@@@复旦同学提供的复习词汇

[p:5]

1.
Contend
to compete in order to win something
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title.
He's contending against someone with twice his experience.
This decisive defeat puts them out of contention for this year's championship finals.

to state something is true or is a fact
The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime.

contend with sth
to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation
At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with.

content (HAPPY)
He seems fairly content with (his) life.

batter (HIT)
to hit and behave violently towards a person, especially a woman or child, repeatedly over a long period of time, or to hit something with force many times
He was battered to death with a rifle-butt.
He was battering (at/on) the door with his fists and howling.
The waves battered against the rocks at the bottom of the cliff.
The burglars had battered down the door of the house (= hit it so hard that it broke and fell down).

battered
1 hurt by being repeatedly hit
She set up a sanctuary for battered wives.
2 damaged, especially by being used a lot
battered furniture/toys

confer (TALK)
to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take
I should like some time to confer with my lawer

confer (GIVE)
to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone
An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Edinburgh University.

Conference

2.
endeavor, v.
try one’s utmost to, take pains to, spare no effort to, make effort to, try everything possible to, undertake, strive, aspire,
endeavor. N
exertion

potential, adj
possible, plausible, within the realm of possibility,
n. potentiality.
Actuality, reality

Recession
Depression, slump, stagnation, sag,
Inflation, deflation, devaluation.

recess (PAUSE) noun
1 [C or U] a period of time in the year when the members of a parliament are not meeting
2 [U] US in school, a period of time between classes when children do not study

recess (SPACE) noun
1 [C] a small area in a room which is formed by one part of a wall being set back further than other parts
The room has a recess designed to hold bookshelves.
2 [C usually plural] a secret or hidden place
Psychoanalysts aim to explore the deepest/innermost recesses of the mind.

3.
optional
not compulsory, elective, non-obligatory, alternative,
demanded, imperative, enforced, required,

optimum (also optimal)
best; most likely to bring success or advantage
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment.
optimize, optimise verb [T]
to make something as good as possible
We need to optimize our use of the existing technology.

humane adjective
showing kindness, care and sympathy towards others,
The humane way of dealing with a suffering animal (= the way that causes the least pain) is to kill it quickly.
The opposite is inhumane
humanely adverb
I don't support the death penalty, but if people are to be executed, it should be done humanely.

Barbaric, barbarian, barbarous, outlandish, vulgar, primitive,

4.
revive, restore, recuperate,
recuperate verb [I] slightly formal
to become well again after an illness; to get back your strength, health, etc
She spent a month in the country recuperating from/after the operation.

testify verb [I or T]
to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide evidence
[+ that]He testified that he had seen the man leaving the building around the time of the murder.
testimonial noun [C]

predict,
foretell, foresee, forecast, prophesy, envisage,

5.
deteriorate
deteriorate verb [I]
to become worse
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated.
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.
deterioration
We've seen a deterioration in relations between the countries.

6
once and for all
completely and in a way that will finally solve a problem
Our intention is to destroy their offensive capability once and for all.

7.
account (JUDGE) verb [+ object + noun or adjective] formal
to think of someone or something in the stated way; judge
She was accounted a genius by all who knew her work.

account (to sb) for sth (EXPLAIN)
to explain the reason for something or the cause of something
Can you account for your absence last Friday?
She was unable to account for over $5 000.

8
enlighten verb [I or T]
to provide someone with information and understanding; to explain the true facts about something to someone
Should the function of children's television be to entertain or to enlighten?
I don't understand this. Could you enlighten me?

9
count on sth (EXPECT)
to expect something to happen and make plans based on it
[+ ing form of verb]I'm counting on the meeting finishing on time, or I'll miss my train.
Sorry I'm late, I didn't count on being held up in the traffic.
There's never a taxi when you want one - that's the one thing you can count on!

Wait on sb hand and foot

Stand by
She has vowed to stand by her husband during his trial.
stand by (DO NOTHING) phrasal verb
to allow something unpleasant to happen without doing anything to stop it
We can't stand by while millions of people starve.
Despite its financial problems, the company is standing by the no-redundancy agreement.

10
stand for sth (ACCEPT)
If you will not stand for something, you will not accept a situation or a particular type of behaviour
I wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you.
stand for sth (REPRESENT)
1 to support or represent a particular idea or set of ideas
This party stands for low taxes and individual freedom.
2 If one or more letters stand for a word or name, they are the first letter or letters of that word or name and they represent it
'GMT' stands for Greenwich Mean Time.

14
die off
If a group of plants, animals or people dies off, all of that group dies over a period of time.

fall apart (STOP WORKING)
1 If an organization, system or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively
The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing.
Their marriage fell apart when she found out about her husband's affair.
2 informal to experience serious emotional problems that make you unable to think or act in the usual way
After his wife died, he began to fall apart.

15
imprudent: indiscreet, injudicious
conjecture
surmise, supposition, speculation

16
adhere to sth
to continue to obey a rule or maintain a belief
She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life.
They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement/treaty.

18
give way
yield to sth (STOP)

20

The course comprises a class book, a practice book and an audio tape.
The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students.

The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.

21
Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people.

approval or permission, especially formal or legal
They tried to get official sanction for the scheme.

22
Such a noisy environment was not conducive to a good night's sleep.
This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying.

Duce, duct = to lead
Conduce, conduct, deduce, deduct, deduction, induce, induct, induction,

23
Leave off! used to tell someone to stop being annoying
Hey, leave off! I hate people touching my hair.

I've made a list of names - I hope I haven't left anyone out.
None of the other children play with her, and I think she feels rather left out (= feels that no one wants to be her friend).

26
sb/sth in question formal
the person or thing that is being discussed
I stayed at home on the night in question.

27
repulsive, offensive, atrocious, disgusting, loathsome, obscene, repellent, unwholesome,
alluring

Streamlining cars increases their fuel efficiency.
The bodies of dolphins are more streamlined than those of porpoises.

The cost-cutting measures include streamlining administrative procedures in the company.
The government recently announced details of its plan to streamline the taxation system.

Overwhelm
to cause someone to feel sudden strong emotion
They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died.
I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received

Disperse, scatter, dispel, dissipate
Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered.
Dispense
They've had to dispense with a lot of luxuries since Mike lost his job.

31
run over (sth)
I'm afraid we're starting to run over time, so could you make your speeches short please.
to quickly say or practise something
She quickly ran over her speech before going on-stage.
The director wants to run through the whole play this morning.

33
legitimate
1 allowed by law
The army must give power back to the legitimate government.
2 reasonable and acceptable
He claimed that the restaurant bill was a legitimate business expense.
Poverty-stricken
34
indisposed (ILL)
not willing
After their rude attitude in the past, we feel distinctly indisposed to help them now.

35
rectify (CORRECT)
1 to correct something or make something right
I am determined to take whatever action is necessary to rectify the situation.
Every effort is made to rectify any errors/mistakes before the book is printed.
Rect=right, straight
Rectal,直肠的 rectangle, direct, erect,

37
tap
to obtain or make use of something
For more than a century, Eastern cities have expanded their water supplies by tapping ever more remote sources.
There is a rich vein of literary talent here just waiting to be tapped (into) by publishers.

She carefully steered the car around the potholes.
This car is very easy to steer.
She steered her guests into the dining room.
I'd like to steer our discussion back to our original topic.
The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy.
steer clear of
to avoid someone or something which seems unpleasant, risky or dangerous
Her speech steered clear of controversial issues.

38
illusory (also illusive)
not real; based on illusion
Their hopes of a peaceful solution turned out to be illusory.
ostensible
appearing or claiming to be one thing when it is really something else
Their ostensible goal was to clean up government corruption, but their real aim was to unseat the government.

Lud= to play
Allude,暗指 allusion, collude,共谋串通 delude,欺骗迷惑 delusion, elusive,逃避的,难以捉摸的 illusion, disillusion,幻灭 prelude, interlude,

Practical, practicable

40
pull sth off (SUCCEED)
to succeed in doing something difficult or unexpected
The central bank has pulled off one of the biggest financial rescues of recent years.
13370209065
Cover the expense

pull (sb) through (sth) (MANAGE)
to succeed in dealing with a difficult period, or to help someone do this
It was a crisis year for the company, but we have pulled through.

42
The proposed restrictions have ignited a storm of protest.
43
compel
pel,puls =drive
pulse, compel,强迫 compulsive, compulsory, dispel,驱散 expel,驱逐 expulsion,放逐 impel, impellent, impulse, impulsion, impulsive, propel, propeller, propulsion, repel,逐推 repellent驱虫剂

45
integrate 1 to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits and customs
[R]It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own.
Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture.

The idea with young children is to integrate learning with play.
The town's modern architecture is very well integrated with the old.
integrated circuit

46
intricate
complex, complicated, sophisticated, knotty, elaborate,

47
denote
to represent something
The colour red is used to denote passion or danger.

endorse (SUPPORT)
1 to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone
I fully endorse (= agree with) everything the Chairperson has said.

49
assert verb [T]
1 formal to say that something is certainly true
[+ that]He asserts that she stole money from him.
2 to do something to show that you have power
She very rarely asserts her authority over the children.
assert yourself
to behave in a way which expresses your confidence, importance or power and earns you respect from others
I really must assert myself more in meetings.

aggravate (MAKE WORSE)
1 to make a bad situation worse
Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.
2 to make a disease worse
The treatment only aggravated the condition.

51
for fear of: in case of
Shut the window in case of rain
in case of: for fear of
We’d better ensure the house in case of fire.
In case of fire, break the glass.
Take the coat in case it rains (in case it should rain)

52
blare
to make an unpleasantly loud noise
The loudspeakers blared across the square.
Glare
a long angry look
She gave me a fierce glare.
to shine too brightly
The sun was glaring right in my eyes.

Blemish: defect, flaw, vice, imperfection.

53
ingenious
(of a person) very clever and skilful, or (of a thing) cleverly made or planned and involving new ideas and methods
an ingenious idea/method/solution
Johnny is so ingenious - he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.
Adroit, canny, creative, innovational, innovative, innovatory, original, con. Awkward, clumsy,

ingenuous
honest, sincere and trusting, sometimes in a way that seems foolish
It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to look after his luggage.

55
entail
to make something necessary, or to involve something
Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk.
Repairing the roof will entail spending a lot of money.

defy
1 to refuse to obey, or to act or be against, a person, decision, law, situation, etc
The fact that aircraft don't fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity.
A forest fire raging in the south of France is defying (= is not changed by) all attempts to control it.
2 defy belief/description/explanation to be extreme or very strange and therefore impossible to believe/describe/explain
The chaos at the airport defies description.

denounce (CRITICIZE)
to criticize something or someone strongly and publicly
We must denounce injustice and oppression.

57
sever verb [T]
The knife severed an artery and he bled to death.
Electricity cables have been severed by the storm.
The US severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961.

59
call (in) on sb (VISIT) to visit someone for a short time
I thought we might call in on your mother on our way - I've got some magazines for her.

call on sth (USE)
to use something, especially a quality that you have, in order to achieve something
She would have to call on all her strength if she was to survive the next few months.

61
Hang on a minute - I'll be with you in a moment!
Hang on tight - it's going to be a very bumpy ride.
The safety of air travel hangs partly on the thoroughness of baggage checking.

hang over sth
If a threat or doubt hangs over a place or a situation, it exists
Uncertainty again hangs over the project.

hang out
to spend a lot of time in a place or with someone
You still hang out at the pool hall?

63
access
cede, ceed, cess= go, yield
accede,应允、就职 access, accessible, antecede,先行、超越 antecedent, cede,放弃、割让 cessation, concede,容许、勉强 concession, 特许权、租借地exceed, excess, excessive, incessant,不断的 intercede, 从中调停precede, precedent, proceed, process, procession, recess, secede,脱离、退去 succeed,

64
revoke
to say officially that an agreement, permission, a law, etc. is no longer in effect
The authorities have revoked their original decision to allow development of this rural area.
Voc, voke = call, voice
Vocal, vocalist, vocabulary, vocation, vouch,保证、担保 advocate, convoke,召集 equivocal,模棱两可 evoke, 唤起、使追忆到invoke,祈求、求助于 provoke, 刺激、激起、provocation, irrevocable, 不能取消的、

65
inviting, tempting, appetizing, palatable,

68
She pampers her dog with the finest steak and salmon.
Why not pamper yourself after a hard day with a hot bath scented with oils?

69
befall
If something bad or dangerous befalls you, it happens to you
Should any harm befall me on my journey, you may open this letter.

afflict
If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it
It is an illness which afflicts women more than men.
a country afflicted by civil war

impose
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.
I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children.

70
A note of discord has crept into relations between the two countries.

71
by virtue of because of; as a result of
She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent.

be at the mercy of sb/sth
to be in a situation where someone or something has complete power over you
Poor people are increasingly at the mercy of money-lenders.

73
Let's confine our discussion to the matter in question, please!
Please confine your use of the telephone to business calls.
By closing the infected farms we're hoping to confine the disease to the north of the region

acquiesce to accept or agree to something, often unwillingly
Reluctantly, he acquiesced to/in the plans.

confirm (MAKE CERTAIN)
to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or writing
[+ that]Six people have confirmed that they will be attending and ten haven't replied yet.
Flights should be confirmed 48 hours before departure.
The leader's speech was impressive and confirmed her faith in the party.

to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing
to combat crime/terrorism/inflation/disease
The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drug abuse.

74
Students are required to undertake simple experiments.
She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved.

The prisoners' attempt to escape was foiled at the last minute when police received a tip-off.

78
hold/keep sth/sb at bay
to prevent someone or something unpleasant from harming you
Exercise can help keep fat at bay.

80
They made for the centre of town.
Having faster computers would make for a more efficient system.

take after
to be similar to an older member of your family in appearance or character
He takes after his mother/his mother's side of the family.

82
take sth on (ACCEPT)
to accept a particular job or responsibility
She took too much on and made herself ill.

take sth on (BEGIN) to begin to have a particular quality
Her voice took on a troubled tone.

take sb on (EMPLOY)
to employ someone
She was taken on as a laboratory assistant.

84
underway, under way 1 If something is underway, it is happening now
Economic recovery is already underway.

It's a very beautiful village but it's a bit out of the way.

85
Their baby bears a strong resemblance/an uncanny likeness to its grandfather.
The stone plaque bearing his name was smashed to pieces.
[+ two objects]I don't bear them any ill feeling .
Thank you for your advice, I'll bear it in mind
Eventually her efforts bore fruit and she got the job she wanted.

disclaim
to say that you have no responsibility for, or knowledge of, something that has happened or been done
We disclaim all responsibility for this disaster.

86
meager: very small or not enough
a meagre salary
The prisoners existed on a meagre diet.

87
flamboyant a very confident in behaviour, or intended to be noticed, especially by being brightly coloured
a flamboyant gesture
His clothes were rather flamboyant for such a serious occasion.
Her flamboyance annoys some people but delights others.

88
Mr Young was given a six-month jail sentence suspended for two years
A cloud of smoke was suspended in the air.

They offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students.
discounted goods/rates
discount (NOT CONSIDER) verb [T]
You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back.

90
replenish to fill something up again
Food stocks were replenished by/with imports from the USA.
Does your glass need replenishing?

replete
1 full, especially with food
After two helpings of dessert, Sergio was at last replete.
2 well supplied
This car has an engine replete with the latest technology.

91
matrimonial
related to marriage or people who are married

92
dispatch,
1 to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for a particular purpose
Two loads of woollen cloth were dispatched to the factory in December

93
outgrow
1 to grow bigger than or too big for something
My seven-year-old had new shoes in April and he's already outgrown them (= his feet have grown too large for them).
2 to lose interest in an idea or activity as you get older and change
He eventually outgrew his adolescent interest in war and guns.

alleviate, relieve,

95
assemblage noun
1 [C] formal a collection of things or a group of people or animals
A varied assemblage of birds was probing the mud for food.

96
refer to sb/sth (DESCRIBE)
In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays.
He always refers to the house as his "refuge".
2 The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors.

look to sb for sth
to hope that someone will provide something for you
They looked to the government for additional support.

look up (IMPROVE)
to become better
I hope things will start to look up in the new year.
Our financial situation is looking up at last.

100
put sth/sb up (SUGGESTION)
to suggest an idea, or to make a person available, for consideration
Each party is allowed to put up one candidate.
William has been put up as a candidate for the committee.
Is Chris willing to be put up for election?

put sb off (sth) (TAKE ATTENTION AWAY)
Once she's made up her mind to do something, nothing will put her off.
Could you be quiet please - I'm trying to concentrate and you're putting me off.

put sth/sb forward (SUGGEST)
The proposals that you have put forward deserve serious consideration.
I wasn't convinced by any of the arguments that he put forward.

101
barrier, obstacle, obstruction, impediment,

102
prevail
1 to get control or influence
I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end.
And did reason prevail over emotion?

The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles.
The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road.

permeate
to spread through something and be present in every part of it
Dissatisfaction with the government seems to have permeated every section of society.

103
surge noun [C]
1 a sudden and great increase
There has been a surge in house prices recently.
3 a sudden increase of an emotion
She was overwhelmed by a surge of remorse.

The company's profits have surged.
She felt a wave of resentment surging (up) inside her.

104
expand
to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this way
The air in the balloon expands when heated.
They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s.
the rapid expansion of the software industry
Expansion into new areas of research is possible.
an expansion of industry

extend (REACH)
to (cause something to) reach, stretch or continue; to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer
The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles.
The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road.

105
turn off (sth) (ROAD) to leave the road you are travelling on and travel along another one
Turn off the motorway at the next exit.

turn sth/sb down
to refuse an offer or request
He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned it/him down.
He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling.

106
eligible
1 having the necessary qualities or fulfilling the necessary conditions
Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.
2 describes someone who is not married and is desirable as a marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive
I can think of several eligible bachelors of my acquaintance.

edible suitable or safe for eating
Only the leaves of the plant are edible.

legible describes writing or print that can be read easily
Her handwriting is barely legible.
The opposite is illegible

elated
extremely happy and excited, often because something has happened or been achieved
The prince was reported to be elated at/by the birth of his new daughter.
elation

107
Trim the lateral shoots of the flower

108
Pornography degrades women.
It is so degrading to have to ask for money.

deteriorate
to become worse
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated.
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.

1 causing a lot of damage or destruction
The drought has had devastating consequences/effects.
2 making someone very shocked and upset
devastating news
3 describes a personal quality that has a powerful effect
She had a devastating beauty/charm/smile that few men could resist.

109
tune in (UNDERSTANDING) be tuned in to have a good understanding of what is happening in a situation or what other people are thinking
She just doesn't seem to be tuned in to her students' needs.

revolve around/round sb/sth
The conversation revolved around childcare problems.
His whole life revolves around football.

111
As a young man, he had agitated against the Vietnam war.
The anti-war agitation is beginning to worry the government.

to make someone feel anxious and not calm
She became very agitated when her son failed to return home.

112
oblivious
not aware of something, especially what is happening around you
Absorbed in her work, she was totally oblivious of her surroundings.
The government seems oblivious to the likely effects of the new legislation.

an obscure island in the Pacific
Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.
His answers were obscure and confusing.

113
deterrent noun [C]
something which deters people from doing something
a nuclear deterrent
Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as (= be) a deterrent to other would-be offenders.

detergent noun [C or U]
a chemical substance in the form of a powder or a liquid for removing dirt from clothes or dishes, etc.

114
on the wane (of power, popularity, etc.) becoming less strong
There are signs that support for the party is on the wane.

115
comply to act according to an order, set of rules or request
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.
compliance
1 formal when people obey an order, rule or request
The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws.

encumber
to weigh someone or something down, or to make it difficult for someone to do something
Today, thankfully, women tennis players are not encumbered with/by long, heavy skirts and high-necked blouses.

117
incident noun [C]
an event which is either unpleasant or unusual
an isolated/serious/unfortunate incident
A youth was seriously injured in a shooting incident on Saturday night.

she experienced/suffered a setback.
There has been a slight/temporary setback in our plans.

recurrence noun [C or U]
The doctor told him to go to the hospital if there was a recurrence of his symptoms.

118
infer
What do you infer from her refusal?
[+ that]I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave.
Fer=carry, bear
Ferry, fertile (sterile), circumference,圆周 confer, defer,延期，顺从 deference, differ, differentiate, indifferent, prefer, refer, suffer, transfer,

119
diffuse
1 to (cause something to) spread in many directions
Television is a powerful means of diffusing knowledge.
2 to (cause a gas or liquid to) spread through or into a surrounding substance by mixing with it
The drop of red dye diffused slowly in the water.

The lecturer temporarily digressed from her subject to deal with a related theory.
Digression

121
succumb 1 to lose the determination to oppose something; to accept defeat
I'm afraid I succumbed to temptation and had a piece of cheesecake.
I felt sure it would only be a matter of time before he succumbed to my charms.
2 to die or suffer badly from an illness
Thousands of cows have succumbed to the disease in the past few months.

Traffic was held up for several hours by the accident.
Sweden is often held up as an example of a successful social democracy.

122
rather (MORE EXACTLY)
1 more accurately; more exactly
She'll go to London on Thursday, or rather, she will if she has to.

126
The children are playing in the open.
Animals live in the wild.

127
Of course, a 200-year-old building is very old in American terms.
I've always been on good terms with my neighbours.

128

It's hard work teaching a class of lively children.
a lively city
A new coat of paint would liven the kitchen up.

139
Medieval knights took an oath of allegiance/loyalty to their lord.
The witness placed her hand on the Bible and took the oath

obligation noun
1 [C or U] when you are obliged to do something
[+ to infinitive]If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to (= it is not necessary to) pay them any money.
You have a legal obligation to (= The law says you must) ensure your child receives a proper education.

151
let out a secret

pay up phrasal verb informal
to give someone the money that you owe them, especially when you do not want to
Eventually they paid up, but only after receiving several reminders.

part with sth
to give something to someone else, especially when you do not want to
I was going to give away her old baby clothes, but I couldn't bring myself to part with them.

155
destination noun [C]
the place where someone is going or where something is being sent or taken
We arrived at our destination tired and hungry.
His letter never reached its destination.
The Caribbean is a popular tourist/ holiday/ vacation destination.

destiny noun
1 [C] the things that will happen in the future
The destiny of our nation depends on this vote!
People want to control/determine/take charge of their own destinies.

157
gear (sb/sth) up
to prepare for something that you have to do, or to prepare someone else for something
Politicians are already gearing up for the election.
I'm gearing myself up to ask him to give me my money back.
I'm trying to gear myself up for tomorrow's exam.

161
reference noun [C or U]
a mention of something
Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings.
formal I am writing with/in reference to (= in connection with) your letter of 15 March.

preference
I have a preference for sweet food over spicy.
Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference.
2 an advantage which is given to a person or a group of people
We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time.

He studied chemistry in preference to physics at university.

The government's interference in the strike has been widely criticized.

163
prosecution noun [C or U]
A number of the cases have resulted in successful prosecution.
Doctors guilty of neglect are liable to prosecution.

The prosecution alleged that he lured the officer to his death by making an emergency call.

Religious minorities were persecuted and massacred during the ten-year regime.
They left the country out of fear of persecution.

166
come to (BECOME CONSCIOUS) to become conscious again after an accident or operation

come off (SUCCEED) to happen as planned or to succeed

I tried telling a few jokes but they didn't come off (= no one laughed).
come through (sth) (DIFFICULT SITUATION) to manage to get to the end of a difficult or dangerous situation
We've had some hard times, but we've come through.

169
drought noun [C or U]
a long period when there is little or no rain
draught (COLD AIR)
a current of unpleasantly cold air blowing through a room

183
take to sb/sth (LIKE)
to start to like someone or something
She's taken to tennis like a duck to water

188
optimal)
best; most likely to bring success or advantage
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment.

compelling adjective
1 If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong
compelling evidence
It's a fairly compelling argument for going.
2 very exciting and interesting and making you want to watch or listen
I found the whole film very compelling.
a compelling story

190
hold off
They've decided to hold off on buying a car until they're both working.
hold forth
to talk about a particular subject for a long time, often in a way that other people find boring
She held forth all afternoon about/on government incompetence.

hold down a job
to manage to keep a job for a period of time

192
He was on his knees, pleading for mercy/forgiveness.
She appeared on television to plead with the kidnappers

205
transcend verb [T]
to go beyond, rise above or be more important or better than something, especially a limit
The best films are those which transcend national or cultural barriers.
The underlying message of the film is that love transcends everything else.

209
pledge noun [C]
I give you this ring as a pledge of my everlasting love for you.

compulsion (DESIRE)
a very strong or uncontrollable desire (to do something repeatedly)
I seem to have a constant compulsion to eat.
compulsive
a compulsive liar/thief/eater

233
stand up to sb/sth (DEFEND)
to defend yourself against a powerful person or organization when they treat you unfairly
He wasn't afraid to stand up to bullies.

stand up to sth (NOT CHANGE)
to not be changed or damaged by something
Will the lorries stand up to the journey over rough roads?

235
burst into song/tears/laughter
to suddenly begin to sing/cry/laugh
Much to my surprise Ben suddenly burst into song.

break into sth
to suddenly begin to do something
He felt so happy that he broke into song.
She walked quickly, occasionally breaking into a run

250
counterfeit adjective
made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes
counterfeit jewellery/passports/coins

251
keep sth off (sb/sth) (STOP)
to stop something touching or harming someone or something
Wear a hat to keep the sun off

write sb/sth off (FAILURE)
to decide that a particular person or thing will not be useful, important or successful
A lot of companies seem to write people off if they're over 50.

255
fall away/off (AMOUNT)
to become smaller or lower in amount or rate
Membership of the club has fallen away in recent months.

fall out (ARGUE)
to argue with someone and stop being friendly with them
He left home after falling out with his parents.

fall short
to fail to reach a desired or expected amount or standard, causing disappointment
August car sales fell short of the industry's expectations.

fall through
to fail to happen
We found a buyer for our house, but then the sale fell through.

256
repulsive adjective
extremely unpleasant or unacceptable
What a repulsive old man!

obnoxious
very unpleasant or rude
Some of his colleagues say that he's loud and obnoxious.

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