医学考博英语破题技巧－－－写作部分

第1页 `DY yK?R  
英语作文的总体评分原则（内容与语言两个方面） ^&?,L@ fW  
记分标准如下： v1:.t  
!rUP&DA  
13-15（20－17）分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。 TwkT|Piw S  
　　10-12（16－13）分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。 tY"eoPme  
　　7-9（12－9）分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。 RM|J |R  
　　4-6（8－5）分：内容基本功题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。 ^>IP"kF  
　　1-3（ 4－1）分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。 w jkh*Y  
　　0分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。 eg;7BZi m{  
因此，一篇好的作文应基本达到： 6iU&9Z<%  
　　1） 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求； fUjo',<s  
　　2） 语法基本正确； ,{0Y:/T'  
　　3） 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯； juHL$SGC  
　　4） 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求； ?6:qAF w  
　　5） 说理清楚，内容充实。 X J<"S p  
6） 就小作文而言，还要做到格式与语域正确。 9lYKG^#D  
7） 书写干净整洁。如果书写较差，以致影响交际，分数会降低一个档次。 x4q}xwH  
考生出现的问题 q}@L"a`  
不会审题 (K[{X0T  
用汉语思维，逐字翻译。 ^EUR#~b5iy  
用词搭配不当。 V8n {k'  
词汇量小，拼写困难。 Vh\_Ko\V5  
句子逻辑关系混乱。 <,~OcJG(   
Our English class often told stories. [PIMG2"G  
应改为：We often told stories in our English class. M}|(:o3Yo  
不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。 8&@=Anc&q  
People learn English to use it , Some learn it to study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English. gNZwD6GMe?  
语法错误。 ']nI
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　　i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等 P#A,(Bke3  
　　ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等； Kki(A4;7F  
　　iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。 hCQOwk#  
　　iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。 Gld~Gy
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　　v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。 g}+|0FTV  
有选择性的记住一些套话或短语：段落连接 `:C1Wo^<  
　　(1)“启”，常用于引导文章开头的过渡词有： Z|qI[uiO  
It is often said that… MD[hqshoh  
Generally speaking… s\d3u`G  
As the proverb says… LW<LgN"L-  
It goes without saying that… I$"Z\c8;  
It is clear/obvious that… u$JAjA
 
Mary people often ask …  9tpyrGv  
　　(2)“承”，常用于第一个扩展段开头的过渡词有： ?i<l7
 
It is true that… NCk-[I?R  
Everybody knows that… ;<i u*a  
It can be easily proved that… U4d7-&U  
No one can deny that… I[%IW4jJ  
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is… Qh@Q6  
The chief reason why …is that … Oem1=QpaC  
We must recognize that… x;
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There is no doubt that… >"/TiQt  
I am of the opinion that… a@? $#>  
This can expressed as follows… C6gSj1  
To take…for an example (instance) … M0m%S:2  
Therefore we should realize that … k8E2?kbF  
We have reason to believe that… t_^cqEr  
We know that… J|xXo
  
What is more serious is that… <2*+Y|Lk2  
(3)“转”，常用于第二个扩展段开头的过渡词有： e[k\VYj[  
Another special consideration in this case is that … ]oix))'n  
Besides, we should not neglect that… ="T}mc  
However, … Q-, 4  
But the problem is not so simple, …
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Therefore… f$ /C.
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But it is a pity that… pz2E+o  
On the other hand, … K{y`Sb~k  
I do not believe that… \.P'
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Perhaps you’ll ask why… e>Q:j_?.e  
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to… 2v?#r"d  
Though we are in basic agreement with … AJ 0Bb7  
The trouble seems that… (N}\Wft%  
Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that… BI2'NN\  
So long as you regard this as reasonable, you many… Pd:tRY+t/  
　　(4)“合”，常用结尾段的过渡词有： fNr*\=$  
In a word, … ,vi6<C\  
In sum, … _z^&zuO  
In conclusion, … w#(E+s~}  
From this point of view, … .Xta;Py|J  
On account of this we can find that … l5e`m^GK  
The result is dependent on … 1iY?t  
Therefore, these findings reveal the following information… +DT tKj  
Thus, this is the reason why we must… ~}YgZ/U7T  
　　2.句子连接 pv|D{39Hs  
　　(1)“启” tV.96P;)/9  
in the first place at present D//Ts`}+n  
currently it goes without saying that e]jzFm~  
lately first Y%rC\Ij/i  
first of all now d cht8nX7~  
presently firstly ctC!b{S"@  
generally recently ">I50#bT  
in the beginning to begin with (P:.@P~  
to start with in general YsjTC$Tx,  
　　(2)“承” .=b)Ae c  
after a few days after a while bF3}L=z  
also at any arte Yv;18j*<  
at the same time besides Y'LIk Q\  
by this time certainly tdRnRoB  
consequently for example d
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for instance for this purpose J o ]8?U(^  
from now on furthermore 78+PG(Q_M  
in addition in addition to… W[W}:@KZ  
in fact in other words OGO4~Up  
in particular in the same manner
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incidentally indeed A=k{Rl{LA  
meanwhile moreover hI1}^;  
no doubt obviously =: =uV0jX\  
of course particularly bjJ212J  
second secondly ygp NMq#?X  
similarly so )Wm:Ilq  
soon still y|%rW  
then third o;@T6-VH  
thirdly truly 4h~o>(Sq  
unlike… what is more 5eWGX  
　　(3)“转” E|d 8vt  
after all all the same 3v%V\kO=F  
anyway at the same time <Cw)S8t  
but by this time (-(sBQa+  
conversely despite… "V;M,/Q|  
especially… fortunately =7mn= w?  
however in other words x;Jy-hMNl  
in particular in spite of… !7lS=D(?  
in the same way likewise auTApYS53  
luckily nevertheless <k&Q"X:"  
no doubt not withstanding … -P<e-V%<  
on the contrary on the other hand Hinz6k6!  
otherwise perhaps… @ 4D$Xl  
unfortunately unlike… !;^sIoRPV  
whereas… yet [s4lSGh  
nonetheless as a matter of fact >c>f6  
(4)“合” .j}dk.#h  
above all accordingly N4Z%8:"pj  
as a consequence as a result nxP>IfSA  
as has been noted as I have said eEIa=MB*  
at last at length gjJ?*N[  
by and large briefly 8-c1q*q)  
by doing so consequently gh3XC.&  
eventually finally 'dp3>4  
hence in brief i*' 6"  
in conclusion in short V6Y:l9  
on the whole therefore ,25Qhz]  
thus to speak frankly N*N@wJy:5  
to sum up to summarize ika/ G G  
indeed surely v_PhJKE  
to conclude obviously VQO6!ToKY  
certainly truly `w1|(Sk$h  
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常用句型 j_VTa/   
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用于反驳性和比较性论文 1CFTQB>  
1. In general, I don’t agree with 4hep1Kz%  
2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water. mdW8RsR  
3. The chief reason why… is that… FOxMt;|M  
4.There is no true that… R87-L*9B^0  
5. It is not true that… p9ligs7V'  
6. It can be easily denied than… 5_@ u Be~  
7. We have no reason to believe that… ;ZMm6o  
8. What is more serious is that… #IjG[a-  
9. But it is pity that… |[/[*hDZ9  
10. Besides, we should not neglect that… u6{=Z:  
11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore… X(nbfh?n  
12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that… F3$@6J8<[z  
13. Perhaps I was question why… zrWkz3FN  
14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to… #gzY _)E  
15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but jdsNZV  
16. What seems to be the trouble is… @~v|t{G  
17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that… dGf:0xE"  
18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that… iq_y80g`8h  
19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that… >h+[#3vD  
20. What these people fail to consider is that… Ffxf!zS  
21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that … <smi<syx  
22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too. UV}\#86!  
23. The advantages of B are much greater than A. 0J-]  
24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration. ]PQ] f*Ik>  
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用于描写图表和数据 W`HO Q  
1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998. tHlKo0S$0  
2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year. : tKa1vL  
3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995. Q>qx? g  
4. It would be expected to increase 5 times. f>$Ld1  
5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year. rv>K0= t0  
6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996. ]
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7. The total number was lowered by 10%. *~b3FLzq  
8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year. Q2[@yRY/z  
9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent. %
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10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995. '\yp}r'u  
11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with… E[N5vG<  
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用于解释性和阐述性论说文 C1 qyjlR  
1.Everybody knows that… @Y2"=QVt  
2.It can be easily proved that… TE+d?  
3. It is true that… -~z]ut<Z  
4. No one can deny that K}^Jf;  
5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is… ISo{>@a-  
6. The chief reason is that… joaf0  
7. We must recognize that… B-63IN  
8. There is on doubt that… z:PH _N~  
9. I am of the opinion that… =X6+}YQ"  
10. This can be expressed as follows; =\v./Q-  
11. To take …for an example…  "52nT  
12. We have reason to believe that &=SP"@D  
13. Now that we know that… ![O@{/  
14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned… `_L=~F8  
15. The change in …largely results from the fact that J:M)gh~#  
16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally… xW84g08_,  
17. A number of factors could account for the development in… k:(i sKIA  
18. Perhaps the primary reason is… ;bJ2miO"e  
19. It is chiefly responsible of… $#V^CmW.  
20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact… .HTX7mA3  
21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that… U'iL| JRF  
22. Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that… 1
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23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon… ypxqW8Xe  
24. Different people observes it in different ways. 5[Whj
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hv xvwV1  
用于文章的开头 51oZw%os=  
1. As the proverb says… h3^
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2. It goes without saying tan… C7=Q!UK`\  
3. Generally speaking… ]Y[8|HJ8  
4. It is quite clear than because… m,nV,}@J  
5. It is often said that … rN|c0
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6. Many people often ask such question:“…？” 7pNTCZ Y|  
7. More and more people have come to realize… v |/IN  
8. There is no doubt that… 7lpd$Y  
9. Some people believe that… 4%WV)lt  
10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case? P=&Je?  
11. One great man said that… an3HKfv  
12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention. /p') u3  
13. In the past several years there has been… G)l[\6Dn  
14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether… 3uwZ#   
15. Currently there is a widespread concern that… 9d2#=IJm  
16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that… `4s5yNUi=  
17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of … 5| 2B@6-  
18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently. v8Ncquv  
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用于文章的结尾 3Z'{#<1>^;  
1. from this point of view… ?G
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2. in a word… xiU-}H'o  
3. in conclusion… G*BM'^0+  
4. on account of this we can find that… bl\44VK2'  
5. the result is dependent on… 9Q :IgY?T  
6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information: <C6/R]x#  
7. thus, this is the reason why we must… 14\%2nE  
8. to sum up … (? R  
9. as far as…be concerned, I believe that… o<-%)#e  
10. It is obvious that… )T#;1qNB  
11. There is little doubt that… GT%V,OJ  
12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful U=XaI%ZM)  
13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way. P0Na<)\'Y!  
14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on… s~/]nz]"J  
15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that… /db?ltb  
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用于论证和说明 $?Aez/  
1. As it is described that… d5A!kU _.  
2. It has been illustrated that… QY+#Vp<`  
3. It provides a good example of… F.A<e #e?
 
4. We may cite another instance of… DHt 8 f  
5. History man provides us with the examples of… uc Z(D|a   
6. A number of further facts may be added… CG9X3%xO%  
7. The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have heard. 8kJ k5  
8. A recent investigation indicate that… _$ixE~w-!  
9. According to the statistics provided … 42p6l  
10. According to a latest study, it can be predicted… ";s5It  
11. There is no sufficient evidence to show that… 8.pz?{**T  
12. All available evidence points to the fact that… oTI*mGR1Z  
13. Examples given leads me to conclude that… +"3eh1q[  
14. It reveals the unquestionable fact that… h!K B%4V  
15. The idea may be proved by facts… lR.a3.~  
16. All the facts suggest that… ]nX.zE|F  
17. No one can deny the fact that… (X!/tw,.  
18. We may face the undeniable fact that… ePs<jrB<  
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