该错题常考要点 7 p!ROl^
一、代词 ="vg/@.>i
代词中主要讲解六个问题 BAvz @H
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 yVXVH CB
主格、宾格、所有格 lEHXh2
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) /5L\:eX%
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(二) 反身代词 Rmn{Vui9\
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 dy5}Jn%L
He killed himself. (他自杀了) -gt?5H h
He killed him. (他杀了他) 0#uB[N
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating G'w!Aw s
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a series of indicators that could help C^B$_?
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themselves to predict earthquakes. whHuV*K}
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 9=T;Dxn
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 \**j\m
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 8u
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 =4SXntU!e
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies VWHpfm[r%
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the g\
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Pacific. zi
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 #m?)XB^_
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 d*gv.mE
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 5~IdWwG*w
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 _\tv ${
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined $VF,l#aR
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the word“normalcy”to express social and 8t*sp-cy|
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 04;s@\yX4
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 -~~h1
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important jD9u(qAlH
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John (
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Keats, published the year of her death. s~ 8g
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 0!dNW,NfJ
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(四) Who和which的区别 QNMZR
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 lF!PiL
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 gp`@dn';
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ,R`CAf%*
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. oa"Bpi9i
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 YTefEG]|q
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 6P
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(五) that和which的区别 .euAN8L
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 Z .gb'
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it > "F-1{
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. Zb1GR5MB`k
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 =A6*;T"W
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Lf%3-P
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Ql5bjlQdO
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Xf&YcHo
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. [ x{$f7CEh
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which L-?ty@-i
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly dnD@BQ
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. yrEh5v:
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 %N&.B
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has m BvO<?ec
affected the way people in the United States----. 3\}u#/Vb
(A) living and working 8'@5X-nD
(B) they live and work ]CLM'$
(C) live and work ^=^\=9"
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(D) to live and to work X>`03?L
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 mmJnE
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二、介词 %`k [xz
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 A{;"e^a-^l
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(一) 介词搭配 e
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those vrb@::sy0T
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. pW.WJ`Rk
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 d6*84'|!
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. eY#^vB
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分析:B错改为be rich in @2.
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the V
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. lHM}
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 *:
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 ^_v94!a9
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 l
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. p'^}J$
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 :T$}@& -
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has n1|]ji[c
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on 1f^oW[w&
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. M6cybEk`
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 5[zr(FuE
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2、介词by GPAC0K^p
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by FLPN#1
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing oKSW:A
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States M[b~5L+S
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. b,HXD~=
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 &e[Lb:Uk)
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils TKw>eGe
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 0Z
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supply moccasins and field rations. H~hAm
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ^n]?!BdU
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with L?y,xA_
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements Sag\wKV8
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that are often represented at symbols. zjJyc?
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。
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三、谓语动词 g(;ejKSR
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 AB#hhi#
①、主谓分割原则 [K9q+
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, bmddh2
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. $S cjEG:6
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 bFx?HM.AGW
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②、与后者一致原则 bKaV]Uy
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, D 7E^;W)H
not only…but also r#~6FpFVK^
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③、与前者一致原则 V7v,)a" L
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, *ZEs5`x
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 U5PCj ]-Xt
例:The athlete, together with his coach and >) ^!gz8
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 5VcYdu3
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is g<-cHF
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④、就近原则 w?C\YK
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or, either…or, neither…nor, tpD?-`9o
单数名词+or+复数名词+are -d~'tt
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如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is td~3N,S
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 @wPmx*SF
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 #u$z-M !
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are :Eyv= =
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. +q$|6?
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 JPG!cX%
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 z<>_*Lfj
There are five apples that are red. N3<Jh
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 l0{DnQA>I
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ZZ*k
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. (K6StNtN
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ':]a.yA\1
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 D:tZiS=0
The rich are not always happier than the poor. [uQZD1<q
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 T
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Gw^=kzh
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: $ n[7
a. there be 句型 C)p<M H
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there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 @|%ICG c
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 E=lfg8yb:
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. }IkEyJsk
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is {}&f\6OI%
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific Y_>-p(IH
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 '#
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miles in width. A+1]Ql)$
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分析:倒装句,are改为is U2>dwn
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and '[yqi1
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film VO;UV$$
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 9H, &nET
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 h[
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Sd<@X@iU8D
fifty percent of + 名词 H, XLb.
one percent of + 名词 NzeI/f3K5
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: Y9@dZw%2
one percent of my students + are
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. gR-Qj
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这里要强调两个结构 A M1C
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half of =fifty percent fr'huvc
most of + 可数名词 + are io9xI3{
most of + 不可数名词+ is Bd[L6J)
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 2i7i\?<.
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found in central and eastern Canada. }l}yn@hYC
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 CCW%G,$U9
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized up3?$hUc.
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. j!lAxlOX
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 /B,:<&_-
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 \);.0
①、主要考察时间状语 E\]OySC%C$
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. b&lN%+%}
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was \4h>2y
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②、For和since的区别 rQ9*J
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 2
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区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 I2TD.wuIW
I has been a teacher for three years. I3Lg?bZ
I has been a teacher since 1996. Dn~Z SrJ
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 Zxg 1M
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became f?,-j>[.=f
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the primary responsibility of the president. :/+>e
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 m"n.Dz/S
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of X]qCS0GD'
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. &]w#z=5SXi
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 PC|'yAN:
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 0{Bf9cH
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live +$PFHXB
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(三) 谓语的语态 hcyn
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 RK-x?ZYH'
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: /l^y}o %?
①、prove e8{^f]5
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 Ir/:d]N*
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 6}ftBmv
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming VD/&%O8n
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ]YsR E>
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. y@A6$[%(E|
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 A*F9\mjI5
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②、Locate,Situate IY)5.E
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这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 &Mj1CvCv
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 HN68!v}C|
这两个词也可以用作被动 <tuS,.
My school was located near the river. kOipH |.x
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 fhRjYYGI
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. p=B?/Sqa
(A)locates RZh}:
(B)locating r6t&E%b
(C)to locate azX`oU,l
(D)is located %[Zz0|A
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Qh-4vy=r
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③、表示需要概念的动词 ZEGd4_ux
need, want, require等 Tpzw=bC^
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My watch needed repairing 2B` 8eb
My watch needed to be repaired. ]XUSqai
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④、表示人的情感的动词 @~o`#$*|
move, annoy, surprise, please等
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 ' qy#)F
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 yr{B5z,
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主动和被动技巧总结: |4Ha?W
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 VXIQw'Cq
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the U8O(;+
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, =Od>;|]m
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power structures, and flood-control works along 1r571B*O
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. arh@`'Q
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 N5 n>
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四、非谓语动词 _;e\:7<m
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(一) 分词 TzM=LvA
现在分词和过去分词的区别 @@}`hii
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 AcC8)xRpk4
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then H(qm>h$bU
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Y60"M4j
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning Hj~O49%j&
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Y@} FL;3
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in bK=c@GXS
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. `&g:d E(j
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living Sdc*rpH"(
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一些动词后面必须用doing ;|30QUYh
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 n\= (S9
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 3qo e^e
advocate, suggest
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delay, quit q^Inb)FeN
forgive(原谅),tolerate, 8^X]z|[d2
avoid, escape(逃避) ./.=Rw
spend+名词+doing; 1nB@zBQu-
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing x,1=D~L}
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their evOb
A B C D qLRE
}$P
crops. a#QByP
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 RbAt3k;y
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, iGa}3
pF
A B ;eh/_hPM
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. KZ3B~#oQ
C D [B,p,Q"
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing k<Oy%+C
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(二) 不定式 B^m!t7/,
A. 动词不定式的省略 yjd(UWE
①、help后面可以省略to MCHOK=G
help do O+v
cs4
help sb. to do -3 ]|[
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid g8v[)o(qd
A B E[*0Bo]
the habits that might shorten the lives. L]*`4L
C D gi 5XP]z
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 %GVN4y&
"?[7#d])
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 <K,[sy&Qy
make, ,@479ZvvR3
let, ?#i|>MRR>
have sb. do sth j^{b^!4~}
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 2;h+;G
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians "G@E6{/
A B [lZ=s[n.
to know when to play various parts of a composition. G-ZhGbAI7
C D 9LHa&""
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know `}Eh[EOHJ
8M~u_`6
③、感官动词 A^t"MYX@
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe :|Upx4]Ec
see sb do sth. 强调过程 k}#@8n|b
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 K('
9l& A
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 ? 1GJa]G
(1)表示第一人 (&k')ff9K
the first woman to do sth. ?,!uA)({n
1+Sg"?8
(2)表示迫使的动词 ta@ISRK
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do `Y0fst<,
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis x, }ez
A B {npOlV
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. :{x!g6bK@
C D bOi};/f
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 BDWim`DK"
7sCR!0
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 USlF+RY@3L
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ^qE<yn
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ZD$-V3e`
be lieable to do 易于…的 n ;Ql=4
be apt to do 7f.4/x^
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(4)表示目的的名词, tI/mE[W
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Y\ #.EVz
固定的句式: M Ak-=?t
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. oO! 1
the objective 目标 d
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aim ]# tGT0
goal @lb=-oR!~
reason理由 |TQe
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function功能 .N2nJ/
intension意图 2n-Tpay0
W TXD4}
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing #z-iL!?
A AAlmG9l&7
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Knw'h;,[
B C D ~P"!DaAf
分析:the function to provide, A错 ,J`lr
U0
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure <'o 'H
A Hb@G*L$
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Ht=6P)
B Je4
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that make up various components of a living cell. mvL0F%\.\
C D yuy+}]uB@
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 sBuq
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(5) 其他同根名词 t7*H8
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 #BT6bH08X
attempt to do 企图 1
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 3<UDVt@0
ambition, ZimMjZ%4
be ambitious to do Z9
q{r s
effort }JpslY*aS
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 1R+ )T'in
A B ,TfI
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. sKG~<8M}
C D fFTvf
0j
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 W1vAK
O"s`-OM;n
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great 5 dNf$a0E
A B * /Ry6Yu
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. ga1gd
~a
C D b=QGbFf
分析:efforts to register, C错 |`t!aG8
>~
wk
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 5bznM[%xO
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Lv5
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She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. .]ZuG
IOSoc 7+"
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时
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I am glad to see you. >0+|0ba
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. _}9R}
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. GxDF7
z%&
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 i7FR78^
It is difficult to decide. f]A6Mx6
9-iB?a7{.
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五、句子的结构 Hi"
n GH
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ee0>B86tE
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(一) 主语的重复 vG_v89t!ex
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ]9< 9F ?
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any fQ_8{=<-&X
A B V;]VwsZ"
compromises concerning the establishment of the *]{I\rX
C D -XIvj'u
League of Nations. 9.#R?YP$
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 'yRv~BA
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson I%C:d#p
u,SZ-2K!7~
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are pz}hh^]t
A B ayz1i:Q|
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ~EkGG
.
C D A2_3zrE
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 HwMsP$`q
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(二)谓语的重复 -+@~*$
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完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ']e4!
vbh#[,lh
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of pFRnPOv
A B H
1i4_T
one or more sentences related to the same idea. zb,`K*Z{
C D vg1s5Yqk
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 [N+ruc?)
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(三)谓语的缺少 c2:kZxT
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body Ap18qp
A B RVy 87_J1
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. vu >@_hv
C D (7!(e
,
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 c{ (%+
:Xr3 3
(四)主句的重复 1H@F>}DP
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 KJZY.7
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+Gj$
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite `?m(Z6'
A B C (b!DJ;(O9
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Gl9 a5b
D ZH:X4!
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 '.yr8
2V 'Tt3
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow #y%Ao\~kG
A B '(*D3ysU
sweeps across the face of the Earth. r?*?iw2g
C D TA5M4r6
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 E}+A)7mA
yE>DQ *
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided __ [q`
A B 52,a5TVG
names for towns, only George Washington 7[\B{N9&W
C wVTo7o%U
is remembered in the name of a state. :OM>z4mQ
D q ^?{6}sy
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 9S^-qQH3}
六、比较级和最高级 t Ks0]8tc
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 RVe3@|9(G
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ?/~1z*XUW
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which f]4gDmn^
A o0q{:An_Z
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. aSj$62G"
B C D 7iJlW&W
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 LQe<mZ<
-4;u|0_
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 8
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例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. ~I'hiV^-
A B C D `]Xbw^Y'x
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 z')'8155
h)w<{/p(
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere yF*JzE 7,
A B C D jE{z4en
is the grizzly bear. *I~F7Z]|
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 L%"&_v#a^
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YpiSH(70`
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 5K8\hoW{
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 CxO)d7c
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with $jm'uDvm
A B }JI5,d
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. X'0A"9
C D zj8;ENhEI
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 %bddR;c
pt<84CP
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 ^E5Xpza
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as ;v.l<AOE
~,ac{%8x
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Xc'yz 2B
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ?vvjwys@
the taller boy Dtn|$g
,
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 o6'`W2P
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed {<&x9<f9
A B #t9&X8:U
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is az7L0
pp
abundant, and humidity is moderate. {DAwkJvb]
C D OfIml.
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they ^-rb&kW@:
ar R)]gk
7
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 "c=\?
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, Xq,{)G%9nM
A B C Zn&X
Uvdl
the Navajos form largest group. k(!#^Mlz[
D s:,BcVLx^
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 R8?Xz5
=l?5!f9
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, Qgf\gTF$r+
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language vaS/WEY
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 44]/rP_m
_T)dmhG
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many c5nl!0XX
A B C ~;9B\fE`
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. lt`#or"o
D XSkx<"U*
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 zk
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the ~L<q9B( @
例如:my best friends #"jEc*&=
mhv
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial TGl It<&
A B C -U`]/
and banking center. \=P+]9
D 0O5(\8jM
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 \#?n'qyj
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ]>M{Qn*
f|P%
xXp$Nm]:
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary agdiJ-lyQ
A
;/.ZjTRw
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers.
ETQ.A< v
B C D Rf7*Ut
wVr
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 &Xw{%Rg
'U=D6X%V9m
七、平行结构 4'L
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改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 NKae~ 1b
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(一) 对等连接词 OG}auM4
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 mG;Gt=4
单一式: and, or ,but WR;"^<i9
相关式: both…and, not … but, NUiNn 7C
either …or, neither…nor 8!e1T,:b
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as E2f9J{Ki=
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, DFvLCGkDk
没有so...as... K%TlB KV
between…and, 9p,<<5{
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also x @EEMO1_"
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, S&BJR!FQ
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Eo,
短语式: as well as 7QdU|1]
rather than (而不是) ,^JP0Vc*
other than (除…之外) L@rKG~{Xy
instead of (代替) 'c#ZW
|A
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 h#bpog
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, K%h83tm+
A B >M7e'}0;
but he is now living in Detroit. >iP>v`J
C D tYt/m6h
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 x9PEYhL?
[.P~-6~
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics >u5}5O
P7
A B %j=E}J<H5*
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford st3
6xS
remained active in city and regional planning. gDnG!i+
C D DC`6g#*<
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 ja2LQe@Q
(二)平行的内容 ?|^1-5l3
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 ;3'}(_n
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of j^ZpBN L
A B M:?eK
[h
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, _}Jz_RS2`
C D ' 7>}I{Lq
or yearly periods of light and darkness. Mz]LFM
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 NLb/Bja
k`
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第二、名词单复数的平行 ?Pmj }f
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 XrSqUD
40%p
lNPj
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, RWTv,pLK
A B C 6mdJ
=b#
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. >YoK?e6
D $
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分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 zCvR/
1ygu>sKS&A
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, FIU(2
A B {2Gp+&
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. (nda!^f_s
C D =t)eT0
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have Vp5qul%
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第三、时态的平行 -QS_bQG%
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated
8CEy#%7]}
A TS3 00F
with the imagist movement , but later develops 8KoP
aq
B eW >k'ez
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. `VBjH]$
C D 3*arW|Xm
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 5jjJQ'
54}s:[O
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- =ARI*
spread from its home in Central America and NU
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now grows throughout the tropics. [|F.*06SK
(A) to be (B) it t<: XY
(C) the (D) its y5R6/*;N.
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? a<\m`
Es=
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow l{y~N
ul% q6=f)
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- x3M`l|
commercially for their meat and eggs. MOOL=Um3
(A) raised (B) and are raised ?^@;8m
(C) raised as (D) are raised !J6k\$r
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 +$<m ;@mZ
#~ >0Dr
第四、排列位置的平行 `#l_`j=r$
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. I/'jRM
(A) Not only does rust corrode m$$U%=r>@
(B) Not only rust corrodes 4ci
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(C) Rust, which not only corrodes fM8 :Nt$
(D) Rust not only corrodes oFY'Ek;d
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 W}T$ Z
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=
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: 1o.]"~0:
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 1 "4AS_Q
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 :x16N|z
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 g.z/%LpK
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八、词序的颠倒 C/lpSe
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 6R"& !.ZF
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 x.}iSE{
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage esFBWJ
A B !WAbO(l
that can be given to any individual in the United States. z!?xz
C D PYW~x@]k%,
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 v-g2k_o|
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 lg~Gkd6
例:Certain types of computers work properly only -I'#G D>
A B `Z0FQ( r_
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. $CRu?WUS]'
C D d3<7t
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 PsaKzAg?
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 j4k\5~yzS
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were < KGq
A B C k<Qhw)M8
in what is now the United States. ``4e&
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 KW-GVe%8f
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所有的系动词分为三大类: lg"aB
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ttOk6-
is, remain, keep, stay, *:bexD H
lie, exit(表示位于) L"bZ~'y
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 y+3+iT@i
become, turn, grow, m<H{@ZgN(
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) p8Z?R^$9H
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第三种,感官动词 _j+!Fd
seem(好像是) 2n)?)w]!M
look(看起来好像是) >H^#!eaqw
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste oNZ_7t
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enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 fWZ(
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe w
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to cause numerous deaths. y~fKLIoz"
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 `J1HQ!Z
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九、词性的混用 |RFBhB/u
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ZUHRATT-
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 X/yq<_ g
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; vd
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high N-gYamlQ
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and X H-_tv
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. }d<R
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) `#N/]4(j
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ffZ~r%25{
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 UEU/505
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Y;"k5+ q
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to OT9]{|7
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. K^Awf6%
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 W>K^55'
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, h>-P /
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of ~b f\fPm
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urban Black people in the United States. ]Bhy=1
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 -@orIwA&
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 o/5-T4
表示时间有两种可能, q7R]!zk
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 vQAFg G
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, oMh$:jR $
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 { e|qQ4~h
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence #6`5-5Ks;
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were made while the American Civil War. pLMt2G
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 )uPJ?
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the u9lZHh#V-
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. {#,<)wFV\
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 Z6
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 @]\fO)\f
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 ^-o{3Q(w
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social UwN Vvo
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. N?GTfN
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 1 ZdB6U0
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples `oRyw6Sko
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easily under the stress of compression. E)b$;'
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 XF`2*:7
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 e=amh
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine _[:6.oNjIe
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article that gives personal comments on current events. =vThtl/azD
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 n,T
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, W]4Z4&