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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 p|Fhh\,*`X
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 J! eVw\6
yC =vTzzp 2．被动形式 =L
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\>I ECzNByP v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 >[@d&28b% v 时间状语从句当中的时态： $\!;*SSj ACYn87tq 3p W
MS& 一般过去时 所有的过去 $@k w>2 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 \W^+vuD8 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 OF/)-}! 一．非谓语动词 l5ds`uR#
一．不定式： eBIR *TZ):
& }}WP:U 一）不定式的常考形式： ?\M6P?tpo&
]!aa#? Fc 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. . b oizW1+ 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. u g"<\" 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 /$,=>
( v:ek_ 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. A]%t0>EL< 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. =>\-ma+ 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 (x0
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ca*[n~np 二）不定式常考的考点： 8 {]Gh 0+
r Ob "S* 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2\B9o `Y
5q kuK F 2）不定式做状语----目的 &Z!K]OSY
hUvuq,LH_ 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. )NmlV99q
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=s 三)不定式的省略 DE\bYxJ
g)?g7{&?>? 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel F*JvpI[7n
kefv=n*]l + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； i(yAmo9h + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 +VLe'| I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 66@3$P%1p
^h6$> n5 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) wEnuUC4j I saw him working in the garden yesterday. \y H
3Y 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） TF0-? vBWh v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. lA n+gDP 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to =6Sj}/
c\)&yGE I ‘d like to have John do it. tdnXPxn[
yOUX E>- I have my package weighed. ocl47 )
CI!Eq&D, Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. Vv yrty
xa{<R+LR 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do MO~~=]Y'
EN-H4F 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： D,d
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%$NJ want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do O[(?.9 force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do v dH+>l be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do p` ADro* L`jB)wF /J 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 7 bonOt
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~[zFQ)([ accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. ;v,9 v;T 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 $AA~]'O>6:
Hz]4A S He needs (a lot of) encouraging. 5@ bc(H Bn~\HW\Lh
,C{^`Bk-W 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 1m>^{u
` URSv,( 1)是名词 seeing is believing +X:J]- 1) 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. *?_qE 一)动名词的形式: =PNdP
1z~k1usRK 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 8%o~ 4u3 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. ZjU=~)O}H 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. [3j$ 4rP 二) 动名词常考的点 y#S1c)vU
4 ,p#:! 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 1@A7 h$
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:O9P(X* 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 r0F_;
|} _gA 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. 8#+`9GI
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] I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． pO"m~ mpA A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） f;. SSiT I regret not having taken your advice. (E!%v`_0 4)有些词后只能接动名词 MWM
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d,)}+G admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... eh$G.-2N 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： xM&EL>m>L it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... ~6p5H}'H1 F(deu^s%{ 1|W2 s\ 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 {3_Gjb5\\4
4 GUA& qs remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 i wUv`>l&
w{3ycR I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) R0{ Qy*YQ`
9 +}cE**=d I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)
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WhH!U0 forgot与remember的用法类似。 j(sLK
& I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… 7m\vRMK
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}mL\8 I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 f_rp<R>Uu try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. vTdUuj3N
B;V5x/ try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. K!p,x;YX
+s ULo I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 e^zHw^js To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 "mR*7o$| prefer的用法： /H Zv 我宁愿在这里等。 =5?.'XMk I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） s"WBw'_<< I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） zd.'*Dj I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） 2 L:$aZ q4/909x=
a fx' 3 分词：
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 w.z<60%},0
现在分词的形式: b1xpz1
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) tb,9a! ?
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) 8eN7VT eb
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) h)cY])tGtK
过去分词 '#q4Bc1
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. Xh}&uZ`A
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) G
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这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 DZk1ZLz
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