句子结构的错误 0K`ZX&K?W
在英语中按句型来说可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种，从结构上来说又可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。句子的结构错误是构成句子完整结构的某一成分用错或者缺少，或者使用了多于成分而造成句意不清的错误类型。由于英语语法和汉语语法特点在结构上表现得十分明显，主、谓、宾结构在数、格、人称上的一致、连接手段的正确使用以及词序安排等，都与汉语有着相当大的差异，因此在改错中也是一大难点。句子结构错误类型包括：句子类型使用错误、句子成分短缺、平行结构错误以及词组搭配使用错误。 T^ +1rG
'?z9,oW{
下面通过一些例题来进行具体讲解： li 1v 4
./'; P <)
n=
;';(wR[
ef^Cc)S-Q
例 1 0P3j+?
N%
b1eK(F
Computer analyzed marketing reports can help ze*&*csO
Kp$_0
deciding which products to emphasize now, which :P j W:]
M"
xZz
to develop for the future, and which to be dropped. 1.__________ rs d2v9
7W6eiUI'
k,
$I59
3D]2$a_
d
本句中三个平行成分 which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to be dropped 结构模式应该一致，均采用不定式主动语态，因而 to be dropped 应改为 to drop 。 E \
K
=}B4I
\[@ Q}k[
^zBjG/'7
例 2 e {^:/WcYB
n2
5irCD`
When we consider the comfortable circumstances 5K L9$J9k
ccHLL6F{
of a working family today, the life of the workingman ?Zc/upd:$N
A^}i^
in 1882 seems miserable indeed. But earlier it had 3K=q)|
zbF:
R[ )
been ever hard. 1.__________ aF; ]7i@
Pg!;o=
{ M
x>1iIpBv ^
]Ssw32yn
根据上文中“ earlier ”可知，原句显然是将 1882 年以前的生活与 1882 年时的生活作比较，所以此处 hard 应该改为 harder 。 t
1Ir4
0 %
GqCg
Gvt;Q,hH
0)6i~Mg lY
例 3 d- Z+fz
Y|GJp h
At the beginning of the nineteenth century working %
K9;
qJ5
EPE!V>
hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, L|C 1
C
cP
XEvG hy#
and working conditions being poor and dangerous. 1.__________ rm5T=fNJ
RpmBP[
.pB8=_e:
uI[-P}bSc&
在该句中， working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, and working conditions being poor and dangerous 三个小分句为并列结构关系，因此必须保持成分和结构上的一致性，故应该将 being 改为 were 。 #x4h_K
Y
^hl]s?"3
:XPC0^4s
?sjZ13 SUa
例 4 w
~L\Ebg
53,
,%Ue
However, a second person thought that this was xT=kxyu
Qa7S'
(
more a question of civilized behavior as good 1.__________ Ip7FD9
^
QGbD
=c7
manners. /n(bThDH
a7v[l04
w
/W
Cj4`
LL$,<q%(P
“ more…than… ”是固定搭配用法，在此句中表示“与其…不如…”的意思，而不是“比…多”的意思；没有“ more…as… ”的搭配用法，故应该将 as 改为 than 。 c~L6fvS
( /x@W`
`6BS-AVO7
练习题 5%Fn^u:
b~haP.Cl :
fD#&: )
D
5 r
1 On the contrary, the intimate atmosphere of the U:P3Z3Y%
' MdE}
small college allows the student four years of structural E_' n4@}Cx
^; V>}08
living in which to expect and preparing for the real world. 1.__________ AINFua4 A
Qq hb]<z
Bc|x:#`C\{
|phWK^
2 In making his choice among educational institutions uQ%HLL-W/
^qus `6
the student must, therefore, consider a great many factors. *r?51*J
Obc 3^pV&
Going to school is part of the socialization process, ep}/dBg
ISnS;
and so going to the movies. 2.__________ vYt:}$AE
6
% y)
;=9v mQA
zl#&Qm4Ot
3 The next morning the sun rose like a red ball on the /qq&'}TZP
'lRHdD}s
eastern horizon. But somehow after breakfast it hid @[b:([
lPN< rgg
itself behind patches of clouds but it seemed a rain was 3.__________ muX4 Y1M_
.9fluAG
apparent. So 6cm|{
Sd{"A0[A|
Q|<?$.FN"8
0(g MR
4 But luckily, no sooner had we entered the car when it 4.__________ -Us% g
0o=)&%G
suddenly began to rain. 8 B t-
g5 |\G%dOt
)* nbEZm@
f -nC+
5 That is worthy of note about these two groups is that 5.__________ 3 <lh oD
D J [#H
among the 40 people there are only two women. !cq| g
[}>6n72gNh
2,Dc ]oj
EF=D}"E6pO
6 Women members are so less than members that we 6.__________ aw"%B-N \
>`|uc
again think of the outdated prejudice that women are S
^VV^O5 ^
X/7_mU>aKT
inferior in intelligence. KR(ftG'
p2vUt
;H r@0f
}UdqX1jz
7 The best way to avoid using dictionaries when you HbSx}bM_9
wSyu^K Dz
are reading English books is to try to remember many 7.__________ jeF
l+K'1
<d`Uifq D
words as you can. #R~NR8( z
T2; 9
Ol[I C
CHw_? #h
8 It is just on that day when I bumped into Miss Helen 8.__________ - XG$ 0
^v5hr>m
on my way to work. -y*+G&
s9bP6N!,
*)D*iU&
!I/kz }N@
9 It is in the cinema not on the street where he lost his 9.__________ ~At .V+
*~^^A9C8
wallet which contained ＄ 1,000 in it. KptLeb:Om
.WE0T|qDX
&L~rq)r/&
6Ymk 8.PF
10 In the future passengers ships will be built to travel K(<P" g(
Z+4Oa f!
undersea, and special underwater ships will be designed Lpf=VyqC
dtl<
for mining, fishing, and to exploring unknown areas. 10.__________ U .(_n
Qj U"|$
K_ 3ZJ
9E?>B3t^
oP
0j>i,"&
#
t
Ki6u
答案解析： eqCB2u"Jq
9 `&D
~vF o 0k(
rID]!7~
1.preparing→prepare。属于平行结构中的动词错误。在并列连词and前后显然要有形式一致的动词，但前面没有与preparing呼应的现在分词（注：同行中的living是in which中which的先行词，故一定是名词，而不是现在分词——这是词形表面上的干扰），故只能改动preparing使之与前面的动词不定式expect一致，这里也有考生将preparing改为prepares，用意是与句中谓语动词allows一致，但要注意，句中不定式expect是及物动词，它的宾语是“the real world”，必须与prepare for共享。 _ 4Pi>
8:NHPHxB
R A/yvr
<~w#sIh
2.so后面加is。该句是一个并列句，第一个分词结构是完整的，主语由动名词“going to school”担当，第二个分词表语部分与前面相同。为避免重复，而使用代词so，但是谓语不能省略，必须加上is才是完整的结构。 <
*OF
/]&1 XT?
74#@F{ w
IRa* }MJe
3.but→and。 %C<eR_
+
%v4Ci"%y
S(l^TF
[4 yQ-L)]e
4.when→than。“no sooner…than…”和“hardly…when…”是固顶结构，相互之间不能交换使用。 _A r ,]v
Q afg/JU
5H5Kt9DoW
&t
Im
5.that→what。该句结构比较复杂，前面整个句子作为主语，但是that不能作为主语从句的主语成分，因此改成what。 eS U8/9B
3RUB2c4
9nE%r\H
bX1ip2X
lk
6.less→fewer。 D=Y HJ>-wB
\
PqV|
f9 $q.a*
N}= - +E|
7.many前加as。 v5o%y:~
T9
A5L"-6T
d?n~9_9 e
Fz% n!d
8.when→that。因为该句是一个强调句，所强调成分的代词除了在所强调成分为“人”时使用who或者that的情况外，一律使用that。 S0 `*
",m5}mk:4
b+>godTi_
B|&<
9.where→that。 K VCS(oN
rgCId@R
W=*\4B]
;1nd~0o
10.删除to。
