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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 x c|1?AFj  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 BB imP  
2)基本用法 ]Q#k"Je  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 DMA`Jx  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , Gdz*   
seldom等。例如: |RL\2j|  
The sun rises in the east. PlR$s  
He usually goes to work by bus. {dYz|O<  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. ? &=JGk^eJ  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 u\(>a  
如: *).!  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. aVZ/e^kk-  
The project starts early this year. #nq_R  
There is a conference tonight. (aLjW=  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: [Z^26/5a  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. -<:w{cV  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. V  n+a-v  
2 、一般过去时 ]xGpN ]u  
1)构成:动词过去式 49ehj1Se  
2)基本用法  kGAB'  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: 4K ]*bF44  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 kt |j]:  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: Vjd(Z  
He died five years ago. k2(k0HFR  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. Bus]OF>hu  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 51-'*Y  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. 5"ooam3  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. L)qUBp@MW  
3 、一般将来时 +BDW1%  
1)构成 eVd:C8q  
will +动词原形 _St ":9'uU  
2)基本用法 u@tH6k*cBz  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 jrpki<D  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. UXh%DOq   
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ~NB|BwAh  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 {pdPp|YDZ-  
明即将发生的事。例如: i(;.Y  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. 6&QOC9JW+7  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 L c )i  
可能性。例如: l%xTF@4e  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 1CR\!?  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 =[zP  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: ex^9 l b  
We're leaving on Friday. Mp=T;Nz  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. ^Ku]8/ga  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: + )z5ai0m  
He is about to retire. )a5ON8?  
4 、现在进行时 (5CgC <  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 w~&#:F?  
2)基本用法 ;Qi!~VsP;  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: -ssmj8:Q\|  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 1wH6 hN,  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you.  F =a  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 jE=m4_Ntn  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: /n6ZN4  
He is constantly complaining about his job. $|7=$~y  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. J"@X>n  
5 、现在完成时 }p-/R'  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 *B \ @L  
2)基本用法 FFcIOn  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Z:Vde^Ih  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since 9[teG5wA a  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: `rK@> -  
We’ve just back. B/qN1D]U.  
We have studied English for more than ten years. Aqz $WTHW+  
He has lived here since 1995. =tY%`e  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. BlZB8KI~  
Have you booked your hotel yet `IJ)'$pn  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 )db:jPkwd  
(1)过去与现在的关系 Q[aF"5h%  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 _L` uC jA  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 Qds:*]vGS  
造成的影响。 U1  *P  
(2)时间状语不同 V6_5v+n  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, ]Hq,Pr_+  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till N 3O!8A_  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: 8B-mZFXpK  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) ZXkrFA |  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 H3vnc\d~  
开着的。) I$x<B7U  
6 、过去进行时 = qoOr~  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 -sdzA6dp  
2)基本用法 *GY8#Az  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: xdDe@G;"  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. "PWGtM:L8Y  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. |,S]EHIy  
7 、过去完成时 w-$iKtb.  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ,)!%^ ~v  
2)基本用法 ~`^kP.()  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 R >SZE"  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: UWhHzLcXh  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 0S4Y3bac&  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ,3eN&  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. wu11)HFL|z  
8 、过去将来时 #*lDKn[vO  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 J}4RJ9  
2)基本用法 \I/"W#\SJo  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 _*[vKS A&  
时的宾语从句中。例如: <0hVDk~  
He said he would stop smoking next month. `1Md1e:J  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. Q%!xw(  
9 、将来完成时 {M=B5-  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 `mYp?N jR_  
2)基本用法 +XX5;;IC  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: I7SFGO  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. xO %yjG=  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. bO6cv{>x  
10 、现在完成进行时 4AvIU!0w  
1)构成 3m21n7F4*  
2)基本用法 M&",7CPD(1  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 p14$XV  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 \k6OP  
状语连用。例如: 5 ^l-3s?M  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. dvY3=~'  
He has been studying English for years. &Q\k`0vzVB  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. j E5=e</  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 6"rS?>W/mO  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: =M4wP3V/  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) u8<Fk !  
They have built a ship.(已完成) @Y(7n/*  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) m{lS-DlRg  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! ^Ga_wJP8S  
(表达不满情绪) u+jx3aP:  
II. 动词的语态 *_Pkb.3R  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 A9[D.W9>  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: H66~!J0;a  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 5:EE%(g9  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called {w99~?  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called ,p..h+l  
将来 shall/will be ?DNeL; 6  
called [t5 D d  
------ shall/will have been called + J}h  
应注意的事项: ]ddL'>$c$  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 8Y;>3z th7  
He was beat severely by the gunman. $')Uie<!8  
The cup was broken by Tom. %8|?YxiZ:  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 u)P)r,  
或副词。例如: ZQ#AEVI,  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. 3 +D4$Y"  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. h&b s`  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 r`:dUCFE  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如:  <>=abgg  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) P?iQ{x}w~  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) xn7bb[g;  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) ]5eZLXM  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 byj7c(  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 7{ QjE  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. #w)D ml  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 1 swqs7rR|  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ]LSlo593  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: ew8Manx  
She got her purse stolen. B+=Xb;p8  
I must get my hair cut. brt` oR  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 YoRD9M~iG~  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 4:XVu  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. bRc~e@  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. \F),SL  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, K9eu Na  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: g6<D 1r  
The book sells very well. BQ77 n2(@  
The parachute opens easily. 'xc =N  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 2lBfc  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; qu0dWgK  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 hk+"c^g:j<  
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