ÓÃ:ά³Ö¶ËÁ£³¤¶È. FPH2dN  
¶ËÁ£Ã¸»îÐÔ¿ÉÓûùÓÚPCRµÄ¡°TRAP¡±£¨Telomerase repeat amplification protocol£©·¨²â¶¨£¨Kim,N et al.,science,266,2011-2014(1994) z%#-2&i  
¶ËÁ£Óëϸ°ûÊÙÃü¡£ U8J9 #+:  
¶ËÁ£¡¢¶ËÁ£Ã¸ÓëÖ×ÁöµÄ¹Øϵ£º¾ø´ó¶àÊý¶ñÐÔÖ×Áö¾ßÓжËÁ£Ã¸»îÐÔµ«¶ËÁ£Ëõ¶Ì£¬µ«Ò²ÓÐÔ¼5%µÄÖ×ÁöÎÞ¶ËÁ£Ã¸»îÐÔÇÒ¶ËÁ£½Ï³¤¡£ .]s? 01Z  
¶ËÁ£Ã¸×÷ΪеÄÖ×Áö±êÖ¾ºÍÖ×ÁöÖÎÁưеã. 8d_J9Ho  
µÚ¶þ½Ú DNAÐÞ¸´£¨DNA repair£© ` Nf  
DNAÐÞ¸´ÊÇά³Ö»ùÒò×éÍêÕûÐÔµÄÖØÒª»úÖÆ£¬ÔÚ±£»¤»ùÒò×é±ÜÃâ·¢Éú¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÖ×Áö»òÒÅ´«¼²²¡µÄÍ»±äÖÐÆð¹Ø¼üµÄ×÷Óᣠ*CPpU|  
ÒýÆðDNAËðÉ˵ÄÒòËØ£º c@Br_ -  
1¡¢ ϸ°ûÄÚÔ´ÐÔËðÉËÒòËØ£º ]YtN6Rq/  
DNA¸´ÖÆ´íÎó£»×Ô·¢ËðÉË°üÀ¨¼î»ù»¥±äÒì¹¹¡¢¼î»ùÍÑ°±£¨C¡úU¡¢A¡úI£©ºÍ¼î»ù¶ªÊ§µÈ£»Ñõ»¯´úл¸±²úÎïÈç»îÐÔÑõÎïÖÊ£¨Reactive oxygen species£¬ROS£©µÄ¹¥»÷µÈ¡£ ,n[<[tkCR  
2¡¢ »·¾³ÖеÄËðÉËÒòËØ£º D'vaK89\  
·øÉ䣨º¬×ÏÍâÏß¡¢XÉäÏߣ©²úÉúÐØÏÙà×शþ¾ÛÌ壻»¯Ñ§Ö°©ÎÑõ»¯ÍÑ°±£¬Í黯¼Á»ò´úл»î»¯ÎïÈç±½²¢ÜÅ¡¢»ÆÇúùËصȲúÉú¼î»ù¼ÓºÏÎ Cf9{lhE8  
Ò»¡¢¼î»ùÇгýÐÞ¸´(Base excision repair¡¢BER) v? O Ud^  
¸Ã;¾¶ÖÐ×î¹Ø¼üµÄÊDZØÐëͨ¹ýÒ»ÖÖÌÇÜÕø(glycosylase)ÏȳýÈ¥±äÒì¼î»ù(Èç±»Ñõ»¯¡¢Íé»ù»¯»òÍÑ°±µÄ¼î»ù)£¬¸ÃÌÇÜÕø´ß»¯Á¬½ÓËðÉ˼î»ùÓëÍÑÑõºËÌÇÖ®¼äµÄÌÇÜÕ¼üË®½â£¬ÊÍ·ÅÓÎÀë¼î»ù²¢ÔÚDNAÖвúÉúÒ»¸öÈ¥¼î»ùλµã£¬È»ºóÓÉÈ¥àÑßÊ£¯È¥à×à¤(AP)ºËËáÄÚÇÐø¡¢DNA¾ÛºÏøºÍDNAÁ¬½ÓøµÈÀûÓÃÏà¶ÔµÄÒ»ÌõÕý³£Á´ÎªÄ£°å½øÐÐÐÞ²¹ºÏ³É¡£ TY'c'u,  
BER;¾¶ÖеÄÖØÒªÌÇÜÕø£º kDDC@A $  
(1)Äòà×à¤DNAÌÇÜÕø(UDG)£¬´ÓDNAÖгýÈ¥Äòà×़î»ù£» *hru);OJr  
(2)3¡ª¼×»ùÏÙàÑÒ÷(3MeA)DNAÌÇÜÕø£¬¿ÉÐÞ¸´Í黯¼Á²úÉúµÄËðÉË£» qZ'2M.;  
(3)¸ºÔðÐÞ¸´DNAÑõ»¯ËðÉ˵ÄÌÇÜÕø£¨ÈçFpg£¯MutM DNAÌÇÜÕø£© "T{WOGU+  
BERÊÇÐÞ¸´ÄÚÔ´ÐÔDNAËðÉË(×Ô·¢Ë®½â¡¢Íé»ù»¯ºÍ»îÐÔÑõ¹¥»÷)µÄÖ÷Ҫ;¾¶£¬Òò´Ë¶ÔÓÚ½µµÍ×Ô·¢Í»±äµÄƵÂÊ¡¢·ÀÖ¹Ö×Áö·¢ÉúÓÐÖØÒª×÷Óᣠ3}! u8,P  
¶þ¡¢ºËÜÕËáÇгýÐÞ¸´(Nucleotide excision repair£¬NER) jU~ x^Y  
Ê×ÏÈÓɶà¾ÛÌ帴ºÏÎïʶ±ðËðÉË£¬ÔÙÔÚËðÉ˵ÄÁ½²à½øÐÐÇгý¡£Ëæ×ÅDNAÁ´±»½â¿ª£¬°üº¬ËðÉ˵ĵ¥Á´Æ¬¶ÎÊͷųöÀ´£¬ÁôϵÄȱ¿ÚÓÉDNA¾ÛºÏøÌî²¹£¬DNAÁ¬½Óø·â±Õ¡£¸Ã;¾¶°üÀ¨20ÖÖÒÔÉϵ°°×£¬¿ÉÒÔÐÞ¸´×ÏÍâ·øÉäÓÕµ¼µÄ»·¶¡Íéà×शþ¾ÛÌå(CPD)ºÍ(6¡ª4)¹â²úÎï((6¡ª4)PPs)£¬ÒÔ¼°Ò»Ð©»¯Ñ§ÎïÖʲúÉúµÄ´ó¼ÓºÏÎï¡£ &l3(+4Sh  
È˵ÄNERϵͳÓйػùÒò¼°Æäµ°°×ÖʲúÎ﹦ÄÜ¡£ r{^43g?  
NERϵͳȱÏÝÓë×ÅÉ«ÐÔ¸ÉƤ²¡£¨Xeroderm pigmentosum,XP£© vi *A 5  
NER¿ÉÔÙ·ÖΪ¶þÌõ×Ó;¾¶£º .|^Gde  
(1)È«»ùÒò×éÐÞ¸´(Global Genomic repair£¬GGR);¾¶£ºÐÞ¸´Õû¸ö»ùÒò×éÄÚµÄËðÉË£¬ÆäЧÂÊÈ¡¾öÓÚËðÉ˵Ļ¯Ñ§ÌØÐÔ¡¢ËðÉ˲¿Î»µÄDNAÐòÁкÍȾɫÖʽṹ¡£ 9I]Bt=2 z  
(2)ת¼źÁªÐÞ¸´(Trancsription¡ªcoupled repair£¬TCR£¬)£ºÌØÒìµØÐÞ¸´»ùÒò×éÖоßÓÐת¼»îÐÔ(¼´±í´ï)µÄ»ùÒòµÄ±»×ªÂ¼DNAÁ´ÉϵÄËðÉË£¬¸Ã;¾¶µÄ ÌصãÊÇÒÀÀµRNA¾ÛºÏøII´ß»¯µÄת¼£¬ÆäÖеÄһЩµ°°×ÊÇÆÕͨת¼Òò×ÓTFIIH µÄÑÇ»ù¡£ -fk;Qq3O  
Èý¡¢´íÅäÐÞ¸´(Mismatch repair) JRw,${W  
¸ºÔðÐÞ¸´DNA¸´Öƹý³ÌÖÐÓÉÓÚ´íÎó²ôÈë¶ø²úÉúµÄ´íÅä¡£ ]95VM yN  
STRÐòÁи´ÖÆ-Ä£°åÁ´µÄ»¬¶¯²úÉúСµÄ»·×´Í»³ö(loop)- Öظ´ÐòÁÐÀ©ÕÅ£¨expansion£©»ò¶ªÊ§£ºÎ¢ÎÀÐDz»Îȶ¨ÐÔ£¨microsatellite instability£© >5#}/G&  
E coliÖеÄMMR;¾¶ÐèÒªmutS,mutH,mutLºÍuvrD»ùÒò²úÎïºÍÌØÒìÐÔºËËáÍâÇÐø¡¢DNA¾ÛºÏøºÍDNAÁ¬½ÓøµÈ¡£ÔÚ½ÍĸºÍÈËÀàÒѼø¶¨ÁËmutS,mutHµÄ¶àÖÖͬԴÎï¡£ÒÅ´«ÐÔ·ÇÏ¢ÈâÐԽ᳦°©£¨HNPCC£©»ùÒòȱÏÝ¡£ IHdA2d?.]  
΢ÎÀÐÔ²»Îȶ¨ÓëÖ×Áö¡£ÐµÄÖ×Áö»ùÒòÕï¶Ï±êÖ¾¡£ Te L&6F$  
ËÄ¡¢ÖØ×éÐÞ¸´(Recomhinant repair) ` PQQU~^  
ÐÞ¸´DNAµÄÁ½ÌõÁ´¾ùÊÜËðÉ˵IJ¿Î»µÄË«Á´¶ÏÁÑ»òÁ´¼ä½»Á¬¡£ 5{k,/Z[L  
Further readings: h{iuk3G`h6  
1 Wood RD£¬DNA repair in eukaryotes£¬Ann Rev Biochem£¬1996£¬65£º135¡ª167 3a.!9R>  
2 Krokan HE,et a1., DNA glycosylase in the base excision repair of DNA£®Biochem J£¬1997£¬325£º1¡ª16 c0'ryS_Z9  
3 Vrieling H£¬et a1., Transcription coupled repair and its impact on mutagenesis£¬Mutation Res£¬1998£¬400£º135¡ª142 s$isDG#Sr  
µÚÈý½Ú ÖØ×é(recombination) ofV0L  
ÖØ×éµÄ±¾ÖÊÊÇ»ùÒòµÄÖØÅÅ»ò½»»».¼´2¸öDNA·Ö×Ó¼ä»òÒ»¸öDNA·Ö×ӵIJ»Í¬²¿Î»¼ä,ͨ¹ý¶ÏÁѺÍÖؽÓ,½»»»DNAƬ¶Î´Ó¶ø¸Ä±ä»ùÒòµÄ×éºÏºÍÐòÁÐ. YB7n}r23  
Ò».ͬԴÖØ×é(Homologous recombination) I51]+gEN  
Ö¸DNAͬԴÐòÁмäµÄÖØ×é,³£·¢ÉúÓÚÁ½¸ö½Ï³¤µÄͬԴDNAƬ¶Î»òͬԴȾɫÌåÖ®¼ä¡£ ¿Éͨ¹ýͬԴÖØ×齫ÍâÔ´»ùÒò¶¨Î»ÕûºÏµ½Ï¸°û»ùÒò×éÖÐ. / Qd` ?  
¶þ.ת×ù(transposition) :>{!%-1Z  
¿ÉÒƶ¯µÄDNAÔª¼þ(mobile DNA elements) Z! O4hA4  
-ת×ùÔª¼þ(Transposable element).ËüÊÇÖ¸ÄÇЩ¿ÉÔÚDNA·Ö×ÓÄÚ sdZ$3oE.  
»òDNA·Ö×Ó¼äתÒƵÄDNAƬ¶Î. 17Cb{Q  
ת×ùÔª¼þµÄתÒƹý³Ì-ת×ù u6Gqg(7hw  
ת×ùµÄÌصã: Au'y(KB  
1.ת×ùºóÔ­À´Î»ÖõÄת×ùÔª¼þÐòÁÐÈÔÈ»±£Áô,µ«Í¬Ê±ÓÖ°ÑкϳɵÄDNA ¸´±¾²åÈëµ½ÁíÍâÒ»¸öλµã. > v%.q]E6n  
2.ת×ù¹ý³ÌÐèҪת×ùø(transposase).Ëü´ß»¯¶ÏÁѺÍÖؽÓÁ½²½Á¬ÐøµÄ ¹ý³Ì(ÐèÒªM2+) yy8-t2V  
3.ת×ùÔª¼þ²åÈëλÖõÄÁ½²èÓÐ3-12bpµÄÕýÏòÖظ´ÐòÁÐ(°ÐÐòÁÐ),ËüÊÇÓÉÓÚת×ùø´íλÇиîDNAÔì³ÉµÄ.ÕâÖÖ¶ÌÕýÏòÖظ´ÐòÁÐÊÇ´æÔÚת×ùÔª¼þµÄÌØÕ÷. &|{1Ws  
ת×ùÔª¼þµÄ·ÖÀà }x`Cnn  
¢Ùת×ù×Ó(transposon):ͨ¹ýDNA¸´ÖƶøתÒƵÄת×ùÔª¼þ. XQ}J4J~Vm  
¢ÚÄæת×ù×Ó(retroposon)»ò·µ×ù×Ó,ͨ¹ýRNA½×¶ÎʵÏÖתÒƵÄת×ùÔª¼þ (DNA¡ú RNA¡ú DNA¡ú ²åÈëÐÂλµã) &M}X$k I  
Äæת×ù×ÓÀý:Alu.LINE1.Äæ¼Ù»ùÒò(retro-pseudogene) /S"jO [n9b  
ת×ùµÄÒÅ´«Ð§Ó¦-µ¼Ö»ùÒòÖØÅÅ¡¢²åÈ롢ȱʧ¡£ ;yomaAr  
µÚÈýÕ »ùÒò±í´ïµÄµ÷¿Ø N9_* {HOy  
»ùÒò±í´ï£ºDNA¡úmRNA¡úµ°°×ÖʵÄÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢´«µÝ¹ý³Ì uL/wV~g  
»ùÒò±í´ïµÄµ÷¿Ø EcB !bf  
µÚÒ»½Ú »ùÒòµÄ»î»¯ '-%1ILK$3r  
»ùÒòµÄ¡°¿ª¹Ø¡±-ȾɫÖʵĻ 1z8"Gk6  
Ò»¡¢»îÐÔȾɫÖʵĽṹ !l0]IX` F  
¼äÆÚºËȾɫÖÊ£º *I(6hB  
ÒìȾɫÖÊ(heterochromatin)£¬¸ß¶ÈѹËõ(²»×ªÂ¼)£» BS##nS-[  
³£È¾É«ÖÊ(euchromatin)£¬½ÏΪËÉÉ¢£¬ ^<OYW|q?\r  
³£È¾É«ÖÊÖÐÔ¼10%Ϊ»îÐÔȾɫÖÊ(¸ü¿ª·ÅÊèËÉ)¡£ T"z<D+ pN  
»îÐÔȾɫÖÊ¡ú¡û·Ç»îÐÔȾɫÖÊ {oqbV#/&  
¶þ¡¢»îÐÔȾɫÖʵĽṹÌصã %LMpErZO  
(Ò»)DNaseIÃô¸ÐÐÔ }(t`s  
ת¼»îÐÔ(»òÓÐDZÔÚת¼»îÐÔ)µÄȾɫÖʶÔDNase I¸üÃô¸Ð£® 1p. c6[9 -  
DNase I³¬Ãô¸Ðλµã(DNase I HyperSensitive Sites£¬DHSS) C>+n>bH]L  
(¶þ)×éµ°°×H3µÄCyS110ÉÏÛÏ»ù±©Â¶£¬ Z&n[6aV'F  
Èý¡¢»îÐÔȾɫÖʽṹµÄÐÎ³É Xk4wU$1F  
£¨Ò»)¡¢ºËСÌåλÏà(Phased positioning) (kLaXayn  
1£®ºËСÌåµÄÐýת¶¨Î»(rotational positioning) _&/`-"3y  
Ö¸ºËСÌåºËÐÄÓëDNAË«ÂÝÐýÔÚ¿Õ¼ä½á¹¹ÖеÄÏ໥¹Øϵ£¬Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨DNAË«ÂÝÐýµÄ´ó¹µÊÇÃæÏò»¹ÊDZ³ÏòºËÐĽṹ£® ¡® jU&m*0nL  
2£®ºËСÌåµÄƽÒƶ¨Î»(translational positioning)
ÆÀ¼ÛÒ»ÏÂÄãä¯ÀÀ´ËÌû×ӵĸÐÊÜ

¾«²Ê

¸Ð¶¯

¸ãЦ

¿ªÐÄ

·ßÅ­

ÎÞÁÄ

¹àË®

  
¼¶±ð: ³õ¼¶²©ÓÑ
ÏÔʾÓû§ÐÅÏ¢ 
ɳ·¢  ·¢±íÓÚ: 2007-12-30   
¿´¿´
¼¶±ð: ³õ¼¶²©ÓÑ
ÏÔʾÓû§ÐÅÏ¢ 
°åµÊ  ·¢±íÓÚ: 2008-09-01   
ËäÈ»²»²»ÊÇÎÒÐèÒªµÄ£¬µ«ÊÇÖ§³ÖÂ¥Ö÷£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡
ÃèÊö
¿ìËٻظ´

ÑéÖ¤ÎÊÌâ:
Ãâ·Ñ¿¼²©ÂÛ̳ÍøÖ·ÊÇʲô? ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:freekaobo.com
°´"Ctrl+Enter"Ö±½ÓÌá½»