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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 :1A:g^n  
一、代词 ',r` )9o  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 F9 r5 Z  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 [P &B  
  主格、宾格、所有格 dPEDsG0$a  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) pTCD1)  
:qdyC sn2  
(二) 反身代词 6{I7)@>N   
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ~^2w)-N  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) 3N_KNW  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) l$gJ^Wf2gY  
lwQ!sH[M  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  t{] 6GlW  
    A                 B    nX!%9x$3  
  a series of indicators that could help N/o?\q8  
             C      S%\5"uGa  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. { 4j<X5V  
    D 0XA\Ag\`G  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 >V^8<^?G  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 }ekNZNcuM  
>&.N_,*  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 5S4Nx>  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 oO tjG3B({  
;-1KPDIp`  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies I%4eX0QY=z  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ":eyf 3M  
     A   B      C          D Aa9l-:R  
  Pacific. \;-Yz  
]4t1dVD  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 #b d=G(o~6  
gX!K%qJBg  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 SVa^:\"$[  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: k x:+mF  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 mg*iW55g  
~[!Tpq5  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined <RxxGD  
                       A   9vi+[3s/=;  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and vm g d  
             B 9uxoMjR-  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. MZ)lNU l  
   C       D =?CIC%6m  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 )E",)}Nh  
WDnNVE  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important un\o&0}  
        A     $m)eO8S+  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John yu#m6K  
   B        C      K z^.v`  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  MNh: NFCRA  
      D 5bZ0}^FYF  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. bz:En'2>F  
W G3 _(mM  
=m|<~t  
(四) Who和which的区别 "Ml#,kU<T  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 e0C_ NFS+  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 )"Ujx`]4r  
*"jlsI  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who G_WFg$7G%  
              A            B r" |do2s  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 9r:|u:i7m  
   C                  D 7#H Se#0J  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 6d5q<C_3t  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 9G1ZW=83  
;5|d[r}k3  
(五) that和which的区别 e[Z-&'  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 eiA$) rzy  
M)v='O<H8  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it B0g?!.#23  
              A        B U[pR `u  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. 7OPRf9+o  
      C              D xNJ*TA[+  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Rto/-I0l  
G[d]t$f=  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 $|@-u0sv  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, F)aF.'$-/  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when l?X)]1  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. =FAIbM>u  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which *aYuuRx  
$7O3+R/=  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly p CeCR  
              A         B   @E> rqI;`  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. /BS yanro  
         C      D fndH]Yp  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Rx@0EPV  
7Zft]C?|@  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  x45F-w{  
  affected the way people in the United States----. NiVZ=wEp,  
   (A) living and working $GD Q1&Z  
   (B) they live and work #=ko4?Wr(  
   (C) live and work =+4om*  
   (D) to live and to work r+a0.  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 7Xh ;dJAF3  
Gl4f:`  
二、介词 7#P Q1UWl  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 0<Rq  
Om8Sgy?  
(一) 介词搭配 \mFgjP z  
q^}iXE~  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those  cj|Urt  
    A         B   C      LO,:k+&A+  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. AD7&-=p&w  
                D F ^)( 7}ph  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 G[zVGqk  
A ? [Wfq|  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. LKM;T-  
A       B     C  D P\$%p-G  
分析:B错改为be rich in PSU}fo  
cE*d(g  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the !w o  
    A         B      C /!pJ"@  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. kq> I?wg  
             D Pu,2a+0N  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 V?n=yg  
whQJWi=ck  
5M#L O@U  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 |0V Z1{=*  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 be HEAQ  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. &[5pR60  
          A      B  C     D ,3Aiz|v-  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 O_v*,L!  
}`+9ie7]/  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 5p~hUP]tT  
                 A  B     sV]I]DR  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on T1(*dVU?  
      C C~04#z_$  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. aqv'c j>  
      D [$ z-  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 +77B656  
NJg )S2]7  
2、介词by 0CK3jdZ+X  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by HmbQL2  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing H'&[kgnQ@  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States m%s:4Z%=  
    A         B       f'TEua_`  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. +tJ 7ZR%  
   C     D 22 feYm|  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 U+&Eps&NI  
}ldpudU  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils E@4/<;eKK  
   A                      Pk;YM}  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to i:1 @ vo  
     B    C       D >~_)2_j  
   supply moccasins and field rations. Z}.ZTEB  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 9+3 VK  
^,aI2vC  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 8#/y`ul  
        A                BAtjYPX'w  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 3cF8DN h  
        B          C   <>)N$$Rx&  
  that are often represented at symbols. ',/2J0_  
              D Nnq1&j"m  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 :[7O=[pk  
三、谓语动词 1xInU_SPf  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 [2E(3`-u  
①、主谓分割原则 <. *bJ  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, lc3Gu78 A/  
     A     6[S IDOp*^  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 6&il>  
        B      C      D c94=>p6  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 ?'_6M4UKa  
_W^;a  
②、与后者一致原则 e5 }amrz  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ] Y!x7  
not only…but also n2EPx(~  
</u=<^ire  
e~d=e3mBp  
③、与前者一致原则 "%p7ft  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, [:cvy[}v@  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 }pIn3B)  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and aYDo0?kF'  
     A      B  C     3bYjW=_hA  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. r$8'1s37`  
         D /KNDo^P  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is }}i'8  
<fM}Kk  
④、就近原则 *mbzK*  
or, either…or, neither…nor, }YVF fi~  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are E 2d'P  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is t%%()!|)j  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 *BdH &U  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 rQyjNh  
m|F1_Gg z  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are YWvD+  
        A      B        "~^0  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. doOuc4  
    C              D 5af0- hj  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 XUA @f*  
}cr'o"4  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 N)G HQlgH  
There are five apples that are red. b&mA1w[W]  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 dpw-a4o}  
FV/t   
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets mXOI"B9Sq  
      A            t`+A;%=K]  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. HFZ'xp|3dn  
   B   C    D Xt<1b  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 %DYh<U4N  
2cH RiRT  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 XPO-u]<W  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 45 sEhs[$  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 n@RmH>"  
"TZY)\{L  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 lAP k/G  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: -smN}*3[  
a. there be 句型 :5,~CtF5 `  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 Rz g;GH  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 u9OY Jo  
V;xPZ2C;  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. XNWtX-[ ^@  
   A     B      C    D    ['=O>YY  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is PJC(:R(j  
,%*UF6B M  
1fS&KO{a  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific kg]6q T;Y  
             A     B    Hyy b0c^=  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 9f( X7kt  
     C         m7'<k1#"Y  
  miles in width. >0{}tRm-P&  
     D  LUMbRrD-  
分析:倒装句,are改为is #XDgvX >  
&< BBP n@\  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ls^Z"9P  
   A    B       C         \ N*([{X  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film z!"vez  
                    D #u hUZq  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. -+rzc&h  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 *vD.\e~  
p"ytt|H  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 &W@2n&U.q  
fifty percent of + 名词 ^9[Q;=R  
one percent of + 名词 N;g@lyo  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: <=*f  
  one percent of my students + are A `Z/B[)  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. XDemdMy$  
3PNdc}h&#  
这里要强调两个结构 0kkDlWkzo  
half of =fifty percent f jx`|MJ  
most of + 可数名词 + are _? gCOr  
most of + 不可数名词+ is ~lw9sm*2v2  
JXB)'d0  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 8<6H2~5<  
   A       B         C   MVYd\)\o  
  found in central and eastern Canada. cpQ5F;FI  
           D F` U~(>u'  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 >pv.,cj  
~ b Lx2=-"  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized sey,J5?  
                 A   B  hYW9a` Ht/  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. G *CPj^O  
              C     D !zA@{gvEc  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 m@Z#  
}Pcm'o_wT  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 xlI =)ak{  
①、主要考察时间状语  &9y Zfp  
>+2&7u  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. bv+u7B6,  
   A        B  C     D N,(!   
#{cy(&cz  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was * ,hhX psa  
6Tl6A>%s  
A8)4nOXM  
②、For和since的区别 Yuv i{ 0  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 ,d#*i  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ./YR8#,  
  I has been a teacher for three years. "aJHCi~l  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. 5hrI#fpOR  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 zHJCXTM  
owAO&"C  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became z(|^fi(  
   A      B              ">H*InF  
  the primary responsibility of the president. t<H"J__&  
     C    D  .U1wVIM  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 zx.qN  
Itl8#LpLM  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of f"MI D6  
             A  B  C   CFtQPTw  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 3lP;=* m.  
            D yM_/_V|G  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 .t8)`MU6.  
\v2 !5z8|  
AxEyXT(h5  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  1 .3#PdMR,  
   A       B        C     D M:+CW;||!  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live (,|,j(=]  
Bx?3E^!T  
(三) 谓语的语态 }[p{%:tP  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 Ymut]`dX  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: opcanl9pSW  
①、prove mqSVd^  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 G~9m,l+  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; I Xc `Ec  
;_}pIO  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming EGu%;[  
                      A   oF%m   
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be E|O&bUMh  
    B                  C QoD_`d  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ]H1mj#EWU  
                  D i<uU_g'M  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 !=9x=  
is.t,&H4P]  
Cfi{%,em  
②、Locate,Situate _>gz&  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 ]kj^T?&n.  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 Yh<F-WOo2  
这两个词也可以用作被动 4n,&,R r#  
  My school was located near the river. w2LnY1A  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 k+QGvgP[4@  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. wE .H:q4&  
   (A)locates \@Wv{0a(  
   (B)locating [4Q;(67  
   (C)to locate [LVXXjkFI  
   (D)is located 2?,Jn&i5  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 TmgC {_  
i"J y>'  
③、表示需要概念的动词 91R# /i  
need, want, require等 !HTOE@  
`d <`>  
My watch needed repairing )%C.IZ_s2  
My watch needed to be repaired. J""Cgf  
196aYLE  
④、表示人的情感的动词 GQ(Y#HSq  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 r-qe7K@p  
BM :x`JY  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 I~7iIUD  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。  AG(6.  
[-(^>Y  
主动和被动技巧总结: eWH0zswG  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 =2!p>>t,d;  
IMM;LC%rD9  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the k_pv6YrE  
                 A      9#DXA}  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, Ip8ml0oG  
                 B l b(  
  power structures, and flood-control works along bQ*yXJ^8  
                    C V%-hP~nyBx  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. Q [OwP  
                D ^4sfVpD2!  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 p%I)&- 8  
m]qw8BoU`F  
四、非谓语动词 :jTSO d[r  
z:Am1B  
(一) 分词 N R c4*zQJ  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 xpdpD  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 eB0exPz%  
qzW3MlD  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ,z&S;f.f  
   A dN2JOyS  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. GxdAOiq ;  
     B      C            D >)M{^  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 4*EMd!E=<  
kjYM&q  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 [c{ \el9H  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in @^| [J _4  
      A               B   v,<14w  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. Lt*P&  
               C         D %bnXZA2Sx  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living D4VDWv  
O`Tz^Q /D  
V k{;g  
一些动词后面必须用doing wm~7`&  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 $a_y-lY  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, NO!Qo:  
 advocate, suggest xF8r+{_J)  
 delay, quit *(9Tl]w  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, 3E*|^*  
 avoid, escape(逃避) (d_z\U7l  
 spend+名词+doing; rUI?{CV  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing wQSan&81Q  
;wwc;wQ'  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their hTDK[4e  
   A     B    C              D R*r4)+gd  
  crops. h%/BZC^L]|  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 D?n6h\h\$%  
a0|hLqI  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, e a=E/HR-  
               A        B b1C)@gl!Z  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 5f*_K6,v  
        C          D #*g=F4>t  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing s!IIvF  
*L^W[o  
(二) 不定式 6q^$}eOt  
A. 动词不定式的省略 DP{nvsF  
①、help后面可以省略to mi=mwN%UB  
  help do `G$>T#Dq  
  help sb. to do F{x+1hct0  
f ./K/  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid :SaZhY  
              A      B   *'?ZG/ (  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. k-ZO/yPo  
         C     D %M96 m   
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 Q+Bl1xl  
=f~<*wQ  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 QATRrIj{e  
  make, J.UNw8z  
  let, PSJj$bt;<+  
  have sb. do sth t oA}0MI(:  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. Gi)Vr\Q.  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians sTd@/>S?p  
        A               B ~|"Vl<9  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. $+80V{J#  
   C     D @1o X&#  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know cq[9#@ 4=  
|Z>-<]p9g  
③、感官动词 ~lV#- m*  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe M+:5gMB'  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 !SK`!/7c?  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 qiet <F  
%1 )c{7  
{|oWU8. l  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 i@9 qp?eb  
(1)表示第一人 GFT@Pqq  
the first woman to do sth. vEfj3+e  
5ih>x3S1/  
(2)表示迫使的动词 ` +YtTK  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do \~8W0q.4M  
F%V|Aa  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis a8TtItN  
     A                 B    _jX,1+M  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. ] !* K|?VL  
       C           D ,esEh5=Ir  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 "3VX9{'%@  
D zD5n  
B!mHO*g  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 Ar\fA)UQ`  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 oU )(/  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 g#i~^4-1  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 (8 7wWhH  
  be apt to do X_'tgP9  
2 K_ QZ  
(4)表示目的的名词, m|fcWN[  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Yp(0XP5o  
固定的句式: 1M`>;fjYa  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. ;q'-<O   
the objective 目标 346 z`5  
aim %qcCv9  
goal a)W|gx6Y  
reason理由  pF6u3]  
function功能 '?$@hqQn  
intension意图 U;3t{~Ym  
 gwIR3u  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing e,#w* |  
                       A  _t,aPowX  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. }s?3   
           B          C     D d(}? \|  
分析:the function to provide, A错 [BdRx`  
[&~x5l 8\C  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure pGU .+[|(  
                  A       #<Y3*^~5d  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds CV HKP[-  
     B  v9J1Hha#  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 2Rys:$  
    C    D D|U bh]  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 v 2rzHzFU  
6t!=k6`1  
(5) 其他同根名词 uB\UIz)e  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ,y"vf^BE.  
 attempt to do 企图 LV9R ]  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 #/I+[|=[O  
 ambition, q9x@Pc29d  
 be ambitious to do  U5ph4G  
 effort 29 !QE>Q  
>~7XBb08  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation  h('5x,G%  
  A                    B   3qGz(6w6E  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. ?.ObHV*k  
          C       D T/u61}'U{  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 G \a`F'Oo  
|H8C4^1Rq  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great (MqQ3ys  
  A                   B   f@9XSZ<.71  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. KN@ [hb 7%  
       C            D rpEIDhHv  
分析:efforts to register, C错 e6J>qwD?  
?$I9/r  
N DI4EA~z  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 +MYrNR.p  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 DHjfd+E=s  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. MowAM+?^}  
,6^Xn=o #  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 X% 99@qv  
I am glad to see you. m' j 1  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. @ZYJY  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 1W.oRD&8j/  
sm?b,T/  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 (,mV6U%  
It is difficult to decide. WAuT`^"u  
s9Tn|Pm+!\  
A3HN Mz  
五、句子的结构 J pj[.Sq  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 qxyY2&  
7[L%j;)bw  
(一) 主语的重复 ~kpa J'm  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 7c%d Ss6  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 0.PG]K6  
          A      B      1NTx?JJfW  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the l7<VHz0b  
          C          D VWYNq^<AT  
  League of Nations. ?J+*i d  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 ",5=LW& ,  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson <Vh5`-J  
|Ul4n@+2  
wT3D9N.  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are c8_,S[W  
        A        B  wpNb/U  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. %Zfh6Bl\X  
    C         D !6#.%"{-  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 q{[y4c1bG{  
LF (S"Of  
(二)谓语的重复 i gnOF  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 3+ C;zDKa  
f* m ^x7  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  *uxKI:rB:  
    A            B    u2':~h?l  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. =8]Ru(#Ig  
         C   D }\A 0g}  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 8H3O6ro  
AGx(IK/_  
(三)谓语的缺少 &u) qw }  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body l{kacfk#  
          A     B    M%!j\}2A  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be.  ?f5||^7  
         C               D Vrp]YR L`  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 mndEB!b  
JmBMc }54  
(四)主句的重复 ? ]} =4  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 Z ]OX6G  
#S|On[Q!  
+~;#!I@Di  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 0U2dNLc  
      A         B        C    Kc3/*eu;  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Ax4;[K\Q  
     D (+TL ]9P  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 `K2vG`c  
CZCVC (/u  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow q}&+{dN\1  
        A   B       7l '1  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. c,*a|@  
      C    D 368H6 Jj  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 u/`x@u  
_`9WNJiL  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided h{PJ4U{W  
   A                     B   8KzH -  
  names for towns, only George Washington hnv0Loe.IW  
      C 3TKl  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 9lX+?m~ ~  
          D &KeD{M%  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 pzDz@lAwR  
六、比较级和最高级 * \ tR  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 T"Nnl(cO_  
.zdmUS :  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 \j vS`+  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which Z ^yn S  
      A               gL wNHS  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. \Xg`@JrTM  
     B       C           D '/F~vSQsR  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 [i]%PVGW  
)B  Xl|V,  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 7+J<N@.d  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. ` )1qq @  
     A      B     C  D { *Wc`ZBY  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 l,E4h-$  
<V4"+5cJ8  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere #r80FVwiD  
     A       B     C   D . J9\Fr@  
  is the grizzly bear. "I45=nf  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 wW'.bqA  
%A;s 3 ]V  
4yRX{Bl|  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 4{ exv  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ~RnBs`&!  
&d[%  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with q&EwD(k  
   A           B  6)#%36rP  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. A,GJ6qp3  
   C                 D P, SI0$Z  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 aW$))J)0  
C~VyM1inD  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 5lakP?  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as \W})Z72  
<e'l"3+9(  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 }{ "RgT-qG  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 fuA 8jx  
the taller boy kpO+  
kX]p;C  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 zH?&FtO  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed .1?7)k v  
          A            B B?<Z (d7  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is . aqP=  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. ?VT ]bxb  
    C          D JB\BP$ap  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they >{kPa|  
`_H^k !^  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 Y@M l}43  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, } T<oLvS  
  A  B         C     1`8(O >5  
  the Navajos form largest group. \%:]o-+"I  
         D b'~IFNt*^  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 X~Vr}  
'P?DZE  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, HxH=~B1"P  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language h^6Yjy  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the `` mi9E  
N8:&v  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 9ApGn!`  
            A      B         C r =ds'n"  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. VpMPTEZ*L  
            D V2?&3Z) W  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 !56gJJ-r  
U1^R+ *yp  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the +~A<&7[}  
例如:my best friends b,#E.%SLw  
8Q Gj:3  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial 'qg q8  
            A    B     C t7p`A8&  
  and banking center. ;Q =EI%_tv  
        D |<ZkJR3B  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 e r;3TG~  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 q:1_D>  
97um7n  
k&1~y W  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary oGLSk (T&I  
                 A         E@_M|=p&  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. &,Xs=Lv mq  
    B   C     D X=p~`Ar M{  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 _;B N;].  
9R"bo*RIS  
七、平行结构 IPl>bD~=p  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 M9@#W"  
xe: D7  
|j i}LWcD  
(一) 对等连接词 ]AGJPuX  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 -< 7KW0CA  
单一式: and, or ,but &0 VM <  
相关式: both…and, not … but, jBEt!Azur  
     either …or, neither…nor { A(= phN  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as +mP3 y~|-j  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, ]*^mT&$7  
没有so...as... h@z(yB j:0  
between…and, f#l/N%VoBZ  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also V&_5q`L  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, kvdzD6T 9  
,h1r6&MEY  
短语式: as well as #TUsi,jG  
     rather than (而不是) XQk9 U  
     other than (除…之外) ?#\?&uFJ}  
     instead of (代替) 0=s+bo1  
79a{Zwdd9j  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 WZCX&ui  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  =?57*=]0M  
       A     B   [6 !/  
  but he is now living in Detroit. A{;b^ IK  
       C   D  ?S0VtHQ  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 @yB!?x  
-^;G^Uq6=  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics C did*hxJ  
       A         B q[q#cY:0  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford i<1w*yu  
  remained active in city and regional planning. DSy,#yA  
          C    D  \GbT^!d j  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 "^<:7_Y  
(二)平行的内容 :H\6wJ  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 t_,iV9NrZ  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of u3 ?+Hu|*T  
             A         B   Z[AJat@H  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, ^$_ifkkLz  
         C            D akBR"y:~:H  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. Cz?N[dhh  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 0c7&J?"wE  
~?-U J^#  
5HL JkOV5  
第二、名词单复数的平行 .rG Rdb  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 D/{Tl  
n1uJQt  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, {)ZbOq2  
  A     B          C   .m/Lon E  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 2{XQDOyA  
                 D   Fdu0?H2TL  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 P!B\:B%4~]  
>eAlz 4  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, `z5j  
                   A         B |mk$W$h  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. $./JA) `  
      C          D SY<!-g<1F  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have *qY`MW  
_h@7>+vl~  
第三、时态的平行 *[W!ng  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ^;W,:y&  
                A     "Oh-`C  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 0[PP Vr:  
                   B faD (, H  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 79:x>i=  
          C    D vh?({A#>.E  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 'n!;7*  
a/_ sL(F{  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- OYG8%L  
  spread from its home in Central America and Rc?wIL)  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 7i 334iQZ  
   (A) to be    (B) it   dHf_&X2A  
   (C) the     (D) its nF A7@hsm  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? z6'zNM7M  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow *tz"T-6O  
K{M_  4'\  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- JWMIZ{/M  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. ^>g+:?x  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised a5Xr"-  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised JO+ hD4L  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 6],5X^*Y  
qZ_^#%zO  
第四、排列位置的平行 3gv>AgG  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. {hg,F?p '  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode :l3Tt<  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  .%WbXs  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes /Pg66H#RUf  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes zq{L:.#ha  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 8{Zgvqbb  
"=yaeEp  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: TO( =4;U  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 [(#ncR8B  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 S'6(&"XC H  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 InPq1AH  
(]mN09uE  
八、词序的颠倒 HpNf f0c  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 K +w3YA  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 Fm [,u  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ]dk~C?H  
              A    B        Wv(VV [?/&  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. YEVH?`G  
      C       D    /x$O6gi  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 E8FS jLZ  
gfih;i.pY  
=P0~=UP  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 61!R -  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only aQinR "o  
          A      B     =GnDiI  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. RUO,tB|(_;  
    C         D Du[$6  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 SB eb}LZ  
ZIpL4y =_  
%3z-^#B=  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 E(TL+o  
w(.k6:e  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 9Z rWG  
          A   B     C   in#g  
  in what is now the United States. uN6TV*]:  
    D tR0o6s@v/<  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 qBKIl= ne  
vxZz9+UbF  
所有的系动词分为三大类: x*bM C&Ea  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, Td"f(&Hk&  
    is, remain, keep, stay, pS*vwYA  
    lie, exit(表示位于) a.wRJ  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 )Hl;9  
    become, turn, grow, r-&4<=C/N  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 9s5CqB  
)}n`MRDB  
第三种,感官动词 &``;1/J*W  
    seem(好像是) C x$|7J=O  
    look(看起来好像是) tY%c-m  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste qK;n>BTe  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 :m^eNS6:  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe RK"dPr  
    A               B     FeLWQn/aV6  
   to cause numerous deaths. _%z)Y=Q  
        C   D  f=g/_R2$xN  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 2/qfK+a  
b!<?,S  
九、词性的混用 FU5vo  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 !-LPFy>  
C4TJS,!1rH  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 'zi5ihiT  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; "2N3L8?k  
$PHKI B(  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high [1 w  
          A        B      (9fqUbG  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and &6r".\; ^  
              C +cQ4u4  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. L7%Dc2{^(  
          D F+*: >@3  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) FzA_-d/_dg  
^HX={(ddK  
<P(d%XEl  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 b ]1SuL  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 W ^60BZ  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds fPZBm&`C  
         A       B      X./8 PK?&  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to -`&4>\o2Lx  
          C        1sGkbfh{t  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. ?dC[VYC\^  
            D ?K|PM <A  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 }i|o":-x+  
O]4!U#A  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, =@G#c5H*  
            A       t`Mm  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of 1CFrV=d  
      B      C $/Zsy6q:  
   urban Black people in the United States. Q^b_+M  
   D lWd)(9K j  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 7.hVbjy'-  
N@58R9P<p  
0$":W  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 WFjNS'WI_  
表示时间有两种可能, HI,1~ Jw+  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 J,4]d u$  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, &&M-5XD  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 *<Fz1~%*  
7iLm_#M  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 9c=Y+=<  
       A     B     gupB8 .!  
  were made while the American Civil War. T9*\I TA  
   C    D ~Rs|W;  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 8rGW G  
N#bWMZ"  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the O->i>d  
   A      B           C    b+OLmd  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. G"5Nj3v d  
          D 8v*>~E/0  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 y$r9Y !?s  
f0IljY!.  
v|?hc'Fj  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 SV<*qz  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 QTz{ZNi!  
= EyxM  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social o!q9pt  
                   A     (|' w$  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. YQ,IdWav  
     B   C    D dsR{ P,!  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 p? iJ'K  
;wL *  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples j /)cdP  
   A        B   C      T55l-.>  
  easily under the stress of compression. 7@fd [  
   D ,*E%D _  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 @tEVgyN  
"sAR< 5b  
a}i{b2B  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 o4w+)hh  
nI2}E  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine g_0"T}09(  
    A         B n\,TW&3  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. Wn0r[h5t  
          C            D E OtrrfT&  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 f910drg 7  
&U4]hawbOU  
]DmqhK`  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, m9#u. Q*  
         A B susXW$  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. `c:'il?  
   B      C      D *ivbk /8  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 3-o ]H'6  
 %ef+Z  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 V9Au\  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; wf|CE410  
two hundred diligent students
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