该错题常考要点 :1A:g^n
一、代词 ',r` )9o
代词中主要讲解六个问题 F9
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(一) 掌握代词的几种格 [P
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主格、宾格、所有格 dPEDsG0$a
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) pTCD1)
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(二) 反身代词 6{I7)@>N
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ~^2w)-N
He killed himself. (他自杀了) 3N_KNW
He killed him. (他杀了他) l$gJ^Wf2gY
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating t{]
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a series of indicators that could help N/o?\q8
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themselves to predict earthquakes. { 4j<X5V
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 >V^8<^?G
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 }ekNZNcuM
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 5S4Nx>
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 oO
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies I%4eX0QY=z
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ":eyf3M
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Pacific. \;-Yz
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 #bd=G(o~6
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 SVa^:\"$[
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: k
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Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 mg*iW55g
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined <RxxGD
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the word“normalcy”to express social and vmg
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economic conditions they promised the nation. MZ)lNU l
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 )E",)}Nh
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important un\o&0}
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John yu#m6K
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Keats, published the year of her death. MNh:
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. bz:En'2>F
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(四) Who和which的区别 "Ml#,kU<T
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 e0C_ NFS+
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 )"Ujx`]4r
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who G_WFg$7G%
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 9r:|u:i7m
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 6d5q<C_3t
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 9G1ZW=83
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(五) that和which的区别 e[Z-&'
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 eiA$) rzy
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it B0g?!.#23
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. 7OPRf9+o
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Rto/-I0l
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 $|@-u0sv
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, F)aF.'$-/
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when l?X)]1
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. =FAIbM>u
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which *aYuuRx
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly p
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. /BS yanro
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Rx@0EPV
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has x45F-w{
affected the way people in the United States----. NiVZ=wEp,
(A) living and working $GD
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(B) they live and work #=ko4?Wr(
(C) live and work =+4om*
(D) to live and to work r+a0.
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 7Xh
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二、介词 7#PQ1UWl
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 0<Rq
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(一) 介词搭配 \mFgjPz
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those cj|Urt
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. AD7&-=p&w
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 G[zVGqk
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. LKM;T-
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分析:B错改为be rich in PSU}fo
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the !w
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. kq>I?wg
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 V?n=yg
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 |0V
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1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 be
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. &[5pR60
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 O_v*,L!
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 5p~hUP]tT
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on T1(*dVU?
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. aqv'c
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 +77B656
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2、介词by 0CK3jdZ+X
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by HmbQL2
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing H'&[kgnQ@
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States m%s:4Z%=
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. +tJ 7ZR%
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 U+&Eps&NI
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils E@4/<;eKK
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to i:1
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supply moccasins and field rations. Z}.ZTEB
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 9+3 VK
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 8#/y`ul
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements 3cF8DN
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that are often represented at symbols. ',/2J0_
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 : [7O=[pk
三、谓语动词 1xInU_SPf
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 [2E(3`-u
①、主谓分割原则 <. *bJ
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, lc3Gu78 A/
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 6&il>
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 ?'_6M4UKa
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②、与后者一致原则 e5
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not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ]
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not only…but also n2EPx(~
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③、与前者一致原则 "%p7ft
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, [:cvy[}v@
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 }pIn3B)
例:The athlete, together with his coach and aYDo0?kF'
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. r$8'1s37`
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is }}i'8
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④、就近原则 *mbzK*
or, either…or, neither…nor, }YVF
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单数名词+or+复数名词+are E
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如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is t%%()!|)j
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 *BdH
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如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 rQyjNh
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are YWvD+
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. doOuc4
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 XUA
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 N)GHQlgH
There are five apples that are red. b&mA1w[W]
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 dpw-a4o}
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets mXOI"B9Sq
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. HFZ'xp|3dn
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 %DYh<U4N
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 XPO-u]<