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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 UdL`. D ,
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 zo\Xu oZ
Xd|5 { 2．被动形式 (sl]%RjGa
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vP{C Q2 edS| N ; h q v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 f[ v??^ v 时间状语从句当中的时态： L\B+j+~ xpnnWHdaq &]M<G)9 一般过去时 所有的过去 V:+}
]"yJ, 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 /U`"|3 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 ?+!KucTF
一．非谓语动词 vB,N6~r>
一．不定式： M-Js"cB[
4VooU [Ka( 一）不定式的常考形式： F0yh7MItV
QO,y/@ Ph 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. JDs<1@
\ 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. v3/cNd3 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 f+1]#"9i|
eMF%!qUr 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. s)L7o)56/ 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. MHbRG_zW 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 bZi>
wS5hXTb" 二）不定式常考的考点： JE j+ >
z(]*'0)P 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 $ey<8qzp
4j | vzyc 2）不定式做状语----目的 o+n U {
=thgNMDm" 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. V^0*S=N
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7 三)不定式的省略 \\'! <Bn2d
kxdLJ_ 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel A>PM'$"sT
FCI T+ 8K + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； h VlL"w*1 + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 3!d|K%J I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 1xx-}AIH#
o~}q@]] 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) :+ ;F" _ I saw him working in the garden yesterday. Yd,*LYd2EL 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） {
~Cqb7 v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. "_(o% \"7 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to $; @s
}^QY<Cp| I ‘d like to have John do it. 9M7{.XR,
eF2<L [9 I have my package weighed. Z |7Y1W[
zX5p'8- Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. ?W# ! S
Ohjqdv@ 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do r3KV.##u,
FV^kOz 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： B4{A(-Tc
& XrV[d[> want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do 3)T5}_ force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do e0h T be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 7tyn?t0 n ? !
kup 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 Bd7A-T)q!
0.Iw/e accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. Cd (Ov5% 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 V^f'4*~'
,2]6cP(6qQ He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
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zKI(
yC 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 myXp]=Sb?
W`;E-28Dg 1)是名词 seeing is believing bb#w]!q 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. Xe*
L^8+ 一)动名词的形式: , X|oCD
*Fq Nzly 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. v[~ U*#i 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. 45_ zO# 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. $YW z~^ f 二) 动名词常考的点 %5uuB4P&|$
c[Y7tj%y 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 m>a6,#I
@jjp\ ~ 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 3L#KHTM
8rw;Yo<k 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. 2o{Fp7l
<Q%o}m4Kt I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． (?~ F }u
v A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） *X,vu2(I-= I regret not having taken your advice. ;;UvK
v 4)有些词后只能接动名词 lZb1kq% 9g
=`{!" 6a admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... D?9 =q 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： 3"q%-M|+Q it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... n cu>
@K$n d<#Xqc PN<Y&/fB
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 Th @L68
Ei}B9 &O remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 >)!"XFbb
cITQ,ah I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) `Ol*"F.+I
e}aD <E G I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) &oNy~l
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utRvE(IbmV forgot与remember的用法类似。 011 _(v I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… ]`+>{Sx 1
nuXaZRH I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 ~)WE try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. [L9e.n1
H@O YtPHGR try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. 6`F_js.a
#y2="$ V I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 i 7*4h YY To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 R6CxNPRJ prefer的用法： hA)3Ah* 我宁愿在这里等。 T3!l{vG
\O I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） e)>Z&e,3 I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） q4 l L7@_ I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） X]Sr]M^EK N!r@M."
RG # 3 分词： 3| g'1X}
q<.^DO~$L
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 3fn6W)v?
现在分词的形式: LYv+Sv
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) t9W_ [_a9
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) cA A J7?
ub./U@ 1
3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) W!V06
.
过去分词 w ,9$*=k
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. V '\4sP t
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) Y |n_Ro^~
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 C5 ^_R
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