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楼主  发表于: 2011-03-05   
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考博英语语法归纳

英语语法归纳 _|x%M}O},  
一:时态所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表:
1.主动形式 ` L6H2:pf  
? 20y6c<  
  +TfMj1Zx  
\$<kJ|| lS  
过去 G]=U=9ZI  
现在 ZZ)bTLu  
将来 7a-> "W  
过去将来 yAi#Y3!::  
一般 M\DUx5d J,  
did f8 B*D4R}  
do N"2P&Ho]  
will/shall do mAX]m1s  
should/would do ^Qs-@]E-  
进行 [yf2_{*0T  
was/were doing kZWc(LwA  
am/is/are doing U3&*,xeU@H  
will/shall be doing k'xnl"q  
/
完成 :R"k=l1  
had done <u&uwD~A  
have/has done 6jO*rseC  
will/shall have done Wu2#r\  
should/would have done用于虚拟语气
完成进行 :nd }e  
had been doing  / e!/  
have/has been doing .1t$(]CyC  
/
/
2.被动形式 +wY3E*hU  
/#G^?2o M  
  CDO _A\  
!,V8?3.aJn  
过去 +`yDWN?7  
现在 hOO)0IrIM*  
将来 b,#cc>76\  
过去将来 i5(_.1X<#{  
一般 eOZA2  
was/were given +`mJh \*  
am/is/are given ^r(2 r  
will/shall be given nR!qolh  
should/would be given (=)+as"u9*  
进行 ' f}^/`J  
was/were being given L_<&oq  
am/is/are being given 5\S)8j `8  
/
/
完成 4Q z  
had been given r&o%n5B  
have/has been given aS'G&(_  
will/shall have been given ''?.6r  
should/would have been given oQjh?vm  
完成进行 @H]g_yw [:  
/
/
/
  Jn' q'+  
  b3#c0GL  
1[} =,uaM  
v  CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。 q. K >v'  
v  时间状语从句当中的时态: [B+ o4+K3  
ag:#82C  
RLw=y{%p  
  一般过去时         所有的过去 FGy7KVR  
     一般现在时    表示 现在和将来 =y0!-y  
  现在完成时         现在完成和将来完成 eq(|%]a=  
一.非谓语动词 n!ea)+^  
一.不定式: 7M3q|7 ?  
;s9!ra:3  
一)不定式的常考形式: ^q%~K{'`-  
X H{5E4P  
1)    一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. k8Qv>z  
被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. ,(OA5%A9zK  
           语法功能: 
表示与谓语动词同步发生 jM2gu~  
rH8?GR0<  
2)    完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. @ U}fvdft  
被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. j(va# f#  
          语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 C UlANd"  
Fe"0Hp+  
  二)不定式常考的考点: S9 U9;>g  
{;f` t3D  
1)不定式做定语----将要发生 I/XVo2Ee  
C\$7C5/  
2)不定式做状语----目的 xV}|G   
sJ3HH0e  
3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. _ F@>?\B  
!6f#OAP\  
  )不定式的省略 4)v\Dc/9i  
eHPGzN Xb  
   1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel top3o{ 4  
 M"X/([G  
+ do  表示动作的完整性,真实性; J*a`qU   
+ doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 ]7h&ZF  
 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. m"H9C-Y  
M ;\K+,  
 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) ]#3=GFs/  
 I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 3o"~_l$z  
 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) !. q*bY  
v  感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 9R'rFI  
 2) 使役动词   have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to 9)l[$X  
;M@ /AAZ  
I ‘d like to have John do it. X@|  
QVzLf+R~  
I have my package weighed. uysGOyi<u  
- bFz  
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. KY2xKco  
WlWBYnphZs  
 3) help   help sb do    help sb to do   help do  help to do 'T+3tGCy+  
i&"I/!3Q@  
)有些动词后只跟不定式如: s- g[B(  
V , )kw{](  
wantwishhopemanagepromiserefusepretendplan offerdecideagreeexpect   allow sb to do,  cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do ,+zLFQC0@  
force sb to do. be more likely to do  love to do  warn sb to do  be able to do h'IBVI!P  
be   ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do ?z Ms;  
  G} }oeS  
) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 }{]{ `\  
JGH9b!}-1  
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. #l8CUg~Uj  
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中,want不太常用。 r&Za*TD^  
%DzS~5$G  
He needs (a lot of) encouraging. r(i<H%"Z  
  G 8akMd]2  
BD,~M*%z  
 . 动名词: 具有动作性特征的名词 ZaXK=%z  
D[;6xJ  
1)是名词     seeing is believing .+{nfmc,c  
2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语   starving troops is necessary. |$7!u DU8  
)动名词的形式: p5G O@^i  
CF =#?+x  
一般形式:I don't like you smoking.        bpKMQrwd  
完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice. ]#S.L'  
被动形式:This question is far from being settled. `=%[  
) 动名词常考的点 LFV;Y.-(h  
EUUj-.dEN  
1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 )p12SGR5  
P,D >gxl  
2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 U{eC^yjt"o  
OXA_E/F  
3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. cGOE$nL  
*.voN[$~  
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon "LXLUa03  
 Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyou're callingKeyC your calling 也对) uTB; Bva  
I regret not having taken your advice. "Z}0A/y  
4)有些词后只能接动名词 R!}B^DVt  
Me5umA  
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep;  it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... ]WyV~Dzz<  
 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法: rv|k8  
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... pPG!{:YT  
  bis/Nfr]  
!i}G>*XH,  
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 .9 nsW?  
alHwN^GhP  
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。 =CRaMjN  
j cx/ZR  
I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) fVR ~PG0  
lh?mN3-*  
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) O aF+Z@ s  
-uO< ]  
forgotremember的用法类似。 `Rj i=k>  
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你 l*%voKZG  
UPN2p&gM  
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 K7e<hdP_#  
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. o#0NIn"GS/  
H@aCo(#  
try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. :p8JO:g9  
a x 7 M  
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去,但我父亲不让我去。  :VLuI  
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 y=  
prefer的用法: bIWcL$}4Q  
我宁愿在这里等。 pR\etXeLd  
I prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。) *jA%.F  
I prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。) ?{{E/J:%  
I prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。) lD C74g  
  <;U"D.'  
 -U*XA  
3 分词: xn}'!S2-b  
4S"K%2'O  
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 n]8_]0{qi  
现在分词的形式: !4oYQB  
1)一般式:     Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)?      (与谓语动词同步发生) ,LzS"lmmo  
2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) ^/g&Q  
?0_i{BvN  
3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) U*a!Gn7l  
过去分词 1N#TL"lMS  
1)    过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared. NPS=?5p>  
2)过去分词的进行形式:You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) SAo"+%  
这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 oMMU5sm  
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