(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 aK'%E3!~=x
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 jb!15Vlt"
2)基本用法 <0^L L
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 J[4IO
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , soB5sFt&]
seldom等。例如: $pYT#_P!/
The sun rises in the east. /m+\oZ
]d
He usually goes to work by bus. oxgh;v*
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. x[eho,6)
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 uSn<]OrZo`
如: c=\H&x3X
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. _6&TCd<
The project starts early this year. YW UCrnr
There is a conference tonight.
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(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: %:7fAB,PA
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 9..! g:
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. Ok6c E
2 、一般过去时 ^bDh[O
1)构成:动词过去式 Z{J{6
j
2)基本用法 0!!z'm3
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: ^SH8*7l7
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由
2<' 1m{
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: A +J&(7N
He died five years ago. &^!vi2$5}
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. (*\*7dIo
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he ;`MKi5g
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ag\xwS#i5H
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Rr/sxR|0_
3 、一般将来时 W.t`
1)构成 PQFr4EY?i
will +动词原形 ekx~svcC&A
2)基本用法 8LM 91
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 ?$&iVN^UA
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. kX)Xo`^Ys
3)表示将来时的其他形式 TUV&9wKXo
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ndU<,{r
明即将发生的事。例如: bzt(;>_8
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. chr^
>%Q_
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 -l
#h^
可能性。例如: Ckc4U. t|
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. sF`ELrR \
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 L)`SNN\ipR
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: q fQg?Mr
We're leaving on Friday. 1\'zq;I~
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. #M5R>&?Jqz
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 97%S{_2m/
He is about to retire. *$eMM*4
4 、现在进行时 oju}0h
'1
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 QmpP_eS >
2)基本用法 quPNwNy
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: L93&.d@m9
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report.
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Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you.
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(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 9Rg|o CP_
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: K~ 6[zJ4
He is constantly complaining about his job. *
)6:yn
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. ).BZPyV<
5 、现在完成时 iksd^\]f
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 QX]~|?q
2)基本用法 {|;5P.,l
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 d0Jaa1b~O
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since Sas&P:#r
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ;ORT#7CU
We’ve just back. 0KQDw
We have studied English for more than ten years. gg-4ce/
He has lived here since 1995. 3j]P\T
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. U49#?^?
Have you booked your hotel yet ^"g # !
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 YhVV~bvz*
(1)过去与现在的关系 Z uh!{_x;
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 Q/y^ff]=
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 9
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造成的影响。 1Rr
l59}5
(2)时间状语不同 H
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一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, zPC&p{S>
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till VeJ
M=s.y7
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: @bc=O1vX~;
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) y}'c)u
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 ?\
qfuA9.
开着的。) 1nt
VM+
6 、过去进行时 ,r&:C48dI
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 |\1!*Qp
2)基本用法 .3{PgrZ
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: 9WJS.\G^
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. <`B4+:;w6
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. ZQZBap"
7 、过去完成时 cGevFlnh
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 _1s\ztDpw
2)基本用法 Y7|R vLWoP
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 v4?qI >/
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: <Ae1YHUY
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ICJp-
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 7O_@
b$Q
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. i2a""zac
8 、过去将来时 >S3,_@C
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 XHX\+&6
2)基本用法 N36<EHq
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ZyJdz+L{@V
时的宾语从句中。例如: -~nU&$ccL
He said he would stop smoking next month. *rY@(|
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. + _=&7
9 、将来完成时 xQ4'$rL1d
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 eYQq@lrWv
2)基本用法 -h5yg`+1N\
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: y"|QY!fK
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. y^7ol;t
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. )2@_V %
10 、现在完成进行时 j,q8n`@
1)构成 bB|UQaC
l
2)基本用法 N5 BC<pu
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 VDCG
5QP6(
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 WaU+ZgDrG
状语连用。例如: {-(}p+;z
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. )!h(o R
He has been studying English for years. |5uvmK
He has been playing computer games since early morning. EXlmIY4
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 C2WWS(zn
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: sSisO?F!Z
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) R{s&6
They have built a ship.(已完成) k z|2PP
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) W6.
)
7Y,
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! %9,:
(表达不满情绪) vwVK^B
II. 动词的语态 `Yk~2t"V
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 AT){OQF8&
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: .}.?b
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 gyqM&5b
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called .\r=1HZ3
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called N=1zhI:VaQ
将来 shall/will be XLEEd?Vct9
called (@t O1g
------ shall/will have been called Dj
Z;LE>
应注意的事项: ;7id![KI4
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。
3j'A.S
He was beat severely by the gunman. qPh
@Bl3
The cup was broken by Tom. X9W'.s.[Q
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 BMubN
或副词。例如: XRZj+muTZ
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. )gOV
nA/M
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. ?hqHTH:PU
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 RMinZ}/
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ;kSRv=S
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) p~Tp=d)/
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 9Fo00"q
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) ,2t|(V*"&
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 b3/@$x<
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: z\S#P|;
We were made to work twelve hours a day. L]wWJL
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store.
9+:SS1_
5) 表示被动的其他形式: vY 0EffZ
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 1
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She got her purse stolen. LtIR)EtB]
I must get my hair cut. o#"U8N%r
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 968<yO]
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: \,UpFuU\
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. \a#{Y/j3
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. ^T?zR7r
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, A-n@:` n~
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: U yb -feG
The book sells very well. FUt{-H!<
The parachute opens easily. HZINsIm!?
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: C VXz>oM
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; O]-)?y/
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 c)*,">$#