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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 <<MpeMi  
一、代词 ~-7/9$ay5  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 08nh y[  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 t(*n[7e  
  主格、宾格、所有格 F:ycV~bE  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) T"Y#u  
)Ac,F6w  
(二) 反身代词 mgx|5Otg  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 F7JO/U^oU  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ,ZJ}X 9$<  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) |cY HH$  
W$hCI)m(  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  2v ~8fr4  
    A                 B    a^J(TW /  
  a series of indicators that could help #0<pRDXj  
             C      3pWav 1"  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. +-'F]?DN'  
    D ON\bD?(VY  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 i;%G Z8  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Q"FN"uQ}x  
)4uWB2ZRoi  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 }kmAUaa,Z  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 qWr=Oiu  
&qXobJRM  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies d {U%q d  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 3'.3RKV  
     A   B      C          D 8wkhbD|;  
  Pacific. W'vekuM  
RM_%u=jC  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 yy{YduI  
Z]b;%:>=  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 1<m`38'  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: yGtTD9j  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 |E6_TZ#=  
~|=D.}#$  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined F?2UHcs  
                       A   ^?Xs!kJP  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and  ri4z^1\  
             B IWv5UmjN  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. y_L8i[  
   C       D K.QSt  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ~vDa2D<9%  
Y({ R\W|  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important [#Apd1S_  
        A     #:BkDidt2v  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John xDw~n (*  
   B        C      =At" Q6-O  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  9+9g(6  
      D fmK~?  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. }h Wv  p  
yC$m(Y12FN  
8?LT*>!  
(四) Who和which的区别  HUjX[w8  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 pqO0M]}  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 _Vp"G)1Y  
NUVKAAgMX  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ,*W~M&n"m  
              A            B B /uaRi%  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. A'`F Rx(  
   C                  D d@ 8M_ O |  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 M7?ktK9`ma  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 9soEHG=P  
o3+s.7 "  
(五) that和which的区别 {Ni]S$7  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 T1$ p%yQH  
rzHBop-8  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it KwHN c\\  
              A        B L }{3_/t  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. VK*_p EV,}  
      C              D ?&9=f\/P  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 VsSAb%  
,Tar?&C:  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 .9e5@@VR  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 'cc8 xC  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ``< #F3  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. |Q)mBvvN  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which xltN-<n7  
:|kO}NGM  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly @~s5{4  
              A         B   ;/kd.Q  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 7"2BZ  
         C      D 7/a7p(   
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ?jfh'mCA  
_4) t  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  >;Oa|G  
  affected the way people in the United States----. `q]' ^EzJ  
   (A) living and working f=V`Nn<=A  
   (B) they live and work %t,42jQ9  
   (C) live and work *: d ``L  
   (D) to live and to work !VIxEu^ke  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 CC!`fX6z>h  
pD[&,gV$  
二、介词 A@|Z^T:  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Hk+44   
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(一) 介词搭配 5P #._Em  
!QAndg{;D  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those cHr]{@7Cs  
    A         B   C      8*&-u +@%  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. z)KoK`\mE"  
                D "24d:vf\  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 0y<9JvN$9  
%LC)sSq{H  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. _5n2'\] H`  
A       B     C  D *g}==o`  
分析:B错改为be rich in ,e$RvFB  
NM9ViYm>P  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the exSwx-zxI  
    A         B      C PC@H Nto{  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. ?xKiN5q"6  
             D u * iqwm.  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 IA1O]i S  
.Sw4{m[g  
N0lFx?4  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 YVRE 9  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ~qb?#IY]`  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. oIE(`l0l  
          A      B  C     D uJ=&++[  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 )I<VH +6  
<5]_u:  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has bU}!bol  
                 A  B     G@ybx[_[@  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on YA8/TFu<_  
      C P'_ aNU  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ,V4pFQzL  
      D 6*ZZ)W<  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 /KvpJ4  
bg4VHT7?>)  
2、介词by #2.C$  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by < R@& <E6  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 71&`6#  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States )[sSCt]  
    A         B       ;NJM3g0I  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. ^eYJ7&t  
   C     D d7c m?+  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 nDchLVw  
v#sx9$K T  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ~0.@1zEXj  
   A                      } % |GV  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ~u-`L+G"6  
     B    C       D :\1&5Pm]  
   supply moccasins and field rations. @1[LD[<  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 }W%}_UT  
UuA=qWC  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ?Z7C0u#wd  
        A                gzdgnF2  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 4]8PF  
        B          C   X}bgRzj  
  that are often represented at symbols. 9p$q@Bc  
              D q+G1#5  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 XJOo.Y  
三、谓语动词 |s`q+ U-  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Qg oXOVo6  
①、主谓分割原则 \S2'3SD d/  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Yc5$915  
     A     h/w- &7t  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. -s!PO;qm  
        B      C      D Ul@' z|  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 V+K.' J ^@  
@+!d@`w:z2  
②、与后者一致原则 1!NaOfP;@  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, f!I e  
not only…but also 2I4P": q  
|O+binq  
e)bqE^JP  
③、与前者一致原则 J)[(4R>  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, *ZEs5`x  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 DpR%s",Q  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 8UZE C-K  
     A      B  C     >) ^!gz8  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. g/yXPzLU  
         D n(+:l'#HJ  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is @'y"D  
m1hf[cg  
④、就近原则 ,5*4%*n\  
or, either…or, neither…nor, dA~6{*)  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are Glr.)PA  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is N!3f1d7RQ  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 N@>S>U8C  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 3^a"$VW1  
]9:G3vq  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are >4E,_`3N  
        A      B        #]'xUgcE9  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. J@fE" )  
    C              D 7$;$4.'  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 CAA~VEUL  
S 7vE[VF5  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Z0=OR^HjA  
There are five apples that are red. .%A2  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 qr 9 F  
^q` *!B 9@  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets e{,/  
      A            [1U_c*;i  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 5PPpX=\  
   B   C    D (YOgQ)},  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 kR ]SxG9  
a5M>1&j/eC  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 |9I;`{@  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. bph* X{lFK  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 i`$rzXcS  
s|'L0` <B  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 >``GDjcJ  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: MV}]i@ V  
a. there be 句型 }nl)*l  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 d ] ;pG(  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 G m! ]   
=jt_1L4  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 8B/9{8  
   A     B      C    D     w)n]}k  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is $4L3y uH  
~*Qpv&y)  
1.uQ(>n  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific CaBS0' n  
             A     B    V?BVk8D};  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &NeY Kh?  
     C         VYo;[ue([  
  miles in width. v!A|n3B]p  
     D  ZF (=^.gc  
分析:倒装句,are改为is QL18MbfqP  
mtddLd,  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and uTGvXKL7  
   A    B       C         d/rz0L  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 8T )ELhTj  
                    D Ilb |:x"L  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. O/oYaAlFF@  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 {NgY8w QB  
ArzsZ<\//  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致  XYF~Q9~  
fifty percent of + 名词 G;c 0  
one percent of + 名词 yc=#Jn?S  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: e7qMt[.  
  one percent of my students + are 4Xk ;Qd  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. T ) f_W  
@ aN=U=  
这里要强调两个结构 PFgjWp"Y  
half of =fifty percent X]U"ru{1q  
most of + 可数名词 + are )6 0f  
most of + 不可数名词+ is yi-"hT`  
^^3va)1{!  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been G:C6`uiy`  
   A       B         C   r9a!,^}F  
  found in central and eastern Canada. exEld  
           D @3TkD_B&  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ^ O Xr: P  
^'53]b:  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized vp75u93  
                 A   B  $F`<&o  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. /0&:Yp=>  
              C     D fQTA@WAr  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 = *;Xc-_  
Q1I_=fT  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 +9 p`D  
①、主要考察时间状语 Nk7eiQ  
ivUsMhx>S,  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. Q'Kik5I  
   A        B  C     D 3auJ^B}  
F2PLy q  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was Y9@dZw%2  
[ 4Y `O  
nc\C 4g  
②、For和since的区别 >SxZ9T|%  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 `l gjw=  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 |1QbO`f/F  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Zu0;/_rN  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Dd5xXs+c  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 V^`?8P8d  
16[-3cJ T  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ~[uV  
   A      B              aZawBU.:  
  the primary responsibility of the president. .?i-rTF:  
     C    D "Ql}Y1  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Tn@UX(^,  
DD@)z0W  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of _Vo)<--+I  
             A  B  C   [j=,g-EOA  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. !O F?xW  
            D >St. &#c  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 62MRI    
F%PwIB~cy  
+-H}s`  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  e'~-`Z9-)  
   A       B        C     D [:nx);\  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live {*?sVAvj  
b(}Gm@#  
(三) 谓语的语态 QM[A;WBr7  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 /B,:<&_-  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: f=:3!k,S  
①、prove <$ i"zb  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 $N}/1R^?r  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 49+ >f  
]g;^w?9h  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 4AY _#f5u  
                      A   y:[BP4H?y  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be eeW' [  
    B                  C :vc[/<  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. IPl@ DH  
                  D .e`,{G(5q7  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 -A/ds1=;  
*2JH_Cj`  
V I6\   
②、Locate,Situate V#ndyUM;  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Q~fwWp-J  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 yWj9EHQU[  
这两个词也可以用作被动 cQ8dc+ {  
  My school was located near the river. UF@IBb}0  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 Vh"MKJ'R^  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. <Ctyht0c.  
   (A)locates 0o=!j3RjH  
   (B)locating `S"W8_m  
   (C)to locate dCB&c ^  
   (D)is located K!3{M!B   
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 1#grB(p?  
mfXD1]<.  
③、表示需要概念的动词 ]EB6+x!G  
need, want, require等 ;aq`N}d  
Ci;h  
My watch needed repairing +'- rTi\  
My watch needed to be repaired. 82lr4  
E@:Q 'g%  
④、表示人的情感的动词 &k1/Z*/  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 UM<@t%|>  
~eDI$IO  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 YU&4yk lE  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 vCj4;P g  
Q/p(#/y#b  
主动和被动技巧总结: y =R aJm  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 V|TA:&:7  
Y+FP   
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the &`\ep9  
                 A      sH%&+4!3  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ~]&B >q  
                 B 7R: WX:  
  power structures, and flood-control works along %*6RzJO6  
                    C {(;B 5rs  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. d<#p %$A4  
                D D ZVXz|g  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 q-YL]PgV  
|) O):  
四、非谓语动词 @l{I[pp  
EY~7oNfc`R  
(一) 分词 ?~,JY  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 L?HF'5o  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 N+NK`  
to'j2jP  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Ir/:d]N*  
   A S;8.yj-  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Oxv+1Ub<Dv  
     B      C            D 1aq2aLx  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning .a:Z!KF  
HyEa_9   
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 )pS8{c)E  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in !lhFKb;  
      A               B   B9*Sfw%  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. .b,~f  
               C         D wWTQ6~Y%d  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living ^X &)'H  
9#Y2`p T  
f&c]LH _  
一些动词后面必须用doing nW GR5*e:  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 RL*]g*  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, dF e4K"  
 advocate, suggest W`x)=y]Z  
 delay, quit g/#~N~&  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, sKd)BA0`  
 avoid, escape(逃避) ZoxS *Xk  
 spend+名词+doing; -NzTqLBn  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ;Iq5|rzDn  
c&*l"  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their ~^7r?<aKc  
   A     B    C              D 9"ugz^uKt  
  crops. h<% U["   
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 y(v_-6b  
RZh}:  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, !M(:U,?B  
               A        B X NE+(Bt  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. WNF9#oN|oT  
        C          D GV8)Kor%  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing bS rZ{l  
v[&'k\  
(二) 不定式 cPuHLwwYf  
A. 动词不定式的省略 s$GF 95^  
①、help后面可以省略to <%KUdkzEP  
  help do fsvYU0L  
  help sb. to do cZi[(K  
|$e:*  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 4seciz0?  
              A      B   T~J? AKx  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. h|p[OecG  
         C     D Df@/cT  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 "'A"U  
|ym%| B  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 <&U!N'CE  
  make, hhmGv9P  
  let, lIh[|]  
  have sb. do sth /s[DI;M$o  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ^,V[nfQR  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians lLCdmxbT  
        A               B %&<W(|U1<  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. K"l0w**Og#  
   C     D 4;*f1_;f~  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ;fGx;D  
c3k|G<C2  
③、感官动词 T~s}Nx#  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Wsm`YLYkt!  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 U CY2 ]E  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 \+Y!ILOI  
NHiq^ojk  
g:gB`8w?  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 iV hJH4  
(1)表示第一人 %^.P~s6  
the first woman to do sth. Q%5F ]`VN  
]}LGbv"`A  
(2)表示迫使的动词 )|]Z>>%t  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ^l!L)iw  
8QF`,oXQO  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis uD)-V;}P@;  
     A                 B    0*7*RX  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 7Dt"]o"+  
       C           D nyhMnp#<  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 9?`RR/w  
`6Hf&u<  
JSW&rn  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 xmH-!Da  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 h~miP7,c<u  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 \&q=@rJp(z  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 #`/QOTnm2c  
  be apt to do vA-PR&  
A=`* r*  
(4)表示目的的名词, DQgH_!  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 _t-7$d"  
固定的句式: OFy,B -`A{  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. lrys3  
the objective 目标 (9GbG"   
aim +hH}h?K  
goal #T% zfcUj  
reason理由 ?q X s-  
function功能 <abKiXA"  
intension意图 J{ ~Rxa  
gq4 . d  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing <t}?$1  
                       A  > saI+u'o  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ~:2K#q5C  
           B          C     D l)8sw=  
分析:the function to provide, A错 knSuzq%*  
hKksVi  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure >L[lV_M_>  
                  A       j>!sN`dBj  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds \"d?=uFe  
     B  &r@H(}$1\  
  that make up various components of a living cell. ct0v$ct>f  
    C    D 93D \R  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 e@j8T gI)  
3w'W~  
(5) 其他同根名词 H#+xKYrp  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 .B$h2#i1  
 attempt to do 企图 :6u~aT/  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 QymD-A"P  
 ambition, RgGA$HN/  
 be ambitious to do  'v`_Ii|-  
 effort xOIg|2^8  
kfCKhx   
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation $L&BT 0  
  A                    B   :t>Q:mX(N  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. /{we;Ut=g  
          C       D ,?y7 ,nb  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 $ !5f"<FCB  
/"MJkM.~E  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great XRa#2 1pQ  
  A                   B   ~:Ixmqi}R  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. PP-kz;|  
       C            D wlVvxX3%  
分析:efforts to register, C错 T6=-hA^A  
1;`Fe":;vC  
!a[$)c  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 8uA<G /Q;  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 b,Lw7MY}[  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. @g\;` #l  
+-P<CCvWz  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 \n(ROf^'  
I am glad to see you. 8KKz5\kn7  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. >13/h]3  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen.  ~me\  
>{F!ntEj  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 +"Ub/[J{G1  
It is difficult to decide. cz>mhD  
Gc^t%Ue-H)  
P57GqT  
五、句子的结构 :iEAUM  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 B~r U1Y)  
BPiiexTV9  
(一) 主语的重复 i*z0Jf["  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 \-d '9b?  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Z:c*!`F  
          A      B      g@(4ujOT  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the ) H+d.Y  
          C          D "?[7#d])  
  League of Nations. }{t3SGsJ  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 l{QC}{Ejc2  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson }v&K~!*  
,0,Oe=d  
/D 8EI   
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are _1\poAy  
        A        B  -`g J  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. iAgOnk[  
    C         D P]- #wz=S  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 w#rVSSXQ3  
S,VyUe4P4  
(二)谓语的重复 xlk5Gob*  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Eny!R@u7q  
k3#wLJ  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  wZ O@J|  
    A            B    zNwc((  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. m $)YYpX  
         C   D T"IW Jpc  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 yj'Cy8  
my]P_mE  
(三)谓语的缺少 k}#@8n|b  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body $.;iu2iyo  
          A     B    yZ?$8r  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. u!M& ;QL  
         C               D YN$`y1V  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 n00z8B1j(l  
5R)[Ou.  
(四)主句的重复 ~6] )*y  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 .a5X*M]  
@PKAz&0  
} !Xf&c{7{  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 7bHE!#L`0  
      A         B        C   O0-> sR  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. *u58l(&`8  
     D 3Sk5I%  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 5[1@`6j   
n<=y"*  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow x-tm[x@;o  
        A   B       `Yg7,{A\J  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ]Qh[%GD  
      C    D kBQ5]Q"  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 xP XoJN  
XC :;Rq'j  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided N|bPhssFw  
   A                     B  &~z+R="=  
  names for towns, only George Washington :P HUsy  
      C fLLnf].O  
  is remembered in the name of a state. zw}@nqp   
          D 9Ilfv  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 `\Uc4lRS  
六、比较级和最高级 (N)r#"F V  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 (7M^-_q]D  
C3&17O6  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 =1%zI%  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which er&uC4Y]a  
      A               >lUBt5gU  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. AsTMY02|  
     B       C           D  Oz"@yL}  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 sURUQ  H  
MzBfHt'Rk  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 <B|n<R<?  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. ?$>u!V<'  
     A      B     C  D $O;N/N:m  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 (mD-FR@#  
r[C3u[  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere -o=P85 V  
     A       B     C   D $Uv<LVd(  
  is the grizzly bear. [TiT ff&LV  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 w 7=D6`  
pfJVE  
6xDl=*&%  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ECmHy@(  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ,H#qgnp  
W TXD4}  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with .N-'; %8  
   A           B  |k['wqn"  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. }`+^|1  
   C                 D 9TbS>o  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 {WM&  
`JY>v io  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 Se;?j-  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as qH {8n`  
@'F8|I 6  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 V1CSXY\2  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 (> +k3  
the taller boy ^J#*n;OQ3A  
rlUdAa3  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 j]ln :?\  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Nw3I   
          A            B >H=Q$gI  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is &"r==A?  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. %Zv(gI`A  
    C          D Q'Q72Fg  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 0c\|S>g [  
P98X[0&  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 t7*H8  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, bH WvKv+  
  A  B         C     q_T?G e  
  the Navajos form largest group. 1 ">d|oC  
         D oZ*=7u  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 faL^=CAe  
S'%cf7Z  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, ^b|Nw:  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language yOn2}Z  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the J:mu%N`  
4f*Ua`E_  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many i6g[E 4nk  
            A      B         C 2t`9_zqLw  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. +v[$lh+  
            D lA Ck$E  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 h7W%}6Cqkw  
oN6*WN tJ  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the <cfH '~  
例如:my best friends vA7jZw  
D-+)M8bt  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial J%O4IcE  
            A    B     C (.XDf3   
  and banking center. !K^Z5A_;  
        D 3NxaOO`  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 4-nr_ WCm4  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 j+B5m:ExfI  
6`5 @E\"E  
6_ &6'Vq  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary A7,$y!D  
                 A         3f2Hjk7,d  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. m[Ac'la  
    B   C     D qxcBj  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 Ccd7|L1  
N5an9r&z(1  
七、平行结构 gjN!_^ _  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 :iNAXy  
rs<&x(=Hv  
Rd1ku=  
(一) 对等连接词 ch8w'  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 [.Wt,zrE  
单一式: and, or ,but llG#nDe  
相关式: both…and, not … but, 2"Uk}Yz|  
     either …or, neither…nor [11-`v0  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as E+c3KqM  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, ;@Hi*d[  
没有so...as... g*c\'~f;  
between…and, WKJL< D ]:  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also "oXAIfU#T  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, ?G>TaTiK#  
<^'+ ]?  
短语式: as well as utl=O  
     rather than (而不是) C<@1H>S4_  
     other than (除…之外) 5 /jY=/0.a  
     instead of (代替) 8EEQV}4  
-Fc#  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 @ h`Zn1;  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  2 Yd~v|  
       A     B   K/d &c]  
  but he is now living in Detroit. !=:MG#p  
       C   D -LK(C`gB  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 *`pBQZn05O  
mL5f_Fb+  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics C^=gZ 6m  
       A         B d#:J\2V"R  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford :O+b4R+  
  remained active in city and regional planning. =}GyI_br;8  
          C    D  lbU+a$  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 &Wz:-G7<n  
(二)平行的内容 IeI% X\G  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 UMW^0>Z!v  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of EjE`S_i=  
             A         B   >P"/ nS"nn  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 'p+QFT>Ca  
         C            D :BxYaAVt^  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. &:f'{>3 z  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 M]TVaN$v#  
QGG(I7{-  
k#NMD4(%O  
第二、名词单复数的平行 n(O p<  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 G6mM6(Sr  
Dx*oSP.qX  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, Tm.w+@  
  A     B          C   y/VmjsN}  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. c;}n=7,>:L  
                 D   R*eM 1  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 F ) ~pw  
>Nl~"J|]q  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, [z@Rg DX v  
                   A         B u`,R0=<4  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 1+c(G?Ava  
      C          D J&1N8Wk)  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have c}s3c >`d  
#|E. y^IC  
第三、时态的平行 ys6"Q[B  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated *.Hnt\4|  
                A     =H?5fT^  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops lfd{O7L0b  
                   B Q_Sq  uuk  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. io_64K+K  
          C    D V t;&2v  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 a :AcCd)  
Y %8QFM  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- me\)JCZpb{  
  spread from its home in Central America and rn*VL(Yd(  
  now grows throughout the tropics. |<icx8hbr  
   (A) to be    (B) it   D)6||z}  
   (C) the     (D) its 8Wp1L0$B  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? KJZY.7  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow $7g(-W  
R_DQtLI  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 40/[ uW"  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. U?yXTMD  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised w=2 X[V}  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised Q&{5.}L  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 { )K(}~VD  
wu'60po  
第四、排列位置的平行 Pw1H) <X  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 1-<Xi-=^{t  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode )~kb 7rfl  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  2Z |kf9  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes /2I("x]  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes {'[1I_3  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 r&;AG@N/  
?c*d z{  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ;rbn/6  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 \GP c_m:qL  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 7#QH4$@1P  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 v-qS 'N 4  
g?wogCs5  
八、词序的颠倒 (reD  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 V;=T~K|)>  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 t~`Ef  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage L3\{{QOA  
              A    B        -TWo-iu^  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 7[\B{N9&W  
      C       D    *lSIT]1  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 7Ll(,i<,C  
 $?YkgK  
Qn7e6u@V  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 R<)uvW_@  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 9S^-qQH3}  
          A      B     FtXEudk  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 2},}R'aR  
    C         D O%I'   
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 vL7}0n>tz  
6pse @x?  
-eya$C  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 D~Su82 2  
y? g7sLDc  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were d=pq+  
          A   B     C   C~B ^sG@;  
  in what is now the United States. xab[  
    D wJ}8y4O!N  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 x;I *Ho  
]=/f`  
所有的系动词分为三大类: "6ZatRUd  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, CH2o[&  
    is, remain, keep, stay, vgV0a{u"  
    lie, exit(表示位于) )}R0'QGd  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 4 ClW*l  
    become, turn, grow, {974m` 5  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) .R1)i-^  
opBv x>S  
第三种,感官动词 Wrlmo'31  
    seem(好像是) </eh^<_~  
    look(看起来好像是) 8=$@azG  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste .{6TX"M  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 MRs8l  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe (GZm+?  
    A               B     #2pgh?  
   to cause numerous deaths. &B) F_EI  
        C   D  -Iq#h)Q*  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 YpiSH(70`  
iVFn t!  
九、词性的混用 i'a M#4V  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 h7g9:10  
NY_Oo!)3  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 cewQQ&  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; Ouj5NL  
|/q*Fg[f  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high fd(>[RP?  
          A        B      BYu|loc  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and GU=h2LSi]  
              C #ujcT%1G  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. w=OT^d 9n  
          D -2f0CAh~  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) :qI myaGQ  
A M# '(k(  
z2-=fIr.h  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 J9{B  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 >b/Yg:t  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds gp;(M~we  
         A       B      ?onZ:s2  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to K2NnA  
          C        iHTxD1 D+H  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. +-5CM0 *&  
            D 1&wLNZXH  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 +i{&"o4}  
c_%vD~6W-  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, ! G,Ru~j5:  
            A       <` HLG2  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of .{~ygHQ`f  
      B      C AuSL?kZ4|Y  
   urban Black people in the United States. s}UPe)Vu  
   D `}s)0 /}6  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 mR?OSeeB  
P 3);R>j  
y1FS?hSD0  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 dfO84Z} 5  
表示时间有两种可能, 9tqX77UK  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 & Z*&&  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, enE8T3   
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 UjUDP>iz.>  
J!~?}Fq/z  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence O~Pb u[C  
       A     B     Dtt[a  
  were made while the American Civil War. HS>Z6|uLY  
   C    D szGp<xv_p  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 j8_WEjG  
&qF   
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ESL(Mf'  
   A      B           C    c5nl!0XX  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. _/]4:("  
          D < Pg4>  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ":tQYo]d  
cEhwv0f!qS  
-[^aWNqyJ  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 3mIVNT@S9  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 9Qst5n\Z  
DfXXN  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social RbM`"wrZ  
                   A     dX^OV$  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 6p=AzojoB  
     B   C    D VK5|w:  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Hw-,sze j"  
[yF>W$Bn%  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples |kB1>$  
   A        B   C      TyI"fP  
  easily under the stress of compression. /J")S?. [u  
   D ""|vhgP  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 *fQ$s  
ROw9l!YF  
-Jr6aai3+  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 QVA)&k'T,  
h&|q>M3  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine @*`9!K%  
    A         B t2Q40' `  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. v!{mpF  
          C            D 16Ym*kWIps  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 $iu{u|VSu  
3\j{*f$J  
V4@ HIM  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, g?'pb*PR  
         A nK=-SQ  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. #z$FxZT<b  
   B      C      D -L< ''2t  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 >U?HXu/TJr  
Pp.qDkT  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 UlF=,0P  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; [+dOgyK  
two hundred diligent students
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