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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 bb$1RLyRL
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 l-XiQ#-{
ya5;C" 2．被动形式 54_CewL1P]
SuB;Nb7r` r z+)z:u hm*1w6 = v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 J,D u:|3o v 时间状语从句当中的时态： &\#If: )Z
C 0/>R XZde}zUWn 一般过去时 所有的过去 \=R w/[lR 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 .xo#rt9_"= 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 '=C)Hj[D 一．非谓语动词 &o%IKB@
一．不定式： 2XI%z4\)!
aqJ>l }{ 一）不定式的常考形式： @ px2/x
*;@V5[^3I? 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. vncLB&@ 7 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. HjCc fOej 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 S bI 7<_
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G 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. UP]X,H~stU 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 4UP#~ 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 U0>Uqk",
$0+n0*fp 二）不定式常考的考点： |uL"/cMW7
R8ZI}C1 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 4 :m/w !q$
QE8;Jk- 2）不定式做状语----目的 $ ;~
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3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. mtfEK3?2*
o}QtKf)W 三)不定式的省略 o +-G@ 16
=?9z6= 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel L{)*evBL
N-C=O + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； oW7\T !f + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 s,~)5nL I saw him work in the garden yesterday. lxS CN6
2o5Pbdel 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) %N.qu_,IZ I saw him working in the garden yesterday. cHr.7 w 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）
r* I u6 v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. JIJ79HB 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to ? |}%A9
hlIh(\JZ4s I ‘d like to have John do it. T1Gy_ G/
>o 45vB4o I have my package weighed. T][r 'jWQ
4I %/}+Q Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. *d%U]Hby,
v8PH(d2{@ 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do wfE%` 1
QAI!/bB 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： S z
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,?zIt6Z want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do 3 J{hG( 5 force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do `% a+LU2 be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do <kY | | l>H G|ol 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 _tGR:E
E\%'/3o accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. FyZ iiH4| 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 "eH~/ 6A
te+5@k# t He needs (a lot of) encouraging. <_|H]^
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CwV1~@{- 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 ;[_w&"[6a
-}ebn*7i\ 1)是名词 seeing is believing ]/d4o 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. cZ"
Ut 一)动名词的形式: Oc]&1>M
6$'6x2, 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. :*2+
t- 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. '(/ZJ88JP 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. TwZvz[u 二) 动名词常考的点 \bh3 &Z'.
,{C(<1 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 ,x+_/kqx
%qzp t{'?< 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 Kis\Rg
7p?6j)rj 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. I
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]|q\^k)JU I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． P
o[u6K2& A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） HrA6wn\O I regret not having taken your advice. XR^VRn6O 4)有些词后只能接动名词 S.+)">buH
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{|Q admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... KJa?Tw nC 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： ;G.m;5A it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... R]%ZqT{P
S {uO8VL5+Qx !MB % 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 SVp]}
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H ^Xw<Z= remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 pBt/vS ad
oll~|J^sg I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) r0kA47
T\:3(+uK I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) )J_!ZpMC
XJ]MPiXj forgot与remember的用法类似。 /U1GxX:P, I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… i^uC4S~
n?pCMS| I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 F|V_i C+ try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. 76)(G/
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2 try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. VzpPopD,QW
aQN`C {nY I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 N)RWC7th{ To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 .,,?[TI prefer的用法： (eJr-xZ/ 我宁愿在这里等。
$7)O&T*q' I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） g$dL5N7 I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） HcHfw Lin0 I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） AC l:~7; Lj(hk @
30>TxL=& 3 分词： Di *+Cz;gK
l(=#c/f
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 kc8GnKM&mc
现在分词的形式: cw"x0 RS
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) c#"\&~. P
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) !kASEjFz|f
o,\%c" mC
3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) ^ ?tAt3dMI
过去分词 A$XjzT R
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. ;S?1E:\av
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) 7=QV ^G
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 fy_'K}i3
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