(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 |cgui
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 UFw](%=&M
2)基本用法 ,F9nDF@)
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 OhFW*v
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , to`mnp9Z
seldom等。例如: KmmQ ,e%
The sun rises in the east. Z!_n_Fk
He usually goes to work by bus. G\kpUdj}
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. E
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(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 <cj{Qk
如: Ur3m[07H
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. R5(T([w'
The project starts early this year. tJ'iX>9I
There is a conference tonight. pr rT:Y
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: 5jZiJw(
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 3i=Iu0
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. gKi{Y1
2 、一般过去时 {dzoEM[
1s
1)构成:动词过去式 L;/n!k.A
2)基本用法 E!mmLVa9
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: q-_' W,
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ahGT4d`)9
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: m3 -9b"
He died five years ago. fk{0d
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. G;1?<3
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he /+[63=fl
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ."6[:MF
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ]?K.
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3 、一般将来时 Jp~zX
lu
1)构成 -t-tn22
will +动词原形 @_yoX(.E&
2)基本用法 XKU=oI0\j
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 r{K;|'d%h
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. =RKSag&
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ;_+uSalt
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 3z8C
明即将发生的事。例如: 5V5w:U>_z
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. yVJ%+d:6
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 \'v(Xp6
可能性。例如: D E/:['
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. MMQ;mw=^]
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 '7)"
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: T.:+3:8|F
We're leaving on Friday. ^J/)6/TMXm
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. 6lFfS!ZFA
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: Ol/N}M|3
He is about to retire. X[3}?,aqL
4 、现在进行时 L}k/9F.5
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 9Kv|>#zff
2)基本用法 g P}+wbk
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: Y]g?2N=E
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. CNrIIsJ
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. $jzFc!rs
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 ,<Kx{+ [h
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: @%ECj)u`O
He is constantly complaining about his job. _e<o7Y@_
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. uaPx"
5 、现在完成时 YTaLjITG
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 \?fI t?
2)基本用法 {8RFK4! V@
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 |V,<+BE
i
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since r%]Qlt~K
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: 3lxc4@Zmd
We’ve just back. KLWDo%%u
We have studied English for more than ten years. Q[4:
xkU
He has lived here since 1995. E /<lGm:.
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. z? ]G3$i(
Have you booked your hotel yet [U{UW4
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 fz_nsVD
(1)过去与现在的关系 n~IVNB*
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 4_?7&G0(
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 $4=f+ "z
造成的影响。
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(2)时间状语不同 kSncZ0K{
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, V4w=/e_
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ;t#]2
<d*
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: B2=\2<
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) \E1U@6a
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 kma?v B
开着的。) lEjwgk {
6 、过去进行时 ~l[ra
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 <U Zd;e@
2)基本用法 8T[
6J{|C
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: :a[Ihqfg
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. g2cVZ!GIj
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. C)-^<
7 、过去完成时 (?)7)5H
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 "8f?
h%t
2)基本用法 Ch
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表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 ;i uQ?MR3
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: SuBeNA[&
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning @exey
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. zk_Eb?mhwV
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. .>g1$rj
8 、过去将来时
9Ru;`
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 Nil}js27
2)基本用法 W[bmzvJ_X
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ^y.nDs%ZT7
时的宾语从句中。例如: RSfM]w}Hq#
He said he would stop smoking next month. F'8T;J7
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. JNI>VP[c
9 、将来完成时 `NRH9l>B7
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 H5>hx{
2)基本用法 ]uL+&(cr
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: R>@uY(>dJ
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. dj6*6qX0'^
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. `\|ssC8u
10 、现在完成进行时 iX{G]< n
1)构成 ._:nw=Y0<}
2)基本用法 ;!@EixN-YH
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 =4!nFi
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 H&}ipaDO
状语连用。例如: C_:k8?
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. Ok-.}q>\Mv
He has been studying English for years. VzS&`d.h
He has been playing computer games since early morning. p\vMc\
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ^,Ydr~|T
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: + bhym+
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) bEuaOBc
They have built a ship.(已完成) O OFVnu
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) XkKC!
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 9<CG s3\
(表达不满情绪) :B*}^g
II. 动词的语态 1{"ll
D
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 }S_oH9A
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: ']6VB,c`
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 5 +9Ze9
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called a5'#j35
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called Fr?z"
将来 shall/will be }w-wSkl1
called &(rWw Oo6
------ shall/will have been called Z5G!ct:W
应注意的事项: V)o,1
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 Tn-C>=tR~%
He was beat severely by the gunman. g{s'GyV8t
The cup was broken by Tom. )bO BQbj
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 Aez2*g3
或副词。例如: 8am`6;O:!
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. 6Q|k7*,B
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. {WN(&eax
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 D.!~dyI.,$
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: dHnR_.
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) dP$GThGl
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) RH0>ZZR
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) pfuW
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 iSRpfU
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: / RZR}
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ^y viV
Y
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. vZ7gS
5) 表示被动的其他形式: KP;(Q+qTx
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 3{%LS"c
She got her purse stolen. SD\=
m/W
I must get my hair cut. ge3sU5iZ
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 89}Y5#W
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: ;.sl*q1A
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. N<|$h5isq
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. IHfzZHy
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, X8eJ4%
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: fBtm%f
The book sells very well. o
;"OSp
The parachute opens easily. `[#x_<\t
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: c47")2/yO
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 9&%fq)gS
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 <|O^>s;