2015年华中科技大学博士英语真题回忆 ,.g}W~S)
一、完形填空(缺,10分) M^H90GN)X
二、阅读理解(40分) 00M`%c/
Passage 1 w{'2q^>6*
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends " OGdE_E
that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon lu
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social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support Y&,rTa
networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing _@E "7<\
owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and "g
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friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help M^ 5e~y
networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of “primary” fr#Qz{
institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are #'>?:k
characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual 6s,2NeVWa
concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary”
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institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support S?,_<GD)w
network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups. feCqbWq:
A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority S+FQa7k
business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for a9[<
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investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits RqGVp?
that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial dYyW]nZ&
behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation g+9v$[!
rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual aFG3tuaKrQ
entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing Ea4
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from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial 9-G b"hr
institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge E|,30Z+
unreasonably high interest rates. ;\s~%~\
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise 6To:T[ z#
capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic x(vai1CrdH
group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One l7Y8b`
author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 -,/3"}<^78
utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third =z-5
or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to HZuiVW8
raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial o4'Wr
support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late \=8=wQv
nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which /p}{#DLB
themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black hpjUkGm5
enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to :p&IX"Hh
provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish w^U}|h"
home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in d|3o/@k
founding ethnic-directed financial institutions. (h|ch#
1. Based on the information in the passage, it would be LEAST likely for which of the following vu ?3
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persons to be part of a self-help network? Nor`c+,4
(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend I)rGOda{
(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt blmmm(|~|
(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader +]_nbWL(%
(D) The entrepreneur’s neighbor ($:y\,5(9I
(E) The entrepreneur’s banker +h|K[=l
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2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network, as such networks v}f&q!
are described in the passage? RZe#|k+
8
(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of its openenrollment Y!;gQeC
adult education program. OF
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(B) The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs. *i%.{ YH
(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hope to FXeV6zfrE
establish their own businesses. K Ka c6Zj
(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job training for its {:3.27jQ
members and their friends. 2DUr7rM
(E) A community college offers country residents training programs that can lead to certification
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in a variety of technical trades. ^W5>i[
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations? {vLTeIxf.G
(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants. Tt`L(oF
(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chinese immigrants 2|$lk8 /,
in New York in the early twentieth century. 8znj~7}#
(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920’s would g%X &f_@
have been unlikely to rely on them. ([[)Ub$U
(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups. .r7D)xNa@
(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating credit associations instead of banks for Zo'/^S
investment capital. )-)ss"\+Ju
4. The passage best supports which of the following statements? y-%nJD$
(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to DL
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start a business. +O&RBEa[
(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years. yLjV[qP
(C) Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business KlY,NSlQ
ventures. O>nK,.
(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique mVa?aWpez
formal organization. 1% asx'^
(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the personal strengths of Tt{U"EFO
their founders. S@9w'upd
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph? a#YuKh?
(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a counter-argument. Y||yzJdC
(B) An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it. 1P+Mv^%I
(C) A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined. f#'8"ff*1
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions. UCe,2v%
(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and the distinctions among the incidents are then rny@n^F
clarified. @YEw^J~
6. According to the passage, once a minority-owned business is established, self-help networks IRlN++I!
contribute which of the following to that business? $dlnmNP+
(A) Information regarding possible expansion of the business into nearby communities JX2mTQ
(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly free of direct competition 4kWg>F3
(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest profits in other minority-owned businesses F9Ifw><XM
(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customers of the new business 30A`\+^f
(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are members of other ethnic groups )`B
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7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional analyses of minority business would be 0\?_lT2
LEAST likely to do which of the following? `%FIgE^
(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social contexts di8W2cwz
(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examples of business enterprises \Pw8wayr%
(C) Stress common experiences of individual entrepreneurs in starting businesses J!=](s5|
(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather than means of starting them 'dmp4VT3
(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in starting a business jHs<s`#h
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Irish building and loan g,00'z_D
associations mentioned in the last paragraph? =nJOaXR0
(A) They were started by third- or fourth-generation immigrants. XD;15a
(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related groups. Aivu %}_|
(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to finance business not connected with @m+pr\h(
construction. e#l*/G*,
(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irish construction workers. Z_iAn TT
(E) They provided assistance for construction businesses owned by members of other ethnic s5c! ^,L8
groups. 03X<x|
Passage2 GOv92$e
It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and X@6zI-Y%
exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are ,H.(\p_N
eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the 8C*6Fjb#
other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The O, bfdc[g4
distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures p{mxk)A
visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and uznoyj6g
eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information tx:rj6-z
into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular h]J&A
processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the Nw9-pQ
respective forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically AJ;u&&c4C\
prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each "C$!mdr7
group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, jjS{q
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arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes BiHiVhD_
and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have 2a._?(k_y
diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose. 9#Aipu\
Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems O84v*=u A
fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are b'Fx),
significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now G+#| )V
appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular L}e"nzTE6I
sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to )Dk0V!%N
which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the %!ER @&1f&
reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that 48 c
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although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the Z30z<d,j
archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct Y^c,mK^
evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria. .T#y N\S1
1. The passage is primarily concerned with <FcPxZ
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of p0[,$$pM
living organisms with a dichotomous one E]u'MX
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of RS||KA])J
basic categories of living organisms s%L"
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(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than u/!mN2{Rd
had been expected
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(D) summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, {0A[v}X ~
archaebacteria, and eukaryotes u'$yYzBE
(E) formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of x;ICV%g/
the prokaryotes (2O} B.6
2. According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular r3c\;Ra7
level supported the conclusion that z~}StCH(
(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular j^aQ>(t(9
(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei h-2E
9Z
(C) prokaryotes and eukaryotes form two fundamental categories mf*9^}l+Zn
(D) subcellular structures are visible with a microscope uhw5O9
(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes os(Jr!p_=
3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category 9p[W :)P4d
hypothesis is likely to be true? <D;H}ef
(A) It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as
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organelles in eukaryotic cells. t'=~"?T/o
(B) It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to #>=/15:
form multicellular organisms. YzhN |!;!k
(C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms. 2W"cTm
(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. ?) ,xZ1"
(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes. W
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4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared 0IPhVG~#
in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things? 2LxVt@_R!%
(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes
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(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes j3rv2W\
(C) The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms ,a]~hNR
*X
(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA YW$x:
(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in [BZ(p
archaebacterial species X^
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5. If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological Z'EO
classifications other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely? hml\^I8Q>F
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated. ILr6W@o5A
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified. k,N
U,^ &
(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three. a5U2[Ko80
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes. /<?X-IDz.{
(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true *Xtc`XH
bacteria. 3Ibt'$dK
6. According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were HyX4ob[X
correct in thinking that FUqhSW
(A) prokaryotes form a coherent group F{H0
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(B) the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties W'2-3J
(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria L%s4snE
(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes pXT$Y8M
(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterparts %}]4Nsd e
7. All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT: 7si*%><X
(A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group. '3_B1iAv
(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria. v!RB(T3
(C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding. zR JKIm
(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are distinguishable at the subcellular level. dG~B3xg;5i
(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. b5
C}K
8. The author’s attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is q;a*gqt
best described as one of 9Or4`JOO
(A) tentative acceptance @~U6=(+
(B) mild skepticism $?A Uk
(C) limited denial }Ka.bZS
(D) studious criticism +i_f.Ipp
(E) whole hearted endorsement BM$tywC
Passage3 xEZVsz
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are ^s2
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two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare h`;F<PFW
Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial F-7b`cF9[r
Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not <QW1fE
to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other *Qwhi&k
sights. b=
ec?n #7
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They *rFbehf H
frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. FjLv*K[#d
It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself @NwM+^
an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise - making. TNT"2FoBd
The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often 3k[<4-
take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side– don’t usually see the plays, and some of [ma#8p)
them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little 5b4V/d*
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sight - seeing along with their play- going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in QDT{Xg*I
much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) Ihq@|s8
pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of /?-p^6U
town by nightfall. ^8*SCM_A
The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the / z?7ic0
subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every oUKbzr/C
hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel >rS<