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2020全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲

全国医学博士英语统考的大纲，帮助大家快速了解考试时间、试卷结构、题型设置、试卷难度等基本情况。

一、考试目的
为了配合我国实施医学专业学位制定改革，保证医学博士生学位授予质量，特举行全国医学博士英语统一考试。考试目的在于科学、公正地测试考生掌握和运用英语的实际能力是否达到申请临床医学、口腔医学博士专业学位或攻读医学博士学位的英语水平。

二、考试设计
本考试主要是用于医学博士生入学和申请医学博士专业学位的一种英语水平考试，其命题不以任何一种医学英语教材为命题依据。
考试内容为医学公共英语，注重突出临床医学特点。
本考试从听力、词语用法、综合理解、阅读和书面表达五个方面命题，全面测试考生的英语能力，并突出对考生的英语应用和交际能力测试，以确定其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的英语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学英语水平。

三、试卷结构

试卷分为两大部分：试卷一（Paper One）和试卷二（Paper Two）。
试卷一包括听力（30%），词语用法（10%），完型填空（10%）和阅读理解（30%），答卷时间115分钟；试卷二包括书面表达（20%），答卷时间 50 分钟，整个试卷共五大部分，总分 100 分，答卷时间共 165 分钟，加上考场指令与试卷收发时问，总共考试时间 180 分钟。
试卷一（Paper One）
I. 听力理解（Listening Comprehension）
听力分两部分 Section A 和 Section B。答题时间为 30 分钟。
Section A：简短对话（Short Conversations）
简短对话旨在测试考生的英语听力能力，要求考生在听完每个对话之后，根据所听内容于 12 秒钟内对每个问题后的四个选择项做出正确选择，每个对话及提问只读一遍。
本部分共 15 小题，编号为 1-15，每题 1 分，共计 15 分。例：
听力录音：
M: The immunizations are being given at the end of the hall.
W: But I just came from that direction, and I didn't see any nurses. I didn't see any nurses downstairs either.
Q: What is the woman's problem?
听力试题：
A. She is on the wrong floor.
B. She does not know any nurse.
C. She cannot find the immunization area.
D. She received an immunization too late.
（答案：C）
Section B：长对话及短文（Long Conversations and Talks）
本部分由一篇长对话和两篇短文组成，旨在测试考生对英语篇章的听力理解能力。要求考生能理解所听材料的中心思想和主要内容，并能根据所听到的内容进行逻辑推理、分析概括和归纳总结。
每篇材料后附有 5 个问题，每个问题后均有四个选择项。要求考生在听完每个问题后，于 12 秒钟内从中选出一个最佳答案。每篇材料及提问只读一遍。
该部分共 15 小题，编号为 16-30，每题 1 分，共计 15 分。例：
长对话听力录音
W: We have been going round the country interviewing people about their jobs, Mr. Wills, and we would like to know something about your work as a dentist. May we ask you some questions about your practice here in Little Smattering?
M: Of course you may. But you mustn't take too long as I have another patient arriving in about ten minutes.
W: I'll be as quick as I can. What made you decide to become a dentist?
M: Oh, I don't think there was ever any doubt about it. My father was a dentist in this little town all his life, and it was always taken for granted that I would take over his practice when he retired.
W: How long did you have to study before you qualified?
M: Five years. l was exempt from the preliminary year of the course, as I had passed physics, chemistry and biology at advanced level at school. So when I was nineteen I went to a dental school, which was attached to one of the larger London hospitals. The first two years of my course were spent studying anatomy, physiology and dental mechanics. During that time I was also taught how to make false teeth and all the other various appliances that are used in modem dentistry. The second part of the course, the last two years, was devoted to clinical practice in the hospital, and practical treatment of patients.
W: Were you allowed to practice on patients before you qualified?
M: Yes, but only after I had really learned what to do. Students spend many hours with a “phantom head"; that is a head made of plastic, which has teeth that can be extracted or filled. They practice for a long time with this before they are finally allowed to treat a real live patient.
W: When did you set up in practice here?
M: As soon as I had been admitted to the Dentists' Register, which happened shortly after I had passed my final examination.
Questions:
16. What is the woman's occupation?
17. Why did Mr. Wills decide to become a dentist?
18. When did Mr. Wills go to the dental school?
19. What courses did Mr. Wills have to learn in the dental school?
20. How long should students practice before they are finally allowed to treat a real live patient?
听力试卷
16. A. Journalist.
B. Dentist.
C. Headhunter.
D. Social worker.
17. A. Because he had always wanted to be a dentist.
B. Because he was interested in medicine.
C. Because he would follow his father's footsteps.
D. Because he took over his father's practice in Little Smattering.
18. A. Five years ago.
B. When he was nineteen.
C. After he passed a dental test.
D. After he passed a biology test at advanced level.
19. A. Physics, chemistry and biology.
B. Clinical practice in the hospital.
C. Making false teeth and other various appliances.
D. Anatomy, physiology and dental mechanics.
20. A. Few hours.
B. A long time.
C. Two years
D. Five years.
（答案: 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. B）
短文录音：
To quickly review the main points covered in Chapter Seven, the most important part of the system of nerve is the brain. The brain controls most of the body's activities. Messages between the brain and the spinal cord are carried by nerves, which are made up of special cells called nerve cells. Nerve cells are found in the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and the organs we use to see, hear, smell, taste and touch.
Nerve cells have long string-like fibers that carry messages. These fibers have branched ends to send and receive messages. Remember that nerve cells are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope. But one fiber from a nerve cell may stretch as long as three feet.
There are many kinds of nerve cells, and this chapter deals mainly with three kinds. The sensory nerve cells carry messages of heat, light, sound and pressure from the skin, muscles and organs inside the body. Motor nerve cells carry messages to the muscles, and this causes the muscle to move. Connecting nerve cells go between the sensory nerve cells and motor nerve cells. After the messages go from the spinal cord to the brain, the brain sends messages through the motor nerve cells to the muscles. All these different nerve cells help us see, hear, taste, smell and feel.
Now if you have no further questions about Chapter Seven, we'll go on to talk about the chemical processes involved in this transfer of messages.
Questions 21-25 are based on the following questions:
21. What is the source of the speaker's information?
22. What role do nerve fibers play?
23. What does a nerve fiber look like according to the speaker?
24. How many kinds of nerve cells are discussed in this talk?
25. Which of the following nerve cells sends messages to the muscles?
听力试卷：
21. A. A medical textbook.
B. A medical journal.
C. Some microscope slides.
D. The speaker's current research.
22. A. Reproducing themselves.
B. Stretching and growing.
C. Attaching themselves to muscles.
D. Carrying messages.
23. A. Elongated and stringy.
B. Round and compact.
C. Flat and transparent.
D. Flexible and chainlike.
24. A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four.
25. A. Sensory nerve cells.
B. Motor nerve cells.
C. Connecting nerve cells.
D. All of the above.
（答案：21. A 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. B）
II. 词语用法（Vocabulary）
词语用法旨在测试考生对英语词汇和短语的理解和使用能力，分两部分：Section A 和 Section B。
Section A：填空（Fill in the blank）
该部分考题的题干为一个或两个句子，句中留有一处空白，题干后附四个选择项，要求考生从中选出一个最佳答案，填入题干后使该句子语法正确，逻辑合理，意思完整。
该部分共 10 小题，编号为 31-40，每题 0.5 分，共计 5 分。例：
31. The "City of Hope" in California is dedicated to relieving pain and prolonging life with ______.
A. expectancy
B. longevity
C. dignity
D. identity
（答案：31. C）
Section B：多选题（Multiple choice）
该考题的题干为一个或两个句子，句中有一词或短语下面划有横线，题干后附四个选择项，要求考生从中选出一个和词中划线部分的意义相同或近似的最佳答案。本题测试的词语，不超出考试大纲所附词汇表的内容范围。
该部分共 10 小题，编号为 41-50，每题 0.5 分，共计 5 分。例：
41. You cannot burden your memory with too much information.
A. retain B. load C. retrieve D. associate
（答案：41. B）
III. 完型填空（Cloze）
本部分共 10 小题，计 10 分。考试时间 10 分钟。
此题着重测试考生在篇章水平上理解和运用语言的综合能力。要求考生阅读一篇约 200 词的英语短文，其中留有 10 处空白。每一空白附有四个选择项，考生在理解全文大意和上下文意思的基础上，从四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文在语法、用词、句型结构和上下文逻辑关系等方面都能完善。
该部分 10 个小题的编号为 51-60。例：
In June a Senate committee released its report on euthanasia and assisted suicide. A majority of its members recommended against legalizing the two procedures. As the public debate in this country intensifies, it is instructive to look at the Netherlands, where euthanasia, while not 51 , has been increasingly tolerated by the courts in recent years.
In the intensive-care unit of a Dutch hospital, a man lay with chronic leukemia 52 with pneumonia. His hands and feet were bound, and he was being respired with a tube in his throat. A young assistant physician appeared at his bedside and said, “I assume that if your heart fails, you don't want to be resuscitated."
Unable to talk, the man shook his head vehemently from left to right, the only movement he could make to 53 that indeed he did want to be resuscitated. Despite the seriousness of his illness, he knew he could still live for years. But the physician, misinterpreting his 54 , said, “That's assumed, then," made a note on the patient's chart and moved on.
The sick man was in a panic. Fortunately, 55 gestures, he managed to tell his son, who was able to prevent a tragic mistake.
This is an example of how increasingly casually doctors in the Netherlands are 56 the ending of life by withdrawing medical treatment—a procedure known 57 passive euthanasia. It is only one of many. Tom Schalken, professor of criminal law at the Free University of Amsterdam, was a member of a commission that 58 euthanasia in 1990. 0f an annual total of 130, 000 deaths, in 2,300 cases, physicians reported that euthanasia had been carried out at the 59 of the patient. But the commission 60 that in more than 1, 000 instances, physicians had ended a life without an explicit request for example, with patients in coma or newborn babies.
51. A. being legalized
B. legalizing
C. legalized
D. legalizes
52. A. connected
B. included
C. related
D. combined
53. A. indicate
B. notice
C. notify
D. appear
54. A. symptom
B. gesture
C. symbol
D. sign
55. A. by reason of
B. in place of
C. in the course of
D. by means of
56. A. dealing with
B. getting with
C. solving
D. coming over
57. A. for B. as C. of D. after
58. A. came into
B. looked into
C. went into
D. grew into
59. A. request
B. command
C. demand
D. recommend
60. A. ascertained
B. is ascertained
C. has ascertained
D. was ascertained
（答案：51. C 52. D 53. A 54. B 55. D 56. A 57. B 58. B 59. A 60. A）
IV. 阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）
本部分共 30 小题，计 30 分。考试时间 65 分钟。
该部分由 6 篇阅读短文组成。每篇短文约 300 个单词，后附 5 个问题，每个问题后均有四个选择项。
此类题目是测试考生通过阅读英文书刊获取信息的能力（包括阅读速度和理解程度）。要求考生在读完一篇文字材料后，能理解其主题思想、主要内容和主要细节。能根据所读材料的内容进行推理判断，理解某些词和短语在具体语境中的意义，理解句与句之间的内在逻辑关系能领会作者的观点和思想感情，判断其对事物的态度。测试材料主要是涉及医学科普、自然科普和人文等各种题材和体裁的文章。要求考生根据所读材料的内容，从每道题的选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
该部分 30 个小题的编号为 61-90。例：
Passage one
It has almost become dogma that athletes require greater amounts of protein than sedentary individuals. In addition to eating more protein, athletes also need to be aware of the times of day at which they consume both different types and amounts of protein. The post-workout meal is one of the most important times and meals of the day regarding protein intake. Researchers have shown that eating a protein-rich meal at this time can greatly increase protein synthesis and possibly muscle growth.
In one study, subjects were given an intravenous protein supplement following either a period of exercise or rest. Protein synthesis was then measured in each subject to determine how the different types of activities affected protein synthesis. Results from the study concluded that protein synthesis was doubled in the subjects who had just performed a session of strength-training exercise. The researchers in this study concluded that this was more than likely due to the increase in blood flow to the subject's muscles following exercise.
Since the rate of protein synthesis and possibly muscle growth can double when protein is consumed post-workout it is imperative that a meal containing quality proteins be consumed at this time.
When determining protein types for a post-workout meal, whey protein makes an excellent choice. The reason for this is that whey protein contains the best amino acid profile of all protein types and is also absorbed at a very rapid rate by the body.
61. In order to meet the need of the body for protein, an athlete should ___________.
eat better than non-athletes
have different meal time from that of the average person
increase protein synthesis and muscle growth
have a special dietary plan
62. In the first paragraph the author points out that ________________.
a protein-rich meal is very important for athletes after some exercise
a good meal is necessary for athletes before working outside
the post-workout meal is usually rich in protein
researchers can increase protein synthesis by eating protein-rich meals
63. The purpose of the study as mentioned in the second paragraph is _________.
to double protein synthesis
to see how protein synthesis takes place
to establish the relationship between physical activities and protein synthesis
to measure the participants' blood flow to the muscles
64. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
Muscle grows faster after a post-workout meal.
Protein supplement should be given after exercise.
Physical activities will affect a man's rate of protein synthesis.
The body absorbs whey protein more quickly than other types of proteins.
65. What is the possible topic of the passage?
Athletes and Food.
Sports and Protein.
Protein Synthesis and Exercise.
Protein after Exercise.
（答案: 61. D 62. A 63. C 64. C 65. D）
试卷二（Paper Two）
V. 书面表达（Writing）
本部分计 20 分，考试时间 50 分钟。此部分旨在测试考生使用英语书面表达自己思想的能力。测试设计以下两种方式，每年任选其中一种。
1. 文章摘要
要求考生阅读一篇 800-1000 字的汉语文章后，用英语写出一篇约 200 个单词的摘要。所概括的内容应简洁、全面、准确，文字应通顺，基本符合英语表达习惯，无重大语法错误。
2. 翻译与写作
本部分包括段落翻译与段落写作。翻译应忠实原文。作文要求切题，意思连贯。无论是翻译还是作文均要求文字通顺，基本符合英语表达方式。

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沙发发表于: 2019-12-25

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

人卫版2020年医学博士入学英语考试大纲
今年新大纲的变化主要是在写作，由之前的摘要作文变成了三选一。

Part V 书面表达（Writing）
测试分为摘要写作、段落翻译（汉译英）和命题作文3种形式，任选其中一种。题材内容主要为与医学相关的社会议论话题或科普内容。该部分共计20分。考试时间50分钟。
1. 摘要写作（Summary Writing）考生在阅读一篇字数为 600～800之间的汉语短文后，用英语写出一篇约200词的摘要。
2. 翻译（Translation）（汉译英）将一篇300字左右的汉语短文翻译为英语，短文可以是一段，也可以是数段，共计20分。考试时间50分钟。
3. 命题作文（Essay Writing）根据题目要求，写一篇250词左右的文章。共计20分，考试时间50分钟。

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板凳发表于: 2019-12-26

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

该大纲的来源是国家医学考试中心编写、人民卫生出版社出版的《全国医学博士外语统一考试指南》（2020 版）。国家医学考试中心是全国医学博士英语统考的命题方。▼

注意：该大纲是全国统考卷的大纲，并不适用于英语自主命题卷的院校。

全国医学博士外语统一考试大纲

一、考试目的
为了配合我国实施医学专业学位制定改革，保证医学博士生学位授予质量，特举行全国医学博士英语统一考试。考试目的在于科学、公正地测试考生掌握和运用英语的实际能力是否达到申请临床医学、口腔医学博士专业学位或攻读医学博士学位的英语水平。

二、考试设计

本考试主要用于医学博士研究生入学和在职申请医学博士专业学位的英语水平测评，其命题不以任何一种医学英语教材为依据。

考试内容为医学公共英语，注重突出医学英语特点。

考试题材主要涉及医普、科普、人文方面的内容。

本考试设置听力理解、词语用法、完型填空、阅读理解和书面表达 5 种题型，全面测试考生的英语水平，并突出对考生英语应用能力的测试，以衡量其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的英语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学英语水平。

三、试卷结构

试卷分为试卷一(Paper One)和试卷二(Paper Two)。

试卷一包括听力(30%)、词语用法(10%)、完型填空(10%)和阅读理解(30%)，答卷时间115分钟；

试卷二包括书面表达(20%)，答卷时间50分钟。

整个试卷共五大部分，总分 100 分，答卷时间共 165 分钟，加上考场指令与试卷收发时间，总共考试时间 180 分钟。

试卷一(Paper one)

Part I 听力理解(Listening Comprehension)

听力理解分两部分：

Section A 和 Section B，答题时间为 30 分钟。

Section A：对话(Conversations)

本部分共 5 个对话，每个对话分别由100个左右的单词组成，旨在测试考生对英语对话的听力理解能力，要求考生能理解所听对话的中心思想和主要内容，并能根据所听到的内容进行逻辑推理、分析概括和归纳总结。

题型包括大意概括题 ( Questions for the general idea )、具体细节题 ( Questions for specific details ) 和判断推理题 ( Questions for inference )。

每个对话附有 3 个小题，每个小题附有 4 个选项，要求考生在听完每个对话之后，根据所听内容于 12 秒内从中选出 1 个最佳答案。

对话及问题只读 1 遍。

该部分共 15 个小题，序号为 1～15。

每题 1 分，共计 15 分。

例：

听力录音：对话（题材：人文）

W: Can you tell me about yourself, please?

M: Sure, my name's Harry, 18 years old, currently studying biology and chemistry at school. As you are aware, I hope to pursue a career in medicine.

W: Harry, why do you want to be a doctor?

M: Well, everyone in my family is a doctor, so I think I can follow on nicely.

W: Apart from treating patients, what do you think being a doctor is going to require?

M: Well, you also need to be academic and have to be an excellent communicator with your team and the patients.

Question number 1: What are the two speakers talking about?

Question number 2: Why does Harry choose to be a doctor?

Question number 3: What is mentioned by Harry as one of the requirements for a doctor?

听力试题：

1. A. Switching to biology and chemistry.

B. Choosing to be a family physician.

C. Going to college.

D. Being a doctor.

答案：

D

预估难度：

易

考点：

大意概括

2. A. Because of his family's influence.

B. Because of the fact that he's young.

C. Because of the practical skills he has.

D. Because of his love for biology and chemistry.

答案：

A

预估难度：

易

考点：

具体细节

3. A. A strong sense of responsibility.

B. Good communicative skills.

C. Excellent health.

D. Great patience.

答案：

B

预估难度：

易

考点：

具体细节

Section B：短文（Passages）

本部分共由 5 篇短文组成，每篇短文由 150 个左右的单词组成。

旨在测试考生对英语篇章的听力理解能力。

要求考生能理解所听短文的中心思想和主要内容，并能根据所听到的内容进行逻辑推理、分析概括和归纳总结。

题型包括大意概括题（Questions for the general idea）、具体细节题(Questions for specific details)和判断推理题（Questions for inference）。

每篇短文附有 3 个小题，每个小题附有 4 个选项，要求考生在听完每篇短文后，根据所听内容于 12 秒内从中选出 1 个最佳答案。

短文及问题只读一遍。

该部分共 15 个小题，序号为 16～30。

每题 1 分，共计15分。

例：

听力录音：短文(题材：医普)

We commonly think that our health is affected by our age, gender, lifestyle and genetic factors that we inherit from our parents. However, these factors are only a small part of what affects our health. Other factors include our social relationships, income, education and working conditions. Let's look at stress for example. Unemployment or poor working conditions create unstable life situations and cause stress, which has negative effects on health. One major factor, education, determines income or employment. However, even if you are employed, some workplace conditions, such as lack of flexibility and control over your workday can cause stress. As you can see, many complex social processes and other factors are connected with one another to affect our health. Studying how these factors work together in large populations is a challenge for researchers and that is what we would like to look at next.

Question number 16: What is the passage mainly about?

Question number 17: What does the speaker intend to say by mentioning stress?

Question number 18: What does the speaker call for at the end of the passage?

听力试题:

16. A. The role of genetic factors.

B. The factors that affect health.

C. The impact of lifestyle on health.

D. The importance of working conditions.

答案：

B

预估难度：

易

考点：

大意概括

17. A. People with jobs have less stress.

B. The more education, the less stress.

C. Many factors affect health via stress.

D. Stress is not related to genetic make-up.

答案：

C

预估难度：

中

考点：

具体细节

18.

Part II 词语用法（Vocabulary）

词语用法分 Section A 和 Section B 两部分。

考试时间为 10 分钟。

旨在测试考生对英语词汇和短语的理解和使用能力，重点考查名词、形容词、动词、副词和短语等的用法。

Section A：

填空 ( Blank Filling )

本部分试题的题干为一个或两个句子，句中留有一处空白，题干后附 4 个选项，要求考生从中选出 1 个最佳答案，填入题干空白处使该句语法正确、意思完整、逻辑合理。

该部分共 10 小题，序号为 31~40，每题 0.5 分，共计 5 分。

例：

31. I hope you will _______ your cold in a couple of days.

A. get over

B. get off

C. get away

D. get out

答案：

A（从病中恢复）

预估难度：

易

考点：

短语动词

32. Bacteria's needs vary in the living environment, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid _______.

A. mechanism

B. miniature

C. medium

D. minimum

答案：

C（介质）

预估难度：

易

考点：

名词

33. Postnatal care includes assessment and counseling provided to the mother after ________ in a health facility.

A. giving birth

B. receiving an injection

C. getting pregnant

D. undergoing an operation

答案：

A（分娩）

预估难度：

中

考点：

动词短语

34. Mean blood vitamin D3 increased ________ in the intervention when compared with the control group.

A. Abundantly

B. significantly

C. Radically

D. maximally

答案：

B（在统计上显著地）

预估难度：

中

考点：

副词

35. ________ your poor record in the medical school, we think you should study harder.

A. In spite of

B. In case of

C. In charge of

D. In view of

答案：

D（鉴于）

预估难度：

中

考点：

介词短语

36. The sufferer with hydrophobia is ________ of water.

A. curious

B. considerate

C. doubtful

D. dreadful

答案：

D（惧怕......的）

预估难度：

难

考点：

形容词

Section B: 替换 ( Substitution )

本部分试题的题干为一个或两个句子，句中有一个单词或短语带有下划线，题干后附 4 个选项，要求考生从中选出1个和句中划线部分的意义基本相同或近似的最佳答案。

该部分共 10 小题，序号为 41~50，每题 0.5 分，共计 5 分。

例：

41. Experts can even reach consensus on how the material standard of living sharply reduces the death rate.

A. Agreement

B. contention

C. Judgment

D. resolution

答案：

A（共识）

预估难度：

易

考点：

名词

42. Habits can be consciously strengthened, as when a patient in physical rehabilitation practices and memorizes different limb activities.

A. conveniently

B. sufficiently

C. Occasionally

D. intentionally

答案：

D（有意识地）

预估难度：

易

考点：

副词

43. If the cells can't use sugar, the body begins to break down its own tissues for food.

A. degenerate

B. dehydrate

C. decompose

D. dispose

答案：

C（分解）

预估难度：

中

考点：

短语动词

44. Doctors discourage massive doses of drugs for infants.

A. excessive

B. repetitive

C. progressive

D. indicative

答案：

A（过多的）

预估难度：

难

考点：

形容词

45. Biologically speaking, she doesn't resemble either of her parents.

A. take over

B. take after

C. take on

D. take up

答案：

B（与......相似）

预估难度：

难

考点：

动词

Part III完型填空（Cloze）

本部分为 1 篇短文。

旨在测试考生在篇章水平上理解和运用语言的综合能力。

实意词与功能词基本上各占 50%。

实意词主要是指具有语义内容，在特定句子中具有独立内涵的词，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等。

功能词主要是指具有语法结构、句法功能的词或词组，包括从属连词、关系代词、冠词、介词及表明时态和语态的功能词。

要求考生阅读一篇约 200 个单词的英语短文，其中留有 10 处空白，每一处空白对应 4 个选项。

考生在理解全文大意和上下文意思的基础上，从 4 个选项中选出一个最佳答案。

使短文在语法、用词、句型结构和上下文逻辑关系等方面都能完善。

该部分共 10 小题，每题 1 分，共计 10 分。

序号为 51～60，考试时间 10 分钟。

例：

Despite growing numbers of joggers, Canada Fitness Surveys demonstrate that Canadians are less physically fit than their U.S. or Swedish counterparts. Many people are convinced that they do not exercise often or vigorously __51__ for optimal benefits. Only about 25 per cent of Canadian adults paddle at the __52__level that increases the heart beat to a(n) __53__ level and keeps it there for at least 15 minutes thrice weekly. Men are more likely to be either "sedentary" or "very active", __54__ women are more likely to be"moderately active."

Common reasons for __55__ are no willpower, poor facilities, boredom, fatigue, sheer laziness or lack of time. Experts suggest that incentives and rewards be used to help sustain the exercise habit until the 56 become so self-evident that activity is automatically scheduled into daily routines.

A modest increase in daily activity __57__ the sedentary could improve the overall health of our population more than increased activity in those already __58__exercise. Activities in older people help them stay agile, and feel better.

Even a small gain in fitness among the elderly may permit them to replace a restricted lifestyle with an enriched one __59__ they can play golf, dance, cycle and garden. The __60__ message is clear: Physical activity benefits body and mind, especially for the least active ones.

51. A. plenty

B. enough

C. sufficient

D. adequate

52. A. recommending

B. recommended

C. recommends

D. recommend

53. A. record

B. exercise

C. target

D. time

54. A. though

B. while

C. since

D. for

55. A. not exercising

B. not to exercise

C. being exercised

D. being exercising

56. A. reasons

B. benefits

C. demands

D. repetitions

57. A. by B. at C.to D. on

58. A. excluded from

B. launched into

C. dedicated to

D. done with

59. A. in which

B. for whom

C. therefore

D. because

60. A. crystal

B. overall

C. Definite

D. complete

Part IV 阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）

本部分由 6 篇阅读短文组成，每篇短文有 350 个单词左右。

旨在测试考生通过阅读获取信息的能力，包括阅读速度和理解程度。

要求考生在读完一篇短文后，能理解其主题思想、主要内容和相关细节；

能根据所读短文的内容进行推理判断，理解某些词和短语在具体语境中的意义，理解句与句之间的内在篇章逻辑关系，能领会作者的观点和思想情感，判断其对事物的态度。

测试材料主要涉及医普、科普和人文等各种题材和体裁的文章。

每篇短文通常包括 3 种题型：

大意概括题（Questions for general idea）具体细节题（Questions for specific details）和判断推理题（Questions for inference）。

大意概括题主要考查考生对文章主题思想的概括和归纳能力；

具体细节题主要考查考生对短文中存在的相关事实或现象的辨认能力；

判断推理题主要考查考生对文字背后和字里行间的含义进行正确判断或推理的能力。

每篇短文后附有 5 个问题，每个问题后均有 4 个选项，要求考生根据所读短文的内容从每个题的 4 个选项中选出 1 个最佳答案。

该部分共 30 个小题，序号为 61~90，每题 1 分，共计 30 分。

考试时间 60 分钟。

例:

Passage One（题材：人文）

New Orleans, with too many private hospitals competing desperately for paying patients, has become notorious for dumping patients. A typical "dump" was described by a director of emergency medical care at Charity Hospital. Early in November his department received a call from a private hospital seeking to transfer a patient. They told us he had slight facial lacerations, the director said. "It sounded ordinary enough. But what the emergency room doctors found when the man arrived was something else. His face was torn to bits. We found teeth in the man's throat. I could take my fingers and move his jaws back and forth like a flag in a high wind. The bottom part of the man's face was crushed. We had to give him six pints of blood. He wasn't getting enough oxygen because of the blood in his throat." Doctors at the first hospital had done nothing for the man other than transfer him.

Dumping has become so routine in New Orleans that, even though anyone needing emergency treatment is supposed to be taken to the nearest hospital, ambulance crews routinely ask accident victims or members of the families if they have insurance. If the answer is no, the ambulance crew quietly transfers patients to Charity Hospital.

Frequently, the transferees weren't told the reason for the transfer. A quarter of all those transferred were physically unstable—they suffered from bleeding, shock, severe burns, etc.—and shouldn't have been transferred.

Patients who get dumped aren't the only ones hurt. At a hospital such as Cook County, in Los Angeles, which treats nearly a thousand patients a day in its emergency room, extra cases create real hardship." These patients go through incredible ordeals. Some of them don't get seen the day they come and have to come back and line up again," said hospital personnel.

Despite the horrors revealed by studies of dumping, not many cases have resulted in lawsuits. This isn't surprising, for people who get dumped often don't have the resources to fight legal battles, and in many states there are no laws protecting against dumping. On the national level, legislation is pending to protect patients by mandating that patients be stabilized before they are transferred.

61. In a typical case of dumping patients, the private hospital would ______.

deliberately get rid of patients with no means to pay

refer a difficult case to a better-equipped hospital

deal quickly with the patient before transferring

only give primary treatment to paying patients

答案：

A

预估难度：

中

考点：

具体细节

62. As required in New Orleans, ________.

the medical insurance does not cover the ambulance

the patient can't be transferred against his or her will

the ambulance crews should include experienced doctors

the patient in emergency should be sent to a nearby hospital

答案：

D

预估难度：

易

考点：

判断推理

63. As implied in the 4th paragraph, patients who get dumped ________.

are accepted normally and treated quickly

often need to wait for their turns just like others

may disrupt the routine treatment of other patients

are usually taken back to the hospital where they belong

答案：

C

预估难度：

中

考点：

判断推理

64. What, according to the passage, is the legal problem about dumping?

The transferees can hardly make out a good case.

The transferees are not rich enough to hire lawyers.

The transferees often have difficulty fighting legal battles.

The transferees are often not surprised by the horrors due to dumping.

答案：

C

预估难度：

易

考点：

具体细节

65. We can infer from the last paragraph that in the US ________.

not many lawsuits can result in compensation

the phenomenon of dumping is going to be against the law

dumping patients is becoming an important area for legal battles

some states will pioneer in passing the law protecting against dumping

答案：

B

预估难度：

难

考点：

判断推理

Passage Two（题材：科普)

Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknown to Brittany's mother, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development.

Last week, Brittany was given the green light to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state's product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.

Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor's history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder.

So will Donovan vs Idant Laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York's product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a"product"in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way.

Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is a growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out-and there is a test that can do so-but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to early Alzheimer's?

66. Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ________.

selling donor sperm as a product

supplying problematic donor sperm

boasting defective biological products

failing to protect the client's confidentiality

答案：

B

预估难度：

易

考点：

具体细节

67. Under the state's product liability laws, the controversial question of the case was whether ________.

donated sperm could be considered just a product

Donovan could be allowed to sue the sperm bank.

Donovan's genetic defect could be confirmed

the company could afford the compensation

答案：

A

预估难度：

中

考点：

判断推理

68. It can be inferred from the passage that actually thousands of people in the US purchase sperm _______.

out of their desperate needs

regardless of repeated warnings

with a series of privacy violations

without knowing its potential dangers

答案：

D

预估难度：

中

考点：

判断推理

69. The reason why the case is unlikely to open the floodgates is that the NY-based laws _______.

guarantee the safety of donor sperm

give special status to the issue of sperm

treat donor sperm as a product by all means

are specially designed for body parts, including sperm

答案：

C

预估难度：

易

考点：

具体细节

70. Which of the following can most probably serve as the general idea of the passage?

A chance in a million.

Science behind the law.

A product hard to guarantee.

No such a thing as donor sperm.

答案：

C

预估难度：

难

考点：

大意概括

Passage Three（题材：医普）

After 25 years of battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.

Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent "cure" of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect using gene therapy. If it works, and that is still a big if, it would open up the possibility of patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.

Funding such a long-term program would cost serious money-initially around S3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war. It also looks small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.

The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for a lower price than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, and, hopefully, other companies may follow their lead.

No one doubts the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon—and they won't turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start ridding the world of this most fearsome of viruses.

71. Which of the following can be most probably used to describe the key message conveyed in the passage?

Optimism should never be lost, whatever happens.

We can see some light at the end of the tunnel.

A quick fix is no longer a dream.

Disasters can still hit endlessly.

答案：

B

预估难度：

中

考点：

大意概括

72. According to the passage, the case of the apparent"cure"could ______.

promise a new discipline of gene therapy in medicine

facilitate the development of an effective vaccine for HIV

help people draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemia

change the way we seek a possible cure for those with AIDS

答案：

D

预估难度：

中

考点：

判断推理

73. Which of the following is referred to as another bit of optimism?

The development of ART has a time table.

HIV will be virtually wiped out first in Africa.

The cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART.

The existing HIV drugs are being ungraded to become more effective.

答案：

C

预估难度：

易

考点：

具体细节

74. It can be safely inferred from the passage that in the foreseeable future ________.

even advanced AIDS patients can be treated free in the poorest countries

GSK will have no financial problem developing ART in the world

AIDS patients in poverty can hopefully have easy access to ART

governments will invest more in improving ART globally

答案：

C

预估难度：

中

考点：

判断推理

75. The last paragraph carries a tone of _______.

unreserved enthusiasmd36

cautious optimism

fearsome activism

hopeless idealism

答案：

B

预估难度：

易

考点：

判断推理

试卷二（Paper Two）
Part V 书面表达（Writing）

本部分为书面表达，旨在测试考生使用英语书面表达自己思想的能力。测试分为摘要写作翻译（汉译英）和命题作文 3 种形式，每年任选其中一种。题材内容主要为与医学相关的社会议论话题或科普内容。

该部分共计 20 分。考试时间 50 分钟

1. 摘要写作（Summary Writing）
要求考生阅读一篇汉语短文并为其撰写英文摘要。摘要具有一定的体例规范要求，而不是简单的选择性汉译英。考生在阅读一篇字数为 600~800 之间的汉语短文后，用英语写出一篇约 200 个单词的摘要。该题型重点考查考生的分析归纳和书面表达能力，在分析归纳方面，要求考生撰写的摘要必须覆盖所规定的所有要点或重点，偏离主题或漏写要点会影响得分。在英语书面表达能力方面，要求所写摘要用词恰当、语法正确、篇章结构合理，文字通顺，符合英语表达习惯。

答题要求:
(1) 紧扣主题，归纳总结。
(2) 需涵盖所有重点内容。
(3) 避免选择原句进行简单翻译。
(4) 无须推演或推论。

例:
薪酬收入与付出极不平衡是全科医生�*****eneral practitioner, GP）目前最为突出的问题。全科医生肩负基本医疗和公共卫生两项任务。这意味着除了医疗本职工作之外,还需要承担预防保健、病人康复和慢性病管理、健康管理等任务。胜任这些任务就需要更高的综合素质。

据上海长宁区某社区医院医生透露,上级要求社区医生学习中医、心理咨询、健康管理、营养等,并且还要求到达中级证书水平。学了这么多证书出来，每天上班既要从事医疗工作，又要做公卫工作,一个人要签约近 3000 名居民，收入却依然是四五千。增加了这么多技能，提供了这么多服务，工资却没有变化，全科医师心理的天平自然会不平衡。

据央视报道，上海潍坊社区的医生李亚玲一年收入是 7 万元，而与她同期毕业在某三甲医院工作的同学收入比她高 1 倍。面对这样的现实，如果有机会找到收入更高的工作，她没理由不改行。有数据显示，2007 年至 2009 年，北京市社区卫生服务机构共引进 2000 人，但 3 年里流失率非常高，而社区医生流失原因中 67% 是因为薪酬低。

据了解，国外全科医生的收入是社会平均工资的 3~4 倍，这与当下我国社会全科医生的薪酬形成鲜明对比。国外全科医生的待遇普遍较高，英国、德国等发达国家全科医生待遇约是社会平均收人的 3~4 倍，与此相对，我国全科医生收入与社会平均收入水平基本持平，仅有 4% 左右的医生年收入超过 10 万元，相较于发达国家 3~4 倍于社会平均收人水平的全科医生收人，我国全科医生的待遇较低，薪酬回报不具有吸引力，这也是我国全科医生行业人才匮乏、素质整体较低的重要原因。

参考答案(19~20分)
用中文概括三个重要方面:
(1) 问题的存在/性质。
(2) 全科医生需严格的资质要求。
(3) 全科医生收入偏低，以及其因果关系。

Currently, the problem is that general practitioners(GP) are short-paid. Their income does not match with their hard job. They have a wide range of duties such as clinical practice, preventive healthcare, patient's rehabilitation, chronic disease management, and health management. Such duties are quite demanding on the GP. However, the efforts they have made are not paid for enough. On the one hand, GPs are required to receive continuing medical education for certificates and qualifications. Once a GP is qualified, he/she has to be engaged in both medical practice and public health for 3 000 local residents who have signed a contract with their GP. On the other hand, GPs are quite short-paid for their hard efforts. As a case in point, Dr. Li Yaling, a GP for a local community, earns her annual income of RMB70,000.00, much lower than that made by her counterpart who works in a tertiary hospital. GPs in Britain, Germany and other developed countries earn their annual income 3~4 times higher than the national average income, while Chinese GPs make approximately the national average. As a result, they tend to leave their jobs for higher-paid positions. The insufficient workforce can lead to lowered quality of medical service in general.

2. 翻译（Translation；汉译英）
将一篇 300 个字左右的汉语短文翻译为英语，短文可以是一段,也可以是数段，共计 20 分。考试时间 50 分钟，该题型旨在测试考生汉译英的能力，重点考查考生用英语准确再现汉语原文思想和内容的能力。

答题要求:
(1) 译文必须忠实于原文，不能随意发挥。
(2) 用词恰当，注意词性的必要转换。
(3) 注意使用正确的英语语法。
(4) 文字通顺，符合英语表达习惯。

例:
随着生产社会化和科技现代化，越来越多的医学科学技术成就已经证实，社会因素对健康与疾病有着不可忽视的作用。因此，社会医学的兴起，是医学现代化进程的一个标志，是科学技术进步的必然结果。

由于人口老龄化进程加速和疾病谱（disease spectrum）从传染病为主向以慢性非传染性疾病为主的转变，医学模式已从传统的生物医学模式转变为生物—心理—社会医学模式。与此相应，医疗卫生服务已向四个方面扩展，即从单纯治疗扩展到预防保健，从生理扩展到心理，从医院服务扩展到家庭和社区，从单纯的医疗技术措施扩展到综合的社会服务。

为适应医学模式转变而发生的上述四个变化，是医学社会化的必然趋势，也是产生社会医学的客观依据。

参考答案(19~20分)
With the socialization of production and modernization of science and technology, a growing number of achievements and accomplishments in medical technology have proved that social factors can have a negative effect on health, causing medical problems. As a milestone in the medical modernization,the established discipline of social medicine is an inevitable result of the development of science and technology.

The medical model has changed from the biomedical one to the biology-psychology-society one simply because of the increasing speed of aging populations and the shift of disease spectrum from infectious disease to chronic and non-infectious ones. Correspondingly, the healthcare services are managed in four directions:from the single medical treatment to preventive healthcare, from physiology to psychology, from the hospital service to community services and homecare, and from the single therapies of medical technology to the comprehensive social work.

In response to these four transfers caused by the shift of the medical model, inevitably, the medical socialization comes into being. The inevitable trend produces objective evidence for the development of social medicine.

3. 命题作文（Essay Writing）
根据题目要求，写一篇 250 个单词左右的文章。共计 20 分，考试时间 50 分钟。该题型旨在测试考生英语议论文的写作能力，重点考查考生在写作中的思想性、逻辑性以及语言应用能力。

答题要求：
(1) 紧扣题目，每段只聚焦一个主题思想。
(2) 用词恰当、语法正确。
(3) 注意句子之间的逻辑关系。
(4) 文字通顺，注重篇章的连贯性和一致性。

例:
Title: Your Health Is in Your Own Hands
Three topic ideas:
(1) 健康和影响因素；
(2) 主要影响因素：生活习惯；
(3) 自己的健康自己负责。

参考答案（19-20分）
Everyone hopes to be healthy—to feel fit and strong and happy. This gives rise to the rapid growth of health industry worldwide, which provides health products and services for people in pursuit of health. Unfortunately, our health is constantly put at risk. Climate change, environmental toxins, stress at work, junk food and many other risk factors all have serious consequences for our health.

One of the major health threats is largely related to our lifestyle, Cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, overeating, sitting up late and excessive use of digital devices are health-damaging behaviors of many individuals. Abundant evidence shows that these unhealthy ways of living have become leading causes of many illnesses and diseases and even death. What's worse, even if one is informed of the negative impacts of these habits, he, or she may do nothing to quit them before their heart, spine or blood vessels are severely damaged or stop functioning.

How many of you are aware that, to a great extent, your health is in your own hands? Thanks to present-day information resources, you now have easier access to knowledge of health and professional consultation. Thus you are able to make lifestyle changes using scientifically-proven methods. Admittedly, you may find it uncomfortable or even maddening when you stop smoking or spend less time on your phone. You may start by taking some minor actions. Small changes will make big differences. Eat a balanced diet, sit less and move more, and rest well. The benefits are profound. You are your own health defender and life saver!

以上就是 2020 年出版的全国医学博士英语统考大纲。

[ 此帖被inana在2019-12-26 23:19重新编辑 ]

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inana

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2020年全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲（人民卫生出版社出版）word版下载

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