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楼主发表于: 2010-02-19

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ISSUE大全[2..

51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student." 51．只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义
1. the efficiency of education lies in its generalization ( teacher, student )
2. over-specified education will narrow down students’ ken and capability of acclimation to future career
3. in order to cater individual needs and to enhance interests of students, schools can offer some specifically designed programs to students

52"Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony." 52．教育鼓励学生们提问和批评，这样无利于社会的和谐
We should discriminate between social harmony and categorical obeying. The latter was employed by monopolies to keep their people doing whatever they ordered without any right to raise doubt, let alone rejection.
The purpose of questioning and criticizing is not just providing a vent for dissatisfaction.
With regard to the immature of young students, what education should do besides encouraging them to question and criticize is to avoid them of self-righteousness.

53"College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government." 53．大学教育应该对所有学生免费，全部由政府来承担
It is true that government subsidy is a large part of the school’s income.
While, fully financing college and university may exceed the capacity of the government, although this will is valuable.
Up to now, it is still impossible for government to afford all the expenditure for college and university, but alternative methods are produced to alleviate the burden of students from poor families. Instead of fully waiving the tuition, college and university have established the scholarship, fellowship, loans as well as part-time jobs.

54"History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today." 54．历史只教会我们做一件事：了解过去并不能帮助今天的人们在重大的事情上做决定
History is a part of our development, and provides relevant information of present problems.
History also serves as a source of precedent and predication, which guide us to avoid or less making false decisions when in face of hard task in present.
Admittedly, there are entirely new problems that we have to cope with on our own without any precedents in history to refer to, but this does not prevent us from making right choices, since learning history has taught us to perceive and analyse the problems with historic perspective.

55"Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education." 55．人们为了更高的学历而竞争，严重限制了人们各个阶段的学习。（好象不通？）
Competing for grades serves as an effective stimulant to urge and conduce to arouse students’ ambition in the process of study. Since under current education system, tests and examination are still mainly method to check the outcome of study, and score is the most important criteria to evaluate the performance of students. Usually, high score means better academic performance. Who rank at the top will obtain acknowledge of their intellect and competence both from teachers and peers, this point also be illustrated by the fact that scholarship will be given to those who have high grades in most of their courses. In such education system, students may be motivated to study hard and assiduously in order to achieving acknowledge of others and the hortation of better performance, and in turn, they have a better master of what they have learnt. In this respect, competition for high grades does promote students learning better.
While, such competition increasingly expose its negative effects on the quality of learning.
What is more, heating competition for high grades may arouse extremely mental and psychological stress for students, which will seriously undermine the interest and ability of studying.

56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future." 56．政府应该把更多的精力放到解决眼前实际的问题中，而不要放到未来可能会产生的问题中。
Undoubtedly, immediate problems that agonize and afflict people mostly, such as crimes, wars, drag abuse, unemployment and so on, actually need to be addressed by government as soon as possible since their existence extremely danger the normal living of public.
However, it is misconception that governments can ignore the anticipated problems of the future in favor of the immediate ones, even though the latter may be more urgent.
Furthermore, narrowly concentrating on solving the immediate problems rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future, is an expression of irresponsible for the future generations.

57"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience." 57．书本中学的到的知识远比实际经验中学到的知识多
Books serve as the means of imparting knowledge and adopted as textbooks in schools from elementary school to university.
However, direct experience is also an effective way of learning knowledge and makes complement to that learned from books.
Besides, direct experience plays important role in testing the knowledge that formulated in the books.

58"The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves." 58．快节奏的生活导致了很多无法解决的问题
It is true that efficiency is the most benefit produced by the increasing pace of life, however, our physical condition does not receive the merited improvement due to the improved efficiency.
In addition, an even worse situation is that people have become more or less nervous and stressful.
Unfortunately, modern people seem to addict to the past pace of life, and in turn push the society march on more rapidly.

59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them." 59．人们把太多的精力放在模型和范例上。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬别人的东西，这样才能做出最好的选择
We have been brought up with the tales and legends of kinds of heroes and heroines, no matter whether these characters are real persons or fictional ones, these stories serve as our primary enlightened materials that instill us virtues and values the society cherishes commonly in which we are living.
Merely imitating role models may result in laziness and dependence since one dose not suffer himself/herself of thinking and analyzing.
Learning to think and act independently does not naturally conflict with learning form role models.

60"The media—and society in general—mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group." 60．通常情况下，媒体和社会都希望某个个人能代表一个特殊的群体，不管这个个人是否能真正地表达整个群体的意思
It is reasonable that news reporters or program moderators will resort to the method of choosing individuals to express their regards, evaluations and feelings about certain event, and hope to acquire an overall views of groups or the public that interviewees represent for.
However, different from conducing a precise and strict quantitative survey, which usually can calculate sampling error, significant level that may circumscribe the accuracy of the representative of the sample, most survey are conducted in qualitative method which lacks the ability to deduce specific outcome from a few individuals to an entire group.
This reminds us to keep discreet and qualified attitude toward the speech of individuals when they speak on behalf of certain groups.

61"High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition." 61．高回报的奖金，如诺贝尔奖实际上对社会是有害的，因为只有少数人才能获此殊荣。
Most of these children farewell these dreams when they grow up for their capability, personal intersets and other factors. The remained few, however, by persistingly pursuing their original aim, attain it in the end.
Admittedly not every one has the opportunity to get any high-profile award. There are many realistical limitations such as capability, intellecture, aggression and of course, opportunity.
Actually any adult is well aware that those few deserve the great awards they win since they have done great contribution in their area, which are often relatively not well profitable.

62.”The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient." 62．人们普遍认为应该把自我发展当作生命中一个重要的目标，这样的想法是值得怀疑的，因为它假设人们本身就是有缺陷的61．高回报的奖金，如诺贝尔奖实际上对社会是有害的，因为只有少数人才能获此殊荣。
We often hear that to err is human. to admit that we are intrinsically deficient is a positive attitude.
Realizing that we are not perfect will help us have an objective and rational evaluation about ourselves, and then instruct us to reshape the personality, correct the error, and reset the goal for our life.
On the contrary, blindly refusing self-improvement can only result in ignorance and smugness, which imprison people in the illusion that they are perfect enough and virtually trap them into stagnancy. ( It is a well known tale that a prodigy eventually grows into a mediocre narcissist after years of overrated praises. )
Tim: In my judgment, the author may have missed the central idea of the issue, which is presented as follows.
  Everybody on earth is born with certain abilities and talents. Most of us have vowed to ourselves that, in the future, we plan to do this and that, and to do something grandiose.  Vows of such nature may not be necessary.  In reality we end up chasing after an illusion throughout our life. But down in our hearts we know that, being self-centered, we are trying so hard to attain attention, praise, and fame. All the fast paced ness, anxiety, stress, and pressure in our life stem from our desires for self-improvement.
  On the other hand, human beings, unlike animals, seem to inherently harbor burning and non-stoppable desires to improve themselves, and to seek new adventures.  So, even though we are aware that a pit of anxiety or pressure is in front of us, we cannot help but jumping into it.
  This dilemma may be the central idea of the topic assigned above is.

63."To truly understand your own culture—no matter how you define it—requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own." 63．为了真正地了解你自己的文化，不管你怎样定义它，你需要了解至少一种其他的文化，并且这种文化和你的文化完全不同
Just think of a well-trained parrot which can echo human-languague fluently and clearly. It does not follow that the creature understands what that means in that it is rather a reflection than intentionally reaction.
Knowledge of other cultures also makes it possible for one to understand his/her culture from an abstract view rather than the original substential one, or in other words, to build up a systematical perspective of the dissolute congruents of the culture. .
In fact, all kinds of culture, in a sense, are similar.
One of the key factors that differenciate human-beings from other animals is the processing of culture.
Tim: I would emphasize on the fact that COMPARISONS help us to understand, but minimize the comments on the fact that there are merits and shortcomings in every culture.
  Nearly every adjective in a language bears no meaning in the absolute sense.  It is usually relative.  Take for example the adjective, "ugly". A female ape is ugly, when she is compared with a young woman (by us human beings).  But to Tarzan, who was brought up in the jungle by an ape and had never seen any other beings, his motherly ape was neither beautiful nor ugly.
  Had I lived in Chinatown in San Francisco throughout my life, I would not have understood the meanings of "dirty, rowdy, and messy". If, by "understanding", we mean that we have acquired a sense of relative-ness for a collection of adjectives, such as good, bad, fair, rich, etc., then only via comparisons, are we able to acquire such a sense.

64"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it." 64．很多人知道怎样获得成功，但很少有人知道怎样很好地利用成功。
许多人知道如何获得成功，但很少人懂得充分利用成功；it指“success" 强调成功后如何利用
1. The conception of "success", relatively, is one of narrow sense, not wide-sense.
2. Limited personal ability result in failing to make best use of the succuss furtherly.
3. Further success is related to how to make the use of other concerning resource.
许多人知道如何获得成功，但很少人懂得充分利用“如何获得成功”it指how to attain success（成功过程方法）
1.Many people know how to attain success; But those who are successfuly should have learned to make the best use of all kinds of factors. Main factor result in success are listed as followed:
2. The ability of personal, first: intelligence,special knowlege in the concerning field; Second, emotion and other socail ability,how to make all the factors into a system group.
3. Dificiency of resource.

65"People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups." 65．人们经常被鼓励去寻找事物之间的不同，以至于往往忽略了事物之间有意义的相似之处。
1.不同的社会性质会有不同的侧重点：一个高度发展的开放的社会会鼓励人们多注意一些不同点，因为这样可以加快社会发展的速度；而一个注重社会稳定的传统社会只会将人们的注意力转移到那些相同点上。
The society property determines its people's focus: a highly developed society of openness probably do encourage people to put more emphasis on the very differences among those ideas, individuals and groups; but a traditional society that regards stabilization as its aim, compared with the above, may has an opposite result.
2.一个注重稳定的传统社会也不应该忽视寻找不同点；相反的，一个开放的社会也不应该忽视寻找相同点。
what we should also concern is that a traditional society ought to find some ways to unearth the apparent differences among those ideas, etc.; on the other hand, an exoteric society might not ignore the similarities among them.
3.In short, overemphasis on any aspect of the argument is not a seemly choice.

66"As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate." 66．人们越来越依赖于技术去解决问题，而人类自身思考的能力却每况愈下。
1.科技使人们从繁重的体力劳动和模式化的脑力劳动中解脱出来，但并不能代替人类的一些“高等思想”。
Technology had extricated human-being out of heavy physical work and modified mental work, but it can't be a substitute for whole human thought.
2.发达的科技缩短了人们解决一般问题的时间，从而给了人们更多的时间去思考。
Solving problems become easier by the highly developed techology, so we can put more energy on self-thought.
3.随着科技不断的发展，人类触摸到了以前从未试探过的领域，也随之带来了更多的问题让我们思考。Technology has been making our knowledge's frontiers longer than ever, however, there are more questions coming to us.
4.甚至我们有一些深层次的思考是必须借助这种发达的科技。比如了解我们所在的这个神秘的宇宙，比如借助基因技术来深入了解我们的生命等等。 Furthermore, some profound thought owes to the technology. Such as the reseach on our cosmos using X-ray telescope with earth-size resently.

67"Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education." 67．大学应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这样就能保证学生们得到平衡全面的教育
1.the ultimate aim of education is to propel the pace of society and make it more convenient, comfortable, adaptable and untenable. It is through the environment of society, which is consists of rudimentary services as insurance, politics, and business, that members of society, including graduates, erudites and illiterates, emit their wisdom, pay their labor, and construct the extant civilization. So it is essential for gradates to have the familiarity with the public-service activities.
2.what the society need is not a stock of freaks who have the amazingly resplendent mind in special subjects, but a stock of well-rounded literate individual, capable of communicating.
3.to success nowadays requires the cooperation of people, thus engagement in the public-service activities facilitates one’s future communication with people and eventually better cooperation with groups which is vital for the individual’s success.
4.nonetheless, we should be aware of the over emphasize of the engagement. After all, colleges are to mean to brought up mainly the intellectuals not those solely equipped with knowledge of the public-service activities.

68"People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be." 68．不管专家们的贡献有多大，人们总是错误地怀疑他们，不信任他们
A. Generally speaking, experts’ opinions are trustworthier than ordinary people’s when it comes to solving problems that require special expertise.
B. The reality of our society is that people tend to take for granted whatever experts say.
C. It is possible that sometimes experts do make mistakes, which ordinary people can correct.

69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"69．政府应该对科学研究和发展尽量少地加以限制。
(1)what's the main function of the government is to restrict the society and stand for it, while the science is to prob the ture of the mystery and by doing this make advantage of it to ameliorate the human currence. So it is the government's responsiblity to bridle the science research and development.
(2)To great existence, the government has refraind the science too much in some fields that lead to choke its development. examples.
(3)On the other hand, without the rein of the government, the science will drift. While every augement of our capability on realizing our desire, therefor the augment of our capability for evil, if the desire is not wise. expamle. so need restrict.
(4) in summary the science need the appropriate bridle, to levee its advance.

70."In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership." 70．在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者应该在5年任期后下台。对任何公司企业来说，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生的人担当领导
Position: Limiting the term of leadership is an effective way to prevent corruption and lack of initiatives.
A. When leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power.
B. A new leadership usually has greater initiative and would bring in new ideas.
C. However, in private areas such as business it might not be so necessary to limit the term of leadership.
Absolute power leads to absolute corruption. ------Sir. Acton

71."spending time alone makes one a better companion to others" 71．独处会使更好地与别人相处。（不通？比较别扭）
It is true that we can learn a lot in group. We listen to others, chat with others, represent our own ideas to support or reject others’. And more importantly, in this procedure, we learn how to communicate with each other and make compromise for the interest of the majority when necessary.
Spending time alone also gives us the opportunity to think independently.
Anyway, a balance should be kept between the time spent with others and alone.
工作中,应该独立思考一些问题;一个人,事情重新定位,总结过去,反省,灵感; 一个人,思想观念不受到别影响; 自己得到提高,也为别人留出了'一个人的时候', 大家都提高? 当然也需要交流, 适当给自己留出'一个人的时候'.独自利用时间使人成为别人更好的同事.

72."One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities." 72．一个人要想真正了解一个社会的最大的特点，只用研究一下它的主要城市即可
1.Major cities always are the central of politics,economics and culture of one society, from them, people can know them the past and the future.
2. Major cities are always full of all kinds of people, and it seems reasonable to call a major city as a small society according the whole society.
3. Despite that major cities can be the main factor when considering, but it can't be the solo factor. Because of the different development level in different place of the society resulting in diffefent culture, education, living standard, and so, on. So more further detailed information should be considered when someone want really understand the whole society.
4. major cities would be a best way for one to understand one society, especially when the spirits or fund be limited for the process of understanding, but, more details should be present when to understant the whole society.

73."In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge." 73．在大多数学术专业领域，想象力比知识本身更重要
1 In each fields,like sci-tech,knowledge is the base, imagination will be the superstructure.
2 Use the knowledge, many present problem may be sloved, but to create, to develop, imagination play most important role.
3 The best condition we can get are have a fast base of knowledge and also use your imagination to create new technolodge and better tools to develop the society.

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language." 74．如果想要和一大群人交流思想，最有效的方法是利用图形，而并非语言
1. it is much easier for people to understand an idea by vision than by abstract language ( deep impression, straight presentation, etc. )
2. when large groups of people are addressed, language cannot achieve relatively even effect to all, while images can be effective to average, or even those not quick at understanding
3. when it comes to some abstract ideological ideas or values, or to the necessity to attain further understanding, language is indispensible
警句：Words have a magical power. They can bring either the greatest happiness or deepest despair; can transfer knowledge from teacher to students words enable the orator to sway his audience and dictate its decisions .Words are capable of arousing the strongest emotions and prompting all man's actions , Do not ridicule the use of words in psychotherapy.   Sigmund Freud, German Psychiatrist　
言辞具有不可思议的力量。他们能带来最大的幸福，也能带来最深的失望；能把知识从教师传给学生；言辞能使演说者左右他的听众，，并强行代替他们作出决定。言辞能激起最大强烈的情感，促进人的一切行动。不要嘲笑言辞在心理治疗当中的的用途。德国精神分析学家弗洛伊德 S　

75.”The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others." 75．为社会做出很大贡献的人往往不是利用自己的观点和成果，而是他们具有这样的才能，就是感知和整理别人的技巧和发明
1. 新的发明或创造不可能给社会带来进步,除非有相应的人或机构使社会认识并接受;(伯乐千里马的典故)
2.协调或管理机构对科学发明或创造的引导和管理避免了对社会有危害的此类东东的应用,从而保证社会良性的发展;
3.通过引导和协调,能够调动有这样天赋(研究)的人集中力量发展社会最需要的东西;从而促进社会的快速有序发展;
4.另外,引导和协调能够使发明创造在更大范围的为人类服务(搞研究的往往缺乏推广发明应用的能力);
5.总而言之,没有引导和协调的人物来运做，发明和创造的能力不可能被很好的应用,也不可能对社会有任何促进.
1.new ideas never be useful or helpful to a society unless they can be percieved and applied by those who are most gifted at percieving and cordinatiing talent and skills of others;( one of famous adages in China says, There are not enough BoLe to percive Swift horse)
2. the ability of cooradinating and percieving to the new ideas would avoid them to be harmful to a society and then it can keep the societ keep well being,
3.those who own these abilities in coordinating and periciving the talent could be able to guide those who are good at developing new ideas concentrate the instancy necessary that the society needs
4.in addition, abilities of coordinationg and percieving the talent and skills of others make it possilbe to extend the new ideas to be applied more broadly and deeply.
5.in summary, without those who own the the ablities of coordinating and percieving the talent and skills of others, the talents and skills could be recognized and benefit to a society well.
Tim: Microsoft software has dominated the PC community and the world.  At the time of its invention early in 1980s, there were a few rival products that were equally innovative, if not more.  Bill Gates, however, steadfastly believed in his package, possessed the vision, and promoted Microsoft all the way to ultimate success.  Furthermore, his co-founder, Paul Allen, was actually the technical brain who discovered the idea of utilizing the microchip called the 8008.  Today, we know much less about Allen and his contribution primarily because it was Gates who did most of the marketing work.

76"Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society." 76．高深的思想家和具有创造力的艺术家们总是超前于自己的时间和社会的脚步
1. truly pround thought and high art adimtedly would be out of the time, one of Einsteinian's great theories, principle of relativity, was accepted by few of contemporaries, celbrated oil ,"heliotrope ", one of painting created by Van Gogh, was recognized its achievement untill 100 hundred years after his death;
2.unless jumping out of the barrier of the time, the profound thinker and great artist could study and seek the future direction of human being by developing and macrocosmic sight as well as
anyalze and understand society's development at a higher extent than common people.
3 moreover, profund and high work surely are also based on modern society which act the foundation of them and they never be separtated completedly from modern society. because profound thinker place the aim on finally development of human being as a whole and enhance modern society,
4.in conclusion, the truly great thinker and arist need to be out of time at which they are living to make them exceed our society and then direct human being evolve in thought and art.

77"People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered, separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole." 77．今天人们总是很个性化。人们需要认识和家庭、群体或者整个社会一起努力的快感。而并非追求以自我和个人目标为中心的想法
A. Some people may claim that the greater good of the family, the community or society lies in the good of the individual, which justifies the pursuit of self-interests.
B. The problem daunting contemporary society is that egoism has run wild.
C. Today there is every need for the society to encourage individuals to work for the interests of others.
1. people will find pleasure in the process of working for the greater good of larger groups.
2. As a part of some larger groups, a person should get something as well as give somthing so that the interest of both himself and the larger groups will reach a balance.
3. however, only when interest of every member in a larger group are insured can the well-being of this group be insured. So it's not wise to excessively prevent people from pursuing their individualism, and key lies in balance.

78"Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict." 78．学校应该教给学生所有人类之间内在的互通性，这样就能有助于避免战争、文化抵触和其他形式的冲突。
1.School, to some extent, can be a place to teahc the essential inerconnectedness of all human being and help eliminat war, cultural clashes and ohter form of conflict. But the main task the schools are burdening present the student of knowledge.
2.in some sense, the education of school would make all people on the world communicate well, but not main task.
3.Strenthing the interconnectedness and eliminating conflict is a big engineering for human-being.
4.Strenthing the interconnectedness and eliminating conflict is a task of whole society. list some considered policies to improve them.

79"Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public." 79．重大的政策决定应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们，他们比老百姓更熟悉这些东西，因此能有更好的判断力和远见
1. The experienced politicain and experts would make a more reasonable judgement than the generla members.
2. Be a politican or expert, they are always outstanding in their society.
3. They have the abilty to master the general information wholly because of years experience of professions.
4. But the public intelligence for major policy decision can't be negleted , especiall in a democratic society.

80"All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science." 80．所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程，尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣。
1.Science as an important compent of modern education, all the student should be required to study it at some suitable level.
2. The skill of science would be a stepping stone to other subject.
3. The interest of science need to be raised and inspired, diffirent way would be encouraged to be used in the education.

81"Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress." 81．多国家历史的热爱和崇敬往往对国家发展起阻碍作用，而不是推动作用
Negative with some concession:
1.studying history can help us face new challeges by showingus inpirational example of success and failure.
2. History would be a mirror, guiding us to avoid some repeating mistakes.
3. History would make us appreciate our present challenges with understanding the historical antecedents.
History would be a sunlight, helping us face all kinds of challenges.
一个例子（可能不太恰当）：韩国出于对历史的缘故，与日本交恶，大大阻碍了这两个很近的国家之间的文化，贸易，科技交流，使得本来很可能繁荣的互惠关系受阻。相反，二战后德国，日本抛弃一些成见，使得两国的经济迅速的复苏，日本更是成为亚洲经济龙头。（当然有其政治原因，不过估计ETS不会这么叫汁，嘿嘿）

82"Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit." 82．政府绝对不应该质疑博物馆要展览的艺术品和历史陈列
(2)as soon as the historical display is concerned, it reappears the past, beside the garbled, no matter what it is only it is representive the fact no reason for the government to put a hand on this affair.the population should have the right to perceive the true.
(3)on the other hand, when comes to the artistic, involving with the popular ethic and value what beyend the pure artistic, the government should interfere it apporpriate timely. just plaly a roll in leading not interven arbitrary.
(4)so there should be a disinterested and crucial criterion to measure whether the display both in history and artistic to conform to a certain cord that make advantage to the whole society.

83"Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people." 83．政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地区，尽管这些地区人烟稀少
1)to the environment's sake, it is necessary to do so . leaving some pristine not polluted surrounding to the posterity, and remain the last resident to the prosecuted and protected animals.
(2)for the economic's sake, reserving the wildness can conserve some of the race that it may perhaps porfitive in the use beyond nowadays our research's ability for the future.
(3)in order to presever the widerness not to dig out to be a place of interest, there is no need to be comvenient to access. on the other hand, the more remote and unacessible it is, the more significance effect it can attain.
(4)so the government should keep an eye on the protection on the wildness

84"In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field." 84．如果在一开始没有一个研究领域以前的研究成果巨大影响，在这个领域不可能取得有意义的成功
1. in most time, significant contribution are strongly being influenced by past achievements.
(example: mathematic is developed step by step, almost all the mathematician based their achievements on that of the forerunner )
2. but it is not always the case, sometime people can make great achievement without being influence by previous thoughts. (example: Einstein’s relative theory, which exploit the new epoch of physics, is not influenced by the previous theories.)

85"Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts." 85．政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的完整性
1.artists, producers of the arts, are mundane beings who can only use objective things as brushes, canvas and museums to foster and propaganda their products. All of those things need money.
2.the integrity of the arts requires the populace’s understanding of them, without propaganda the proclaimed integrity merely a hollow husk. It also need money to achieve the aim.
3.another fundamental essence of the integrity of arts is its sustenance. If had deprived of a series of successive artists, how could, not only the integrity of the arts, but the existence of it, be possible?

86"Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition." 86．应该鼓励年轻人去追求长远、理想化的目标，而不要让他们贪图眼前的声望和名誉
A. Personally, seeking immediate fame and recognition would turn out to be counterproductive.
B. Unfortunately, today’s education and society seem to attach more importance to immediate success.
C. In the long run, pursuing long-term goals not only benefit young people themselves but also the whole society.

87."In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries." 87．在调查咨询领域，新手比专家更可能有重大发现
A. Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and great courage to try new things, while experienced experts tend to be more conservative.
B. Furthermore, beginners are highly motivated and enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their career and fame.

88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics." 88．科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和民族习惯
A. Technologies have radically changed the way we spend holidays.
B. The new way of communication brought about by electronic technology have transformed the way we associate with each other in our daily lives.
C. However, we should not let technology to determine our ethics.

89"Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them." 89．领导人物的出现主要是由人民对他们的要求决定的。（不好理解）
A. The demands placed upon a person could challenge him or her to become a leader.
B. However, the statement seems to suggest that anybody can become a leader if demands are placed on him or her, which is unwarranted.
C. Besides opportunities, one must possess certain qualities to make a leader.

90"College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market." 90．应该鼓励大学学生学习他们感兴趣的课程，而不要为了以后工作而刻意学习某些课程
(1)the purpose of the education is prepared student for the future entry into the society, while entry into the job mark is the first step of which.
(2)interest is the best mentor for a student the rapt in delve in. when you grasp a certain skill, you will easily to engange in the job mark.
(3)in the sophisticated society some program promising to entry into the job mark that such as the comminucation is necessary, or even outweigh the purely special knowledge.

91"Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values."  91．大多数人认为他们所拥有的价值是理性选择的结果，但其实理性和人们创造价值并没有多大关系
我认为两个都应该作为“理智，理性“来理解，这样意思是：“很多人都以为他们的决定是理智的，但是实际上理智经常和人们做出的价值评判无关“ 比较难写阿，空洞。除了例子，似乎找不到分析说理的句子。。
Diffrent people forms diffrent value accroding to varies consideration,not merely reason but also his/her custom and life view. for example, some people think seafood is terrible and have a horror to have it, in this case, custom rather than reason forms value, though them might be quite aware of that the seafood is rich in nutrition, still they do not take it, why?- no reason.
Values also changes under diffrent situations even with the same persons.During a life and death battle, soldiers should kill as many enemies as possible even the mildest soldier kills without hesitance in order to survive.killing is considered brave and heroic under that situation, however, in peace times,such killing is nothing but cold-blooded behavior. Do these soldiers have no mercy and have fun in doing that ? of course not, they are all man with reason and know these are called brutal,but since a fighter's passion is the key to beat his/her enemies, they take the latter to form their values.
However,reason still acts as an important factor to help us form our values and always proved to be correct ones since rational choices are always under discreet thought. Some times these choice might contradict our emotion and habit thus make it hard to decide which one to choose, then experience should be good references.
From what has been discussed above, the reason is not the only element affects the way people forms values,there are always some other essential factors.whether or not which element help people to form their values is not important, the more important thing is: these values are suitable for them under certain situations.

92. "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information." 92．在所有专业学术领域，认识到我们的不足和获取新的信息同等重要
A. New facts and information add to our knowledge, constantly deepening and broadening our understanding of the unknown.
B. The solution of one problem may lead to the appearance of more problems in the world of knowledge, which invites further exploration and more progress as a result.
C. However, overemphasizing the limits of our knowledge and understanding may hinder our effort to ceaselessly pursue new frontiers of knowledge.

93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making." 93． “个人职责”的概念根本就是虚构的。尽管社会需要个人来实施社会本身的行为，但人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的而并非个人意愿。
A. Organizational management rests on the basic resumption that individuals should and can take their respective responsibility in accordance with their specific roles in the organizational structure.
B. Many political, social as well as family problems result from the lack of a sense of individual responsibility.
C. Admittedly, the fact that individuals, as social animals, are molded by the social environment in which they grow up, should draw our attention to the government’s responsibility in construction and maintaining a social environment contributive to the healthy growing of individuals.

94. "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated." 94．大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程，因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是教育的真谛所在
A. By exploring subjects outside their own major, students may find new academic fields where lie their real interest and potential gift.
B. Since various disciplines were interrelated, the study of courses outside the students’ own field may benefit the study of their own major.

95. "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does." 95．众人拾柴火焰高。团队需要合作，这样才能比个体之间的竞争更能激发人们的激情
A. In a team, members offer different perspectives, leading to innovation and creativity.
B. In a team, members share their unique spiritual, intellectual and material resources, which is imperative for the completion of any significant task.
C. Competition among individuals works most constructively when it is guided by teamwork.

96"Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence of any objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsibility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged." 96．尽管那些评价艺术作品的批评家企图否定在评价艺术作品时主观标准的存在，他们还是有责任建立一套判断艺术作品价值的标准
1． Arts are productions of one social culture and civilization, which can be evaluated by all the people in the society. But critics are only one group of people. What assessment they made on arts cannot delegate all people’s ideas.
2． The task of critics is only to criticize everything they are interested in. It is not necessary for them to establish objective standards for evaluating works of arts.
3． The evaluation of arts can be changed with the development of society. To establish so-called objective standards for evaluating caprice arts is not sage.

97"It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives." 97．尽管很不幸，但这是一个事实，政治决定和政治活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。
A. It is true that political decisions and activities take great influence on people’s lives.
1. Under different social system, people have different life model.
2. Though in one kind, change of political decisions and activities can greatly change people’s lives.
B. But political decisions and activities cannot affect all aspects of people’s lives.
Karl Max’s one famous and influential economy theory tells us: the foundation of one society is its economy level, which determines all the superstructures. Politics cannot transcend the stage of economic level. That is to say, how sage and great the politics are, they cannot turn self-sufficient form of economy to commodity form of it. Politics can influence the “detail” in people’s lives such as the price of products, the pattern of education, the population of one nation’s and so on, but it cannot alter the direction of the development of the society.
C. And what’s more, the effects of people’s lives on political decisions and actions should not be absolutely called unfortunate things. Sometimes people benefit from it.

98. "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past." 98．大学应该在流行音乐、电影、广告和电视上开设更多的课程，因为现代文化比过去的艺术文化对学生更适合
A. Admittedly, course work in popular culture is legitimate and valuable.
B. Emphasizing the study of popular culture at the expense of studying classical art and literature can carry harmful consequences for students, as well as for society. Only by studying the classics can an individual develop fair standards for judging popular works.
C. Many popular culture emerges from the mediocrity, yet the classical works have been subjected enduring test.
D. Emphasizing on the formal study of popular culture is unnecessary It is readily available outside the classroom.

99. "In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." 99．在生活的各个领域，不管是学术、社会还是政治，要想成功，只能靠实际的观点而并非空想。程序化的行为保证了基本的生存，而空想只会被更简单、更急迫的选择取代
A. From a philosophical point of view, living is experiencing, which is an everlasting interaction between man? and reality.
B. Any human undertaking irrespective of the hard facts and laws of reality is destined to failure.
C. However, ideals give us hope and enthusiasm, lifting us to new heights and helping us to overcome self-imposed limitations.

100"The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development100．在学习里为高学历奋斗的角逐限制了学习的质量。没有学位等级制度的教育环境也许更能开发人们的智力潜能
1 Grade in some extent may limit the students' quality of learning. However, we should have a standard to measure the students' abilities to acquire knowledge and to digest knowledge.
2. Without grade, there is no pressure on students and there is no competition, which may not promote more intellect genious. For example. MIT doesn't provide grades system for freshman. Neverthless, students will stilll be measured based on their grades in their sophomore, junior and senior year.

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northwind520

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沙发发表于: 2010-02-22

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

好东西转走了
谢谢交流！

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burkstom

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板凳发表于: 2010-02-24

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转走了

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liyang1986

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地板发表于: 2010-03-20

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

热门话题,值得收藏.

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