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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 y Y>-MoF/t  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 w0Fwd  
2)基本用法 ;RWW+x8IB  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 tS\=<T  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , X0y?<G1( a  
seldom等。例如: cT-K@dg  
The sun rises in the east. M!N` Orz  
He usually goes to work by bus. 7fTxGm  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday.  6Xdtr  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 ?. zu2  
如: ow2M,KU6Z  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. sA/,+a M  
The project starts early this year. $brKl8P  
There is a conference tonight. j#N(1}r=1  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: p QluGIX0V  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ("_Q  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. /@&(P#h  
2 、一般过去时 C@%iQ]=  
1)构成:动词过去式 B-!guf rnY  
2)基本用法 hIR@^\?  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: c#=&!FRe  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 Ay 2b,q  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: T` uDlo  
He died five years ago. Iq+2mQi*/k  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. s~L`53A  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he J;S-+  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. >gr<^$  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. cI5N"U@yN  
3 、一般将来时 -(!uC +BZX  
1)构成 NN^QUB  
will +动词原形 gt'*B5F (  
2)基本用法 <P- $RX  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 YV-j/U{&  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. Y,'%7u  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 p+$+MeBz  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 )#a7'Ba  
明即将发生的事。例如: d,UCH  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. GLCAiSMz[  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 7#ofNH J  
可能性。例如: teAukE=}  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. Hte[TRbM  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 q (gjT^aN  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: #ra*f~G  
We're leaving on Friday. Hs$'0:  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. q4/909x=  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: gGEIK0\{  
He is about to retire. /D'M24  
4 、现在进行时 W&YU^&`Yr  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 *}w+ 68eO  
2)基本用法 s9i|mVtm8  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ^&Q< tN 7  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 8eN7VT eb  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. {~_ Y _-  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 <bP#H  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: at| \FOKj  
He is constantly complaining about his job. Xh}&uZ`A  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. : y1Bt+Fp  
5 、现在完成时 Z7z]2v3}c  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 ,F9nDF@)  
2)基本用法 OhFW*v  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 to`mnp9Z  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since uokc :D  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: e;h,V(  
We’ve just back. :$ %>4+l  
We have studied English for more than ten years. orqJ[!u)`  
He has lived here since 1995. cU8xUpq  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. I 8z G~L%"  
Have you booked your hotel yet U\vY/6;JI  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 8:dQ._#v  
(1)过去与现在的关系 jDX>izg;V  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 ? JXa~.dA  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 "HK/u(z)  
造成的影响。 :m ZYS4L~  
(2)时间状语不同 pW|u P8#  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 6Hf,6>  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Qihdn66  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: # {PmNx%M  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) !20X sO  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 D*2\{W/  
开着的。) z9 ($.  
6 、过去进行时 k;KdW P  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 /.Q4~Hw%}  
2)基本用法 G;1?<3   
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: MbA\pG'T  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. %l !xkCKA  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. "rNL `P7  
7 、过去完成时 Z :nbZHByh  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 :YO@_  
2)基本用法 -t-tn22  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 =.Tv)/ea  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: !#N\ b  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning go'j/4Tp  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. :dnJY%/q  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 8dO?K*J,H'  
8 、过去将来时 E gM*d)X  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 ',=g;  
2)基本用法 55DE\<r  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 K=\O5 #F?3  
时的宾语从句中。例如: Z-X?JA\&  
He said he would stop smoking next month. Xm!-~n@-m7  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. cgT  
9 、将来完成时 u{e-G&]^;  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 @N.jB#nEb  
2)基本用法 27Emm c  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: zsQoU&D 5  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. N{Qxq >6 G  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Ud(`V:d  
10 、现在完成进行时 H=^K@Ti:  
1)构成 'MxSd(T =  
2)基本用法 @{HrJ/4%:&  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 ,xi({{L*  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 Yl^mAS[w&  
状语连用。例如: zu\`1W^  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. P 7D!6q  
He has been studying English for years. 6g:|*w  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. &#{dWObh  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ~/ #1G.H  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: \?fIt?  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) {8RFK4! V@  
They have built a ship.(已完成) nms8@[4-  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) A;X=bj _&a  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! chI.{Rj  
(表达不满情绪) Lxl_"k G  
II. 动词的语态 $.E6S<(h  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 9J-b6,  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: 3`.P'Fh(k  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 z?]G3$i(  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called 7Ke&0eAw  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called w}cY6O,1  
将来 shall/will be v $({C  
called  >]D4Q<TY  
------ shall/will have been called ;3'NMk  
应注意的事项: j Ch=@<9  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 :Ixx<9c.  
He was beat severely by the gunman. ~%k?L4%  
The cup was broken by Tom. u ,. 3  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 rJyCw+N0  
或副词。例如: je,}_:7  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. <c N~jv-w$  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. Pt,ebL~  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 z`@^5_  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: iI1n2>V3y  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) \K2*Q&>  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) BHDML.r }M  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) A;XOT6jv?  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 7j<e)"  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: "8)z=n  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. Ch rY"  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. k3!a$0Bs;  
5) 表示被动的其他形式:  l~s7Ae  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: w&h 2y4  
She got her purse stolen. DPgm%Xq9(!  
I must get my hair cut. yc;3Id5?>  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 @LE[ac  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: ^?"\?M1  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. l(W[_ D  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. V)M1YZV{  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, rt-\g1x  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: B0}~G(t(  
The book sells very well. <Cpp?DW_  
The parachute opens easily. Z [Xa%~5>5  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: zR6siAV9  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; I`RBj`IF  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 or*HC&c7  
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