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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 aK'%E3!~=x  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 jb!15Vlt"  
2)基本用法 <0^L L  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 J [ 4IO  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , soB5sFt&]  
seldom等。例如: $pYT#_P!/  
The sun rises in the east. /m+\oZ ]d  
He usually goes to work by bus. oxgh;v*  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. x[eho,6)  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 uSn<]OrZo`  
如: c=\H&x3X  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. _6&TCd<  
The project starts early this year. YWUCrnr  
There is a conference tonight. $tFmp)  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: %:7fAB,PA  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 9..! g:  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. Ok6c E  
2 、一般过去时 ^bDh[O  
1)构成:动词过去式 Z{J{6 j  
2)基本用法 0!!z'm3  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: ^SH8*7l7  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 2<' 1m{  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: A +J&(7N  
He died five years ago. &^!vi2$5}  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. (*\*7dIo  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he ;`MKi5g  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ag\xwS#i5H  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Rr/sxR|0_  
3 、一般将来时  W .t`  
1)构成 PQFr4EY?i  
will +动词原形 ekx~svcC&A  
2)基本用法 8LM 91  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 ?$&iVN^UA  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. kX)Xo`^Ys  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 TUV&9wKXo  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ndU<,{r  
明即将发生的事。例如: bzt(;>_8  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. chr^ >%Q_  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 -l # h^  
可能性。例如: Ckc4U. t|  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. sF`ELrR \  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 L)`SNN\ipR  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: qfQg?Mr  
We're leaving on Friday. 1\'zq;I~  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. #M5R>&?Jqz  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 97%S{_2m/  
He is about to retire. *$eMM*4  
4 、现在进行时 oju}0h '1  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 QmpP_eS >  
2)基本用法 quPNwNy  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: L93&.d@m9  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. d/fg  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ?'dsiA[  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 9Rg|oCP_  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: K~ 6[zJ4  
He is constantly complaining about his job. * )6:yn  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. ).BZPyV<  
5 、现在完成时 iksd^\]f  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 QX]~|?q  
2)基本用法 {|;5P.,l  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 d0Jaa1b~O  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since Sas &P:# r  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ;ORT#7CU  
We’ve just back. 0KQDw  
We have studied English for more than ten years. gg-4ce/  
He has lived here since 1995. 3j]P\T  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. U49#?^?  
Have you booked your hotel yet ^"g # !  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 YhVV~bvz*  
(1)过去与现在的关系 Z uh!{_x;  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 Q/y^ff]=  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 9 2e?v8  
造成的影响。 1Rr l59}5  
(2)时间状语不同 H R/"Nwr  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, zPC&p{S>  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till VeJ M=s.y7  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: @bc=O1vX~;  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) y}'c)u  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 ?\ qfuA9.  
开着的。) 1nt VM+  
6 、过去进行时 ,r&:C48 dI  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 |\1!*Qp  
2)基本用法 .3{PgrZ  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: 9WJS.\G^  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. <`B4+:;w6  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. ZQZBap"  
7 、过去完成时 cGevFlnh  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 _1s\ztDpw  
2)基本用法 Y7|R vLWoP  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 v4?qI >/  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: <Ae1YHUY  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ICJp-  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 7O_@ b$Q  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. i2a""zac  
8 、过去将来时 >S3,_@C  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 XHX\+&6  
2)基本用法 N36<EHq  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ZyJdz+L{@V  
时的宾语从句中。例如: -~nU&$ccL  
He said he would stop smoking next month. *rY@(|  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. + _=&7  
9 、将来完成时 xQ4'$rL1d  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 eYQq@lrWv  
2)基本用法 -h5yg`+1N\  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: y"|QY!fK  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. y^7ol;t  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. )2@_V %  
10 、现在完成进行时 j,q8n`@  
1)构成 bB|UQaC l  
2)基本用法 N5 BC<pu  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 VDCG 5QP6(  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 WaU+ZgDrG  
状语连用。例如: {-(}p+;z  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. )!h(oR  
He has been studying English for years. |5uvmK  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. EXlmIY4  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 C2WWS(zn  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: sSisO?F!Z  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) R{s&6  
They have built a ship.(已完成) kz|2PP  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) W6. ) 7Y,  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! %9,:  
(表达不满情绪) vwVK ^B  
II. 动词的语态 `Yk~2t"V  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 AT){OQF8&  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: .}.?b  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 gyqM&5b  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called .\r=1HZ3  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called N=1zhI:VaQ  
将来 shall/will be XLEEd?Vct9  
called (@t O1g  
------ shall/will have been called Dj Z;LE>  
应注意的事项: ;7id![KI4  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。  3j'A.S  
He was beat severely by the gunman. qPh @Bl3  
The cup was broken by Tom. X9W'.s.[Q  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 BMubN   
或副词。例如: XRZj+muTZ  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. )gOV nA/M  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. ?hqHTH:PU  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 RMinZ}/  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ;kSRv=S  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) p~Tp=d)/  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 9Fo00"q  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) ,2t|(V*"&  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 b3/@$x<  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: z\S#P|;  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. L]wWJL  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store.  9+:SS1_  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: vY 0EffZ  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 1 M1|Wp  
She got her purse stolen. LtIR)EtB]  
I must get my hair cut. o#"U8N%r  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 968<yO]  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: \,UpFuU\  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. \ a#{Y/j3  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. ^T?zR7r  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, A-n@:` n~  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: U yb-feG  
The book sells very well. FUt{-H!<  
The parachute opens easily. HZINsIm!?  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: C VXz>oM  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; O]-)?y/  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 c)*,">$#  
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