(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 bR*/d-v^
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 z12c9k%s
2)基本用法 !UV/p"CfX
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 8UANB]@Y}
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , *k7vm%#ns
seldom等。例如: 2'8$I}h
The sun rises in the east. D#~S<>u@
He usually goes to work by bus. \s[/{3
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. UQ ~7,D`=#
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 \>>^eZ
如: %](H?'H
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. KP[H&4eoC
The project starts early this year. VgSk\:t
There is a conference tonight. 8#S}.|"?F
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: Nd"Rt
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. !Hk$ t
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. \*_@`1m
2 、一般过去时 S4jt*]w5b
1)构成:动词过去式 FZEK-]h.
2)基本用法 dX58nJ4u
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: &d`z|Gx9
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ;bZIj`D(
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: 'Gw;@[
He died five years ago. ;,8bb(j
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. UI*^$7z1 +
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he H9["ZRL,Q
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ]J
t8]w
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. yvgn}F{}
3 、一般将来时 u7e g:0Y
1)构成 o@o6<OP^
will +动词原形 )m-l&UK
2)基本用法 ,u^S(vxyz
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 `J>76WN
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. vFK&6
3
3)表示将来时的其他形式 q>~\w1%}a\
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 GnE%C2L-
明即将发生的事。例如: w2:!yQk_
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. [I;5V= bKW
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 4DVkycM
可能性。例如: 0.}Um
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ICD(#m
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 eB:OvOol*^
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: VOYuog 5o
We're leaving on Friday. S^@I4Z
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. # $:ddOY
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: uA?_\z?
He is about to retire. *-timVlaE
4 、现在进行时 jb' hqz
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 8t$a8 PE
2)基本用法 ?-g=Rfpag
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: PMJe6*(x/
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. +w-UK[p
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. <qzHMyAi
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 `x"0
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: Jy'ge4]3
He is constantly complaining about his job. R|T_9/#)
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. D<[4}og&]
5 、现在完成时 f[n#Eu}
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 '#SacJ\L7
2)基本用法 jg?B][
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Ox"4 y
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since
;p"G<n
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: . `lcxC
We’ve just back. LSQ2pB2V
We have studied English for more than ten years. --0z"`@{
He has lived here since 1995. ^5biD9>M
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. rUkiwqr~E
Have you booked your hotel yet WlVC0&
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 06I'#:]
(1)过去与现在的关系 YJ]]6 K+
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 xW{_c[oA
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 @`U78)]
造成的影响。 EI2V<v
(2)时间状语不同 ?Zu=UVb
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just,
o@_p
V
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till E7+y
W
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: w,]cFT
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) pi? q<p%
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 )`Tny]M
开着的。) MP?9k )f
6 、过去进行时 @*L^Jgn
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 zbP0!
2)基本用法 #KZ- "$
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ~=P&wBnJ
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. kRnh20I
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. =LuH:VM&
7 、过去完成时 JP9eNc[
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 h<i.@&
2)基本用法 2}1(j
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 NFPW#-TF
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: =0`"T!1
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning V{;Mh
u`+
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. gm9e-QIHK
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. X!,P] G
8 、过去将来时 uXW<8(
%W
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 gIep6nq1`|
2)基本用法 'Wl))lB
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 nK1XJp
时的宾语从句中。例如: +bI &0`
He said he would stop smoking next month. }8GCO
Y
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. Ps7( 4%
9 、将来完成时 #Qc[W +%
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 lQ!ukl)
2)基本用法 OF,<K%A
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: [oKc<o7)~"
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. rPkV=9ull,
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Y(78qs1w
10 、现在完成进行时 d"uR1rTk
1)构成 J:)Q)MT24:
2)基本用法 :,y V?E6]
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 W@AZ<(RI:
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 D$;mur'
状语连用。例如: bw9a@X
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. B4pheKZ2
He has been studying English for years. G<9MbMG
He has been playing computer games since early morning. k]`I3>/L
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ~EW
(2B{u
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: >&
RpfE[
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) P )_g t
They have built a ship.(已完成) qxG
@Zd
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) $dFEC}1t
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 25t2tj@S
(表达不满情绪) /hOp>|
II. 动词的语态 Jj*XnL*
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 hZVF72D26
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: D@!`b6
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 |0ACapp!
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called i*#Gq6qZq
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 2Y\,[ $z
将来 shall/will be Z<;<!+,
called 9(QY~F
------ shall/will have been called A/lxXy}D
应注意的事项: dMCV
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1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 0yfmQ=,X
He was beat severely by the gunman. aDm$^yP
The cup was broken by Tom. -1Yt3M&
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 e!d&
#ofw|
或副词。例如: k=Pu4:RF
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. ;}#tm9S;
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. n AQB
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 h2`W~g_
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ~!E%GCyFy
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) z|=l^u6uS
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) cAM1\3HWT"
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) kn 5q1^
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 T|GRkxd,E3
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: ^SpD) O{
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 8b8ui
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. Mc>]ZAz r
5) 表示被动的其他形式: z'O$[6m6
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: F2:+i#lE
She got her purse stolen. cR[)[9}
I must get my hair cut. rtS(iD@B"
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 Qf6]qJa|
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 2P`hdg
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ;eI,1
[_
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. eh2 w7@7Q
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, WEFYV=I\
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: BB-E"<
The book sells very well. n7i;^=9mM
The parachute opens easily. \9geDX9A
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: ajq [ID
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; Ytm t+9
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 'b]GcAL