2015年华中科技大学博士英语真题回忆 zX ?@[OT
一、完形填空(缺,10分) tD\%SiTg=b
二、阅读理解(40分) eEMU,zCl
Passage 1
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In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends m8<l2O=m
that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon YVB\9{H?
social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support 8^6dK
networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing UBvea(z-#
owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and AH#klYK
friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help 2';f8JLY
networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of “primary” eNw9"
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institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are zeG_H}[2&
characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual LHJjPf)F
concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary” ZF6?N?t}h8
institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support $M 1/74
network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups. 6Cd% @Q2cr
A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority 0413K_
business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for O+Q t8,
investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits Km9Y_`?
that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial (r+#}z}
behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation ]K(>r#'nH
rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual WGeTL`}dh
entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing ^q=D!g
from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial ;.4A,7w#
institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge 251^>x.R
unreasonably high interest rates. DHlCus=ic
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise R<jt$--H
capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic =Vm"2g,aA
group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One 1^4z/<ZWm
author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 Dt
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utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third $<(FZb=
or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to 5s'oVO*hW
raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial 39(]UO6^;
support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late w[S!U<9/
nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which DZI:zsf;5Q
themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black E8=8OX/{Y
enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to udV.$N
provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish ZFAi 9M
home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in Qw
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founding ethnic-directed financial institutions. ,c;u]
1. Based on the information in the passage, it would be LEAST likely for which of the following Gz9w1[t
persons to be part of a self-help network? A1A/OU<Vb
(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend ?!:$Z4G
(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt }
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(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader (\UA+3$4
(D) The entrepreneur’s neighbor ^K#PcPF-j
(E) The entrepreneur’s banker +v`?j+6z
2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network, as such networks u&!QP4$"z
are described in the passage? !e}LB%
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(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of its openenrollment _'yN4>=6u
adult education program. ;;9W/m~]
(B) The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs. *hP9d;-Ar
(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hope to d3$&I==;:
establish their own businesses. s:6p
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(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job training for its 4|9c+^%^
members and their friends. YMidSfi
(E) A community college offers country residents training programs that can lead to certification y3]7^+k
in a variety of technical trades. 2&f]v`|M|
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations? QeK@++EVc
(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants. <F=U(WWn9
(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chinese immigrants TfD]`v`]
in New York in the early twentieth century. =Mb1)^m
(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920’s would "QWF&-kAI
have been unlikely to rely on them. *
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(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups. jb!R
(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating credit associations instead of banks for \
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investment capital. (QPfrR=J4
4. The passage best supports which of the following statements? 7>Af"1$g
(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to (~R [K,G
start a business. _Ra$"j
(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years. e;y\v/A
(C) Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business d+1q[,-
ventures. `uO(#au,U
(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique X}~5%B(
formal organization. c~@
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(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the personal strengths of gD"]uj<
their founders. /B$9B
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph? "k)}qI{
(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a counter-argument. :u%Jrc(W
(B) An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it. U>b mCK2
(C) A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined. }9&Z#1/
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions. GOT@
(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and the distinctions among the incidents are then p)5j~Nl
clarified. 1Na*7|
6. According to the passage, once a minority-owned business is established, self-help networks Qi
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contribute which of the following to that business? }@kD&2
(A) Information regarding possible expansion of the business into nearby communities hL1q9%
(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly free of direct competition I<v1S
(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest profits in other minority-owned businesses C+,JLK
(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customers of the new business q5jLK)
(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are members of other ethnic groups =Kq/EDe
7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional analyses of minority business would be N7S?m@
LEAST likely to do which of the following? -dCM
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(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social contexts y\=(;]S'
(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examples of business enterprises W'3&\}
(C) Stress common experiences of individual entrepreneurs in starting businesses L/2{}l>D
(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather than means of starting them dKs^Dq
(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in starting a business 9ANC,+0p
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Irish building and loan +(v<_#wR-
associations mentioned in the last paragraph? F\' ^DtB
(A) They were started by third- or fourth-generation immigrants. (7C&I-l
(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related groups. 28 h3Ayw4
(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to finance business not connected with 0*G5Vd
construction. >Oary
(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irish construction workers. mcbr3P
(E) They provided assistance for construction businesses owned by members of other ethnic G#V}9l8Q
groups. 'dE G\?v9
Passage2 4WK@ap-~
It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and +-b:XeHSZ
exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are Dj=OUo[[d
eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the 1!u}~E_
other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The jft%\sY
distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures .C]V==z`[4
visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and jy=dB-&
eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information JNQiCK,)}M
into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular I y?_2m
processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the ztSP4lW
respective forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically 5O.dRp7dJ
prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each 4@,d
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group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover,
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arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes _%g}d/v}pO
and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have (TufvHC
diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose. l djypEa}
Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems PJC[#>}
fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are a );>
significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now EJ$-
appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular y`"b%P)+T
sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to bM]\mo>z<
which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the [4)q6N5`f
reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that sOc<'):TK
although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the 8 *@knkJ
archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct @\[UZVmBw
evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria. 7aH E:Dnwp
1. The passage is primarily concerned with 9N(<OY+Dgm
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of R|PFGhi6"A
living organisms with a dichotomous one SK2nxZOH
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of JpVV0x/Q/_
basic categories of living organisms 8
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(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than IY@)
had been expected ei 1(A
(D) summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, c5_?jKpl
archaebacteria, and eukaryotes Xg*IOhF6x
(E) formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of &FrW(>2
the prokaryotes x)6yWr[ri%
2. According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular .lMIJN&/
level supported the conclusion that kc&