[p:5] _eq$C=3Ta
`:~Wu/Ogr
1. [pp|*@1T
Contend ~!2fUewEu
to compete in order to win something )\:IRr"
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title. KMkD6g
He's contending against someone with twice his experience. u0arJU_.)
This decisive defeat puts them out of contention for this year's championship finals. +%,oq]<[,
i.W*Go+
to state something is true or is a fact 4FZR }e\
The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime. 7?uDh'utt
"&f|<g5
contend with sth R!"|~OO
to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation &xB9;v3
At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. f
VY I
M[z1B!rT
content (HAPPY) +Fad
Ox7X$
He seems fairly content with (his) life. v9r.w-
$'5rS$]a/
batter (HIT) ;T0X7MNx
to hit and behave violently towards a person, especially a woman or child, repeatedly over a long period of time, or to hit something with force many times F."ZCEb
He was battered to death with a rifle-butt. Yl'8"
\HF
He was battering (at/on) the door with his fists and howling. nj;3U^
The waves battered against the rocks at the bottom of the cliff. Z:AB(c
The burglars had battered down the door of the house (= hit it so hard that it broke and fell down). 286reeN/e
9Xa.%vw>
battered |XG&[TI- "
1 hurt by being repeatedly hit pL[3,.@WA
She set up a sanctuary for battered wives. ic!% } S?
2 damaged, especially by being used a lot T+B-R\@t
battered furniture/toys u1UCe
zGz}.-F
confer (TALK) PknKzrEG:>
to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take %f("3!#H
I should like some time to confer with my lawer dr
&G>
(X\]! 'A
confer (GIVE) `w>D6K+
to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone 5HHf3E [
An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Edinburgh University. }vY^eOK.
z(%tu
Conference m(9I+`
|X XO0
2. U" 3L
endeavor, v. Hq<4G:#
try one’s utmost to, take pains to, spare no effort to, make effort to, try everything possible to, undertake, strive, aspire, VR1]CN"G
endeavor. N oO3^9?Z
exertion C|IHRw`[
|"%OI~^%
potential, adj ( Ly^+Hjg
possible, plausible, within the realm of possibility, 3 i>NKS
n. potentiality. +'93%/:
Actuality, reality "m6G;cv
@f|~$$k=
Recession UeZ(@6_:
Depression, slump, stagnation, sag, r
20!
Inflation, deflation, devaluation. h~qvd--p0
-W@nc
QL}
recess (PAUSE) noun `DSFaBj,
1 [C or U] a period of time in the year when the members of a parliament are not meeting BKI-Dh
2 [U] US in school, a period of time between classes when children do not study `#!>}/m
e2V;6N
recess (SPACE) noun 2g5 4<G*e
1 [C] a small area in a room which is formed by one part of a wall being set back further than other parts m*iSW]&
The room has a recess designed to hold bookshelves. m;xa}b{(i
2 [C usually plural] a secret or hidden place SCMvq?9
Psychoanalysts aim to explore the deepest/innermost recesses of the mind. {0fQE@5@
?G!p4u?C
3. 7 u Q +]d
optional $K\e
Pfk
not compulsory, elective, non-obligatory, alternative, W;!V_-:
demanded, imperative, enforced, required, T 8]*bw
@Ss
W
optimum (also optimal) ume70ap}m
best; most likely to bring success or advantage Vx5fQ mx
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. "mU2^4q
optimize, optimise verb [T] (NfB+Ue}
to make something as good as possible w&es N$2
We need to optimize our use of the existing technology. ${ DSH
N^F5J
humane adjective qyy. &+
showing kindness, care and sympathy towards others, ##mBOdx
The humane way of dealing with a suffering animal (= the way that causes the least pain) is to kill it quickly. ~K|ha26W
The opposite is inhumane j3+ hsA/(k
humanely adverb 4wEkxCWp/
I don't support the death penalty, but if people are to be executed, it should be done humanely. g.8^ )u
n
>E1\($
Barbaric, barbarian, barbarous, outlandish, vulgar, primitive, 9MQwc
/=#~8
4. |?f~T"|>
revive, restore, recuperate, >8vq`,e
recuperate verb [I] slightly formal td$RDtW[3
to become well again after an illness; to get back your strength, health, etc .p'McCV=
She spent a month in the country recuperating from/after the operation. H#nJWe_9A
y6G6wk;
testify verb [I or T] C4dCaiX
to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide evidence s{Y-Vdx
[+ that]He testified that he had seen the man leaving the building around the time of the murder. 6Rg>h
testimonial noun [C] _IxYnm`pc
JV
!F<
predict, L1@<7?@X
foretell, foresee, forecast, prophesy, envisage, L0%W;m
Wn2J]BH
5. Eh9{n,5-
deteriorate v.,D,6qZ
deteriorate verb [I] LiGECqWBa'
to become worse 7s0y.i~
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated. >oAXS\Ts
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. Ogh,
deterioration Ycxv=Et
We've seen a deterioration in relations between the countries. @zt "Y~9i
Gch3|e
6 n2'XWbMaL
once and for all 2,h]Y=.s
completely and in a way that will finally solve a problem m'ZxmsFo
Our intention is to destroy their offensive capability once and for all. {~Q}{ha
jnFN{(VH
7. z<cPy)F]"
account (JUDGE) verb [+ object + noun or adjective] formal vsB3n$2@u
to think of someone or something in the stated way; judge bWZzb&
She was accounted a genius by all who knew her work. OZ<fQf.Gh}
Jb
7^'P
account (to sb) for sth (EXPLAIN) +xYg<AFS
to explain the reason for something or the cause of something ORIXcj]
Can you account for your absence last Friday? ECuNkmUI
She was unable to account for over $5 000. 0A75)T=lQ
07,&weQ
8 T&E'MB
enlighten verb [I or T] GM0pHmC
to provide someone with information and understanding; to explain the true facts about something to someone Dv=pX.Z+
Should the function of children's television be to entertain or to enlighten? _=I&zUF
I don't understand this. Could you enlighten me? [ofZ1hB4
*!}bU`
9 r{Z4ifSl(
count on sth (EXPECT) . H8 6f !=
to expect something to happen and make plans based on it $69d9g8-(!
[+ ing form of verb]I'm counting on the meeting finishing on time, or I'll miss my train. OT3~5j1[
Sorry I'm late, I didn't count on being held up in the traffic. kcl Z+E
There's never a taxi when you want one - that's the one thing you can count on! >ti)m >
f
hsZ@)[/:
Wait on sb hand and foot 7@ !3.u1B
FOSC#W9E
Stand by ])Z p|?Y
She has vowed to stand by her husband during his trial. C ?aa
)H
stand by (DO NOTHING) phrasal verb
"1-z'TV=
to allow something unpleasant to happen without doing anything to stop it v}u
zUY
We can't stand by while millions of people starve. qfgw^2aUa
Despite its financial problems, the company is standing by the no-redundancy agreement. =5 $BR<'
-dH]_
10 ?H21Ru>:*
stand for sth (ACCEPT) e3%dNa
If you will not stand for something, you will not accept a situation or a particular type of behaviour '6f)^DYA'?
I wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you. 8}|!p>
stand for sth (REPRESENT) bMN]co
1 to support or represent a particular idea or set of ideas 9_J'P2e
This party stands for low taxes and individual freedom. X;yThb`iI
2 If one or more letters stand for a word or name, they are the first letter or letters of that word or name and they represent it )xYGJq4
'GMT' stands for Greenwich Mean Time. _5v]69C#
jFwJ1W;?-
14 (Cbm*VL
die off D<Z
]kR(
If a group of plants, animals or people dies off, all of that group dies over a period of time. JYa
3xeC;
$NwPGy?%
fall apart (STOP WORKING) +Al*MusS
1 If an organization, system or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively QT[4\)
The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing. }n?D#Pk,
Their marriage fell apart when she found out about her husband's affair. \!Ap<
2 informal to experience serious emotional problems that make you unable to think or act in the usual way J''lOj(@
After his wife died, he began to fall apart. <O~ieJim
F|?}r3{aJ
15 NdM \RD_R
imprudent: indiscreet, injudicious 5O:4-}hz
conjecture snyA
surmise, supposition, speculation (4FZK7Fm
So}pA2[0
16 !>6`+$=U
adhere to sth p}|<EL}Z9
to continue to obey a rule or maintain a belief nSq$,tk(
She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life. *I`Eb7
^
They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement/treaty. Ba9"IXKH
sJm v{wM
18 *):s**BJ$
give way MO
*7:hI
yield to sth (STOP) UW-`
k1
6\6g-1B`
20 kjOI7` DU
WWv.kglz
The course comprises a class book, a practice book and an audio tape. )?k~E=&o