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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 bR*/d-v^  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 z12c9k%s  
2)基本用法 !UV/p"CfX  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 8UANB]@Y}  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , *k7vm%#ns  
seldom等。例如: 2' 8$I}h  
The sun rises in the east. D#~S< >u@  
He usually goes to work by bus. \s[/{3  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. UQ ~7,D`=#  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 \>>^eZ  
如: %](H?'H  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. KP[H&4eoC  
The project starts early this year. VgSk\:t  
There is a conference tonight. 8#S}.|"?F  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: Nd"Rt  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. !Hk$  t  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. \*_@`1m  
2 、一般过去时 S4jt*]w5b  
1)构成:动词过去式 FZEK-]h.  
2)基本用法 dX58nJ4u  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: &d`z|Gx9  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ;bZIj` D(  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: 'Gw;@[  
He died five years ago. ;,8bb(j  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. UI*^$7z1 +  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he H9["ZRL,Q  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ]J t8]w  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. yvgn}F{}  
3 、一般将来时 u7e g:0Y  
1)构成 o@o6<OP^  
will +动词原形 )m-l&UK  
2)基本用法 ,u^S(vxyz  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 `J>76WN  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. vFK&6 3  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 q>~\w1%}a\  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 GnE%C2L -  
明即将发生的事。例如: w2:!yQk_  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. [I;5V=bKW  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 4DVkycM  
可能性。例如: 0.}Um  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ICD(#m  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 eB:OvOol*^  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: VOYuog 5o  
We're leaving on Friday. S^@I4Z  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. # $:ddO Y  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: uA?_\z?  
He is about to retire. *-timVlaE  
4 、现在进行时 jb' hqz  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 8t$a8 PE  
2)基本用法 ?-g=Rfpag  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: PMJe6*(x/  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. +w-UK[p  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. <qzHMy Ai  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩  `x"0  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: Jy'ge4]3  
He is constantly complaining about his job. R|T_9/#)  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. D<[4}og&]  
5 、现在完成时 f[n#Eu}   
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 '#SacJ\L7  
2)基本用法 jg?B][  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 Ox"4 y  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since ;p"G<n  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: . `lcxC  
We’ve just back. LSQ2pB2V  
We have studied English for more than ten years. --0z"`@{  
He has lived here since 1995. ^5biD9>M  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. rUkiwqr~E  
Have you booked your hotel yet WlVC0&  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 06I'#:]  
(1)过去与现在的关系 YJ]]6 K+  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 xW{_c[oA  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 @`U78)]  
造成的影响。 EI2V<v  
(2)时间状语不同 ?Zu=UVb  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just,  o@_p V  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till E7+ y W  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: w,]cFT  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) pi? q<p%  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 )`Tny]M  
开着的。) MP?9k)f  
6 、过去进行时 @* L^Jgn  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 zbP0!  
2)基本用法 #KZ- "$  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ~=P&wBnJ  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. kRnh20I  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. = LuH:VM&  
7 、过去完成时 JP9eNc[  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 h<i.@&  
2)基本用法 2}1(j  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 NFPW#-TF  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: =0`"T!1  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning V{;Mh u`+  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. gm9e-QIHK  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. X!,P] G  
8 、过去将来时 uXW<8( %W  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 gIep6nq1`|  
2)基本用法 'Wl) )lB  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 nK1XJp  
时的宾语从句中。例如: +bI&0`  
He said he would stop smoking next month. }8GCO Y  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. Ps7(4%  
9 、将来完成时 #Qc[W +%  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 lQ!ukl)  
2)基本用法 OF,<K%A  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: [oKc<o7)~"  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. rPkV=9ull,  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Y(78qs1w  
10 、现在完成进行时 d"uR1 rTk  
1)构成 J:)Q)MT24:  
2)基本用法 :,y V?E6]  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 W@AZ<(RI:  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 D$;mur'  
状语连用。例如: bw9a@X  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. B4pheKZ2  
He has been studying English for years. G<9MbMG  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. k]`I 3>/L  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 ~EW (2B{u  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: >& RpfE[  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) P )_g t  
They have built a ship.(已完成) qxG @Zd  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) $dFEC}1t  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 25t2tj@S  
(表达不满情绪) /hOp>|  
II. 动词的语态 Jj*XnL*  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 hZVF72D26  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: D@!`b6  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 |0ACapp!  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called i*#Gq6qZq  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 2Y\,[$z  
将来 shall/will be Z<;<!+,  
called 9(QY~F  
------ shall/will have been called A/lxXy}D  
应注意的事项: dMCV !$  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 0yfmQ=,X  
He was beat severely by the gunman. aDm$^yP  
The cup was broken by Tom. -1Yt3M&  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 e!d& #ofw|  
或副词。例如: k=Pu4:RF  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. ;}#tm9S;  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. n AQB  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 h2`W~g_  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ~!E% GCyFy  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) z|=l^u6uS  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) cAM1\3HWT"  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) kn 5q1^  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 T|GRkxd,E3  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: ^SpD)O{  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 8b8ui  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. Mc>]ZAzr  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: z'O$[6m6  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: F2:+i#lE  
She got her purse stolen. cR[)[9}  
I must get my hair cut. rtS(iD@B"  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 Qf6]qJa|  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 2P`hdg  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ;eI,1 [_  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. eh2w7 @7Q  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, WEFYV=I\  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: BB-E"<  
The book sells very well. n7i;^=9 mM  
The parachute opens easily. \9geDX9A  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: ajq[ID  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; Ytmt+9  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 'b]GcAL  
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