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一、代词 lkp$rJ#6
代词中主要讲解六个问题 @5??`
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(一) 掌握代词的几种格 mU[
主格、宾格、所有格 C%%gCPI^y
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) (B*,|D[J@i
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(二) 反身代词 ww+,G
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当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 Rb^G~82d?
He killed himself. (他自杀了) wSZMHIW
He killed him. (他杀了他) 1<Uv4S
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating N]ebKe
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a series of indicators that could help [_KOU2
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themselves to predict earthquakes. Lv)1
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 05jjLM'e
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 M`*
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 M D&7k,!
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 k2#|^N
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies [{>1wJ Pdj
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the .E7"Lfs-
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Pacific. {=U*!`D
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Bf[`o<c
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 Wn?),=WQ{
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Jy('tfAHp
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 cT;Zz5
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Nz;\PS
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the word“normalcy”to express social and #]gmM
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 4_$.gO
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 vF[ 4kDHk
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important # nAq~@X
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John )V_;]9<wt
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Keats, published the year of her death. $3%+N|L
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. MpIiHKQ
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(四) Who和which的区别 h@y>QhYU0
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 f/iM
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who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 aeAx0yE[p
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who @~UQU)-(
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. {];-b0MS~
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 }d;6.~Gw
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 5}Xi`'g,
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(五) that和which的区别 *;~u 5y2b
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 AYpvGl'
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it WIpV'F|t]`
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. vUOl@UQ5
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 '
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 =
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, H\\FAOj
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Id>4fF:o
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. P=\{
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which `|nCnT'
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly o)^W
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. wJCw6&D,/
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 fwV2b<[
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has #jW=K&;
affected the way people in the United States----. {uoF5|O6K
(A) living and working LdN[N^n[H
(B) they live and work Jou*
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(C) live and work $Th)z}A}EA
(D) to live and to work c@3 5\!9
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 yb?Pyq.D
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二、介词 `Hlf.>b1
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 tHZ"o!(S
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(一) 介词搭配 }6/M5zF3
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ,)#rD9ZnC
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. UGy3B)
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 YRX^fZ-b
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. BOw[*hM
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分析:B错改为be rich in sIgTSdk
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the \2 N;VE
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. ;WX.D]>{W
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 *m+FMyr
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 PKrG6%
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1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ~Dq-q6-@t
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. xOj#%;
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 |nx3x
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has <$z[pw<
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on +d\o|}c
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. )y*&&q
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Az:~|P
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2、介词by @rbd`7$%
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by TF:'6#p
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing #U`AK9rP_g
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States d9v66mpJM
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. . J O3#
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 QNx]8r
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils $8eiifj
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to d9S/_iCI
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supply moccasins and field rations. b&[".ibN1
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 xS1n,gTA
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with uG7]s]Wdz;
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements 5]Rbzg2t
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that are often represented at symbols. h s
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ;"Gy5
三、谓语动词 EX_j|/&tZ
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Yt#;
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①、主谓分割原则 V _~lME
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, =|i_T%a
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. }lp37,
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 As46:<!2
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②、与后者一致原则 Z4/D38_
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, L/
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not only…but also w|&lRo@1
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③、与前者一致原则 cS%dTrfo
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ~Fh+y+g?
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 23r(4
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 60%nQhb
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. a^l)vh{+
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is bX2BEa8<"
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④、就近原则 }=EJM7sM|k
or, either…or, neither…nor, r =x"E$
单数名词+or+复数名词+are j?u1\<m
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 0+iRgnd9?
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 [j/|)cj
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 [;ZCq!)>
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are f@;pN=PS
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. wb62($
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 05H:ZrUV
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 -}<Ru)
There are five apples that are red. ,Gv}N&
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 s~Ivq+ipr;
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets @cIYS%iZ
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. !B Pm{_C
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 J=Kv-@I>E
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 wowf1j-
The rich are not always happier than the poor. k(RKAFjY
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 j_,/U^Ws|f
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 9~=zD9,|iA
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: CRCy)AS,t
a. there be 句型 ;5;>f)diS
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 `EgX#
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 %|+aI?
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. ;iYCeL(
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is \3ydNgl
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific [L-wAk:Fb
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 fcp_<2KH
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miles in width. fk15O_#3
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分析:倒装句,are改为is <W
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and !/H `
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film lAG@nh^
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. WF~x`w&\
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 s+_8U}R
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 e/x 9@1s#
fifty percent of + 名词 ?z|Bf@TJ[+
one percent of + 名词 uj\&-9gEi
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: *qL'WrB1
one percent of my students + are *!%n`BR '
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. % &H^UxC
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这里要强调两个结构 h5@7@w%
half of =fifty percent "+ {2!
most of + 可数名词 + are R)N^j'R~=
most of + 不可数名词+ is fUis_?!
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been w AdaP9h
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found in central and eastern Canada. n]3'N58
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 AK'3N1l`
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized mW[w4J+7P
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. )BaGY
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 1PWi~1q{Q
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 `z/p,. u
①、主要考察时间状语 I:al[V2g
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. wUg=jnY
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was aAd1[?&
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②、For和since的区别 By*YBZ
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 QR-pji
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区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Sy*p6DP
I has been a teacher for three years. Gp?pSI,b.t
I has been a teacher since 1996. X*Q<REDB
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 8{&.[SC7
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became }KftVnD?
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the primary responsibility of the president.
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 (\
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of ?l|&JgJ$
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. OzTR#`oey
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 r. rzU
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. q03nu3uDI
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live Q}
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(三) 谓语的语态 L5wFbc"u
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 vXak5iq>X
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 2UBAk')O}
①、prove T.WN9=N
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 K@"B^f0mU
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; a\p`J 9Z@
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming Iqj?wI1)
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be &o`LT|*m
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 +4[Je$qYa
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②、Locate,Situate j:2*hF!E
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 4y,pzQ8a
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 *M6j)jqV
这两个词也可以用作被动 * YLpC^&
My school was located near the river. N1l^%Yf J
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 pO N@
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. :SN/fY
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(D)is located z'Ut9u
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 \IOF 9)F
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③、表示需要概念的动词 CmtDfE
need, want, require等 fs,>X!l+
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My watch needed repairing lt{"N'Gw6
My watch needed to be repaired. yY80E[v
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④、表示人的情感的动词 7C~g
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move, annoy, surprise, please等 .R&jRtb/E
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 N{K[sXCW
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 >oyZD^gj
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主动和被动技巧总结: gV-A
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如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 P2
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the AN+S6t
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, F>aaUj
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power structures, and flood-control works along W<Asr@
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. Y".4."NX
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 t0)XdIl8
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四、非谓语动词 gLWbd~
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(一) 分词 ev z@c)8
现在分词和过去分词的区别 @}_Wl<kn
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 WdT iao,r
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Gg5+Ap D
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. N$P\$
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning `4a9<bG
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 \W"p<oo|H
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ;AJ6I*O@+
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 4Xe8j55
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living X>U
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一些动词后面必须用doing y`8jz,&.
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 1i@a? 27|
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, aJ
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advocate, suggest =s,}@iqNO4
delay, quit 9~4@AGL
forgive(原谅),tolerate, B9S@G{`
avoid, escape(逃避) Dao=2JB{
spend+名词+doing; FM<`\d'
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ln_[@K[oX
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their NF'<8{~
A B C D }gKJ~9Jg
crops. ^#4Ah[:XA
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 4X5KrecNr
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ?vQ:z{BO
A B L$v<t/W
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. qD,/Qu6
2
C D 3e)$ <e
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing Em(Okr,0
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(二) 不定式 eQ<Vky^SJ
A. 动词不定式的省略 I/go$@E"
①、help后面可以省略to Wjr^: d
help do 5E
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help sb. to do HF*j=qt!
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 5aNvGI1
A B .TNGiUzG
the habits that might shorten the lives. SNSHX2
C D RV%)~S@!R
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 8L5O5F'
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 m;!X{CV
make, yJMo/!DZ
let, _}.WRFIJ@L
have sb. do sth *'@sm*
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 4K*st8+bl-
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians h=^UMat-
A B >X*Y jv:r
to know when to play various parts of a composition. @U9`V&])F[
C D 6W:FT Pt44
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Hz%<V*\{
LI
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③、感官动词 p!DOc8a.\e
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe z<gII~%
see sb do sth. 强调过程 I@TH^8(
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 vOv"^
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 k{U[ U1j
(1)表示第一人 Ctx>#uN6
the first woman to do sth. 1L?d/j
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(2)表示迫使的动词 !M(SEIc4A
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do (p]S
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis &h_Y?5k K
A B DuLl"w\_@
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. KtArV
C D MhJA8|B6|
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 /F6"uZSt4
&WOm[]Q4
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 HTMg{_r(%
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 VTY # {
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 H )CoByaj
be lieable to do 易于…的 cI
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be apt to do ~z")';I|
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(4)表示目的的名词, j5A>aj
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 3Bvz& `\
固定的句式: m AET`B "
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. E7hs+Mh
the objective 目标 [9j,5d&m
aim 7oc Ng
goal ^f-)gZ&
reason理由 QDVSFGwr
function功能 y7+n*|H
intension意图 9I$}=&"
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ;uv$>Fauk
A Sa0IRC<LV
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. w=: c7Y+
B C D q/Ji}NGm
分析:the function to provide, A错 [*I7^h%
m-+>h:1b|9
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure o|c&$)m
A ZX.,<vumSy
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 3Zs0W{OxU
B {7MY*&P$,
that make up various components of a living cell. G#@#j]8
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 [+#k+*1*o
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(5) 其他同根名词 g
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ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 mA_EvzXk\
attempt to do 企图 o1b.a*SZ
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 $G9E=wn
ambition, "LW\osjen
be ambitious to do :_2:Fh.}3~
effort ZtP/|P5@
=knLkbiq7,
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation VkJTcC:1
A B Z![#Uz.z
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. \IzZJGi
C D p]Qe5@NT
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 e8egxm
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k"(
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great +iQ~ Y2Gh
A B QfM^J5j.M?
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. f(K1,L:&7
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分析:efforts to register, C错 ;eO Ye3;c
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 >s,*=a
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 2"P1I
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 6(1
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ZX{eggXl
I am glad to see you. o$*DFvk
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. |Q?$n3-f"
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. F0r5$Pl*
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 WFS6N.Ap
It is difficult to decide. |Z Cv>8?n
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五、句子的结构 (KfdN'vW
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 O&">%aU1I
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(一) 主语的重复 U2JxzHXZ
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 Ja@?.gW
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Z@Qf0
c
A B BTE&7/i21
compromises concerning the establishment of the I+Fr#1
C D x6=tS
League of Nations. QkO4Td<
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 $>%zNq-F
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson x/92],.Mz
WS$~o*Z8
B#4 J![BX
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are l02aXxT)]
A B xtp55"g
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. .>(qZEF
C D wtGb3D"am
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 i"hn%u$V
]}AyDy6C
(二)谓语的重复 2wgdrO|B
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ve=
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of mHC36ba
A B qk(u5Z
one or more sentences related to the same idea. yAVt[+0
C D 'MIM_m)H
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 W-ECmw(
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(三)谓语的缺少 <i1P ~
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body '~'3x4Bo
A B n
6|
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temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. n?A;'\cK
C D aA.TlG@zP
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 r7p>`>_Q\
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(四)主句的重复 6e;.}i
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 $eBE pN
n-_-;TYH
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ffYiu4$m
A B C ^UK6q2[
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. ];go?.*C
D ,
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分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 re/l5v,|3
<tg>1,C
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow rB:W\5~7
A B pJ5Sxgv{;
sweeps across the face of the Earth. ,#r>#fi0
C D
.gWYKZM
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 #SRGVa`x
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided S0Y$$r
A B S:Ne g!`
names for towns, only George Washington kGMI
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C [x5T7=
is remembered in the name of a state. |,Y(YSg.
D ]`&ws
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 -[4Xg!apO
六、比较级和最高级 `2?9eXC
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Qe=!'u.nL
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 /4]M*ls
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which -Vk+zEht
A A\_cGM2
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. _rK}~y=0
B C D qd
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分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 n97A'"'wz
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 bH&Cbme90-
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. e;56}w
A B C D )W~w72j-
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 v"Fa_+TVx
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere JB a:))lw
A B C D S,EXc^A7
is the grizzly bear. 0 }k[s+^
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 >n)N=Zyu
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 P}y}IR{6
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 iTi<X|X
jm'(t=Ze
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with
i=@.u=:
A B V=BF"S;-'
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. %p)6m2Sb
C D ` ZXX[&C
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 J{Ei+@^/9
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级
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as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as wP- pFc
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 I4ZL+a
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ]d}Z2I'
the taller boy
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 \,i9 m9;y
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed t&^9o$
A B A1zM$
wDU
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is \%z#|oV#<
abundant, and humidity is moderate. EFu2&P
C D +',[q
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they b26#0;i
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 AHc:6v^
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, B*p`e1
A B C hJ\IE?+
the Navajos form largest group. q,3_)ZOq
D {m~.'DU
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 16ahU$@-
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, pQAG%i^mF
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language NC'+-P'y
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 8+Sa$R
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many =lY6v-MBw
A B C 2(M^8Bl
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. "&;8U.
D JLo'=(
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 4.il4Qqy}i
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 1{D_30sG.
例如:my best friends 8w1TX [b
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial C+ibLS4i
A B C ${I$@qq83
and banking center. Ax
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D :'1UX <&B
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 HQPb
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 [MLJs-*
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary
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A 4cZig\mE;
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. Arvxl(R\4
B C D : (IPrQ
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 R}~p1=D
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七、平行结构 Mou@G3
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 r(UEPGu|~l
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(一) 对等连接词 #$\cRLPg
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 RX]x3-
单一式: and, or ,but %y@iA91K
相关式: both…and, not … but, iC U[X&
either …or, neither…nor sU7>q}!
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as p)
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such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, @(
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没有so...as... lHYu-}TNP
between…and, ,H{
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not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also kBPFk t2
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Salu[)+?
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短语式: as well as 4fDo
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rather than (而不是) dhW; |
other than (除…之外) o]NL_SM_
instead of (代替) ]Ll<
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 vPG!S{4
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, T7;)HFGeW
A B h;vD"!gP
but he is now living in Detroit. ':,6s
C D y)3(
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 0XlX7Sk+
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics YY
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A B &%pB; dk
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford {nQ}t
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remained active in city and regional planning. z(<
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C D IidZ-Il
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 'Rfvr7G/?
(二)平行的内容 /x_C
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 ,IUMH]D
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of ~QdwoeaD
A B mxHNK4/
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, >ge-yK 1
C D kyJv,!};
or yearly periods of light and darkness. 3Gn2@`GC
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ^J>28Q\S
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第二、名词单复数的平行 !w
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但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ;$i9gP[|m
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, pq5)Ug
A B C ECkfFE`
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. a
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D 4BEVG&Ks
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 *MagicA
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, dc&Qi_W
A B '%RMpyK~
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. mA^>Y_:
C D 1Y9Ye?~jd
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have FeV=4tsy
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第三、时态的平行 b!.# `.
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated KktTR`W
A 3al5Vu2:
with the imagist movement , but later develops ?tA-`\E
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her own thyme patterns and verse forms. :&:>sd(QD
C D W'
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分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 %ANPv =
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 41uSr 1
spread from its home in Central America and dJ&s/Z/>E
now grows throughout the tropics. `UJW:qqW
(A) to be (B) it [&`>&u@MK
(C) the (D) its l|up3A3)
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? :<(<tz7dj
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow v*^2[pf
a #0{tZd
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- kg@J.
commercially for their meat and eggs. 0ND
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(A) raised (B) and are raised K*}j1A
(C) raised as (D) are raised R 1 b`(
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 YOoP]0'L
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第四、排列位置的平行 N~kYT\$b#
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. SYwNx">Bq
(A) Not only does rust corrode xr2:bu
(B) Not only rust corrodes %G
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(C) Rust, which not only corrodes s
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(D) Rust not only corrodes ?C{N0?[P-
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 0Q9OQqg
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: Ne EV!V8
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 sJlKN
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 u5_fM*Ka
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 k}.
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八、词序的颠倒 F)w83[5_d
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 g1|c?#fwo
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 _@;N<$&
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage B$Z!E%a;
A B }"Cn kg
that can be given to any individual in the United States. buXG32;
C D TbVL71c
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 POXn6R!mM1
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 %5gJ6>@6Z
例:Certain types of computers work properly only B;r$( 'UZ
A B `qz5rPyZ
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. j.}V~Sp*
C D |/;5|
z
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 R
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were vh8Kd' y
A B C neFno5d j
in what is now the United States. s'Gy+h.
D 6CRPdLTDf
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 5udoZ>T
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所有的系动词分为三大类: no6]{qn=6
第一种:表示保持某种状态, "mDrJTWa
is, remain, keep, stay, u>6/_^iq
lie, exit(表示位于) , %O3^7i
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 nvVsO>2{ o
become, turn, grow, pY>-N
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) @b\_696.
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第三种,感官动词 ~<[5uZIo
seem(好像是) DLVs>?Y
look(看起来好像是) y"L`bl A9}
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste D)7$M]d%
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Zi@+T
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe eEGcio}_I9
A B 3=|2Gs?ut
to cause numerous deaths. aa%&&
C D [d~bZS|(T(
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 7RC096 ?}
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九、词性的混用 =/QU$[7X(
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 O0(Q0Ko
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 C9Z\G 3
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; agU!D[M_G
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high U;Ll.BFP
A B l8AEEG8>
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and i@R$g~~-D
C R~5*#r@f
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Ao,!z
D Li-(p"
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) `=}UFu
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 !MJe+.
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 =e!l=d|/
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds u|OzW}xb7j
A B lHKf#|
and keeping the soil in the best condition to ;64mf`
C #3Ej0"A@-B
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. rx6-~0!eI=
D O%JsUKV
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 QSF"8Uk
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, *K,
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A 4g7ja
was concerned with the depicting the experience of Z6^QB@moj
B C Ki/'Ic1
urban Black people in the United States. (/SGT$#8
D v.
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 (rr}Pv%yb
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 cGE=.
表示时间有两种可能, iUI y,Y
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 ,\o<y|+`S
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, /Fv/oY
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 )RwBg8
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence l#D-q/k?
A B 2yN%~C?$
were made while the American Civil War. L
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C D z,{e]MB)M
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 tu\mFHvl
g
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the D@8jGcz62
A B C 'nRp}s1^[
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen.
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D Fr-[UZ~V
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 GR,J0LT
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 4s9c#nVlu
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 (NX)oP
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social n`]l^qE
A BBcj=]"_
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. mc?';dEG
B C D tWm> j
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 A8J8u,u9
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples NS@{~;#R
A B C RU6KIg{H
easily under the stress of compression. ~;[&K%n
D "%VbI P
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 <
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 L1
wZU, o
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine #4><r.v3
A B 8V-,Xig;`
article that gives personal comments on current events. B oqJ
C D X8b|]Nr
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 2U}m RgJu
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, wz#A1F
A b#/i.!:a
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. !,Nwts>m
B C D ^,TTwLy-t
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 Q`A6(y/s?
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ', {7%G9
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; -Wc~B3E|
two hundred diligent students