(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 y Y>-MoF/t
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 w0 Fwd
2)基本用法 ;RWW+x8IB
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 tS\=<T
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , X0y?<G1(a
seldom等。例如: cT-K@dg
The sun rises in the east. M!N`
Orz
He usually goes to work by bus. 7fTxGm
The Jones always go to church on Sunday.
6Xdtr
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例
?. zu2
如: ow2M,KU6Z
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. sA/,+a
M
The project starts early this year. $brKl8P
There is a conference tonight. j#N(1}r=1
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: p QluGIX0V
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ( "_Q
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. /@&(P#h
2 、一般过去时 C@%iQ]=
1)构成:动词过去式 B-!guf
rnY
2)基本用法 hIR@^\?
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: c#=&!FRe
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 Ay2b,q
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: T`
uDlo
He died five years ago. Iq+2mQi*/k
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. s~L`53A
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he J;S-+
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. > gr<^$
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. cI5N"U@yN
3 、一般将来时 -(!uC+BZX
1)构成 NN^QUB
will +动词原形 gt'*B5F
(
2)基本用法 <P-$RX
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 YV-j/U{&
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. Y,'%7u
3)表示将来时的其他形式 p+$+MeBz
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 )#a7'Ba
明即将发生的事。例如: d ,UCH
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. GLCAiSMz[
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 7#ofNH J
可能性。例如: teAukE=}
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. Hte[TRbM
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 q
(gjT^aN
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: #ra*f~G
We're leaving on Friday. Hs$'0:
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. q4/909x=
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: gGEIK0\{
He is about to retire. /D'M 24
4 、现在进行时 W&YU^&`Yr
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 *}w+68eO
2)基本用法 s9i|mVtm8
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ^&Q<tN7
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 8eN7VT eb
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. {~_Y _-
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 <bP#H
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: at|
\FOKj
He is constantly complaining about his job. Xh}&uZ`A
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. :y1 Bt+Fp
5 、现在完成时 Z7z]2v3}c
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 ,F9nDF@)
2)基本用法 OhFW*v
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 to`mnp9Z
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since u okc:D
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: e;h,V(
We’ve just back. :$%>4+l
We have studied English for more than ten years. orqJ[!u)`
He has lived here since 1995. cU8x Upq
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. I 8zG~L%"
Have you booked your hotel yet U\vY/6;JI
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 8:dQ._#v
(1)过去与现在的关系 jDX>izg;V
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 ?JXa~.dA
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 "HK/u(z)
造成的影响。 :mZYS4L~
(2)时间状语不同 pW|u P8#
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 6Hf,6>
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Qihdn66
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: #{PmNx%M
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) !20XsO
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 D*2\{W/
开着的。) z9
($.
6 、过去进行时 k ;KdW P
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 /.Q4~Hw%}
2)基本用法 G;1?<3
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: MbA\pG'T
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. %l!xkCKA
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. "rNL
`P7
7 、过去完成时 Z :nbZHByh
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 :YO@_
2)基本用法 -t-tn22
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 =.Tv)/ea
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: !#N\b
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning go'j/4Tp
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. :dnJY%/q
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 8dO?K*J,H'
8 、过去将来时 E
gM*d)X
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 ',=g;
2)基本用法 55DE\<r
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 K=\O5
#F?3
时的宾语从句中。例如: Z-X?JA\&
He said he would stop smoking next month. Xm!-~n@-m7
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. cgT
9 、将来完成时 u{e-G&]^;
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 @N.jB#nEb
2)基本用法 27Emm
c
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: zsQoU&D 5
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. N{Qxq
>6 G
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Ud(`V:d
10 、现在完成进行时 H=^K@Ti:
1)构成 'MxSd( T
=
2)基本用法 @{HrJ/4%:&
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 ,xi({{L*
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 Yl^mAS[w&
状语连用。例如: zu\`1W^
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. P 7D!6q
He has been studying English for years. 6g:|*w
He has been playing computer games since early morning. {dWObh
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ~/
#1G.H
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: \?fI t?
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) {8RFK4! V@
They have built a ship.(已完成) nms8@[4-
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) A;X=bj _&a
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! chI.{Rj
(表达不满情绪) Lxl_"kG
II. 动词的语态 $.E6S<(h
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 9J-b6,
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: 3`.P'Fh(k
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 z? ]G3$i(
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called 7Ke&0eAw
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called w}cY6O,1
将来 shall/will be v
$({C
called >]D4Q<TY
------ shall/will have been called ;3'NMk
应注意的事项: j Ch=@<9
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 :Ixx<9c.
He was beat severely by the gunman. ~%k ?L4%
The cup was broken by Tom. u
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2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 rJyCw+N0
或副词。例如: je,}_:7
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. <c
N~jv-w$
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. Pt,ebL~
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 z`@^5_
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: iI1n2>V3y
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) \K2*Q&>
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) BHDML.r }M
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) A;XOT6jv?
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 7j<e)"
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: "8 )z=n
We were made to work twelve hours a day. Ch
rY"
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. k3!a$0Bs;
5) 表示被动的其他形式: l~s7Ae
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: w&h2y4
She got her purse stolen. DPgm%Xq9(!
I must get my hair cut. yc;3Id5?>
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 @LE[ac
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: ^?"\?M1
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. l(W[_ D
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. V)M1YZV{
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, rt-\g1x
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: B0}~G(t(
The book sells very well. <Cpp?DW_
The parachute opens easily. Z [Xa%~5>5
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: zR6siAV9
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; I`RBj `IF
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 or*HC&c7