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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 +%  !'~  
一、代词 tV"Jh>Z  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ifI0s)Pn  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 u2 t=*<X  
  主格、宾格、所有格 6]NaP _\0  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) z2~\ b3G  
zGaqYbQD  
(二) 反身代词 M REB  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 X 4CiVV  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) WX4 f3Um  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) !uW;Ea?  
/*e6('9s  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  ~xt]g zp{  
    A                 B    !QlCt>{  
  a series of indicators that could help 'OI(MuSn  
             C      #`@5`;U>#  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. js;k,`  
    D W4q |55  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 d]vom@iI  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 3w}ul~>j  
sL)7MtNwy  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 /HVxZ2bar  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 I#/"6%e  
U;#G $  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies 7Qd boEa  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the !@>q^_Gez  
     A   B      C          D A "/|h].  
  Pacific. YBL.R;^v  
U>0 bgL  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Z5eM  
?Xj@Sx  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 xoQ(GrBY  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: K!(hj '0.  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 y ~Fi  
@<koL  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined CYYo+5x  
                       A   $!^C|,CS  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and S@Aw1i p  
             B Ec&_&  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. C(vQR~_  
   C       D ~Rw][Ys  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 "sT)<Wc  
O7m-_#/\   
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important wli H3 vA_  
        A     h-\Ov{~  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John T1%}H3  
   B        C      ^ywDa^;-  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  7C wWf  
      D pTT00`R  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. K^P&3H*(/n  
tT+W>oA/M  
jp|*kBDq\  
(四) Who和which的区别 o5:md :\  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 yb,$UT"]  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 *JAC+<~d  
4'td6F  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who #Z,@yJ2wl  
              A            B y;_F[m  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. sRZ?Ilua6  
   C                  D D=K{(0{"/,  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 s> %.bAxc  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 v]rbm}uU9  
P=7X+}@  
(五) that和which的区别 egH,7f(yP  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 WVz2 bzj  
y`z4S,  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it pH(X;OC 9S  
              A        B ,/kZt!  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. PXML1.r$Q  
      C              D XA;f.u  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 HD3WsIim*  
bYqv)_8  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Pz\B yD  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ,v`03?8l(  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when N1$PW~)Y  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. f '*/IG  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which  Frz  
CIf@G>e-  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly %dzO*/8cWo  
              A         B   Q [C26U  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. FM(EOsWk  
         C      D Z9|A"[b  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 unKl5A[h  
[lVfhXc&  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  Y[_|sIy*  
  affected the way people in the United States----. g4YlG"O[~  
   (A) living and working Vw.)T/B_D  
   (B) they live and work ijvDFyN>  
   (C) live and work s= 5 k7  
   (D) to live and to work +@yU `  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ^q#[oO  
u&[L!w  
二、介词 !^s -~`'\~  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 !Q5,Zhgr  
&328pOT4  
(一) 介词搭配 {`e-%<  
U OGjil{.  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those }0Uh<v@  
    A         B   C      pzoh9}bue  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ,zr,>^ v  
                D K=E+QvSG  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 xx|D#Z}G  
t& F:C  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. *uf)t,%  
A       B     C  D :zq Un&k&  
分析:B错改为be rich in z^jmf_  
~d1=_p:~T  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the HFTeG4R  
    A         B      C ARt{ 2|  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. =S\^j"  
             D ]z8/S!?  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 UN F\k1[  
R4R\B  
C22h*QM*  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 8_G6X\q};  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 &-p~ UZy  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. oXqJypR 2  
          A      B  C     D ,c$tKj5ulQ  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Y\WVkd(+G  
XP0;Q;WF}  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has !lL `L \  
                 A  B     CGlEc  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on t 4zUj%F  
      C %4F\#" A  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 9}a$0H h  
      D #NGtba  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ks6iy}f7  
+se OoTKR  
2、介词by B8"c+< b  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by i2(v7Gef  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing }F/w34+;  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States r-L& ee   
    A         B       SCe$v76p#  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. )*XWe|H_  
   C     D :[(%4se  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 =[!(s/+>L  
dQ-shfTr]  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils /5"T46jD  
   A                      !X$19"  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 4%8den,|  
     B    C       D i^iu #WC  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 1 hFh F^  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 %kop's&?C  
B0)|sH  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 7)[Ve1;/N  
        A                GH-Fqz  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements !03JA9lo  
        B          C   l4r >#n\yj  
  that are often represented at symbols. +^esL9RG:  
              D N6u>V~i  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 PWx%~U.8~j  
三、谓语动词 Z : xb8]y  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 v&/H6r#E.  
①、主谓分割原则 Y G8C<g6E7  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, eIF6f& F  
     A     46e?%0(  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. K x) PK  
        B      C      D I}|a7,8   
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 fR@Cg sw  
aZ_3@I{d`  
②、与后者一致原则 C,eP!_O  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, R_+:nCB@,  
not only…but also % PB{jo  
:n{{\SSIgX  
hI*v )c  
③、与前者一致原则 V?G%-+^  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 6=$< R4B  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 xl,% Z~[  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 1`L.$T,1!  
     A      B  C     )LKJfoo PY  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. =gR/ t@Ld  
         D 3fQ`}OcNr  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 5rck]L'  
y3 N[F  
④、就近原则 ~!5Qb{^  
or, either…or, neither…nor, YzG?K0O%  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are &a=rJvnIO&  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ^ }5KM87  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 TS+jDs  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ;K8}Yq9p9  
N_B^k8j  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are _wb]tE ~g  
        A      B         {p/Yz#  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. F::Ki4{jJ  
    C              D 2%R.~9HtA  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 hO.b?>3NL  
08^f|K  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 -A<@Pg  
There are five apples that are red. LB]3-FsU+  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 J>T98y/))  
?K2EK'-q  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 52o^]  
      A            2Ul8<${c{  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. qfCZ [D  
   B   C    D #Ox@[Z1I  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 6g#yzex  
"wZvr}xk  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 v07A3oj  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. e&i`/m5  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 = ) 3\B  
9fb bJ"I+  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 \l3z <\  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: q+8de_"]  
a. there be 句型 aiz ws[C  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ! a\v)R  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 .Y7Kd+)s)L  
ZZHQ?p-  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. v]Pyz<+  
   A     B      C    D    lcpiCZ  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ~};q/-[r  
YSPUQ  
"v0bdaQH3  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 7y30TU  
             A     B    M/[_~  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 *v8daF  
     C         %o\+R0K  
  miles in width. C`qV+pV  
     D  bnvY2-O6  
分析:倒装句,are改为is ps`j>vX*  
/L(}VJg-  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ^A\(M%*F  
   A    B       C         6)i>qz).  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film x{ `{j'  
                    D JP( tf+  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. T)q Uf H  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 RTg\c[=w  
hCgk78O?  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 H ~fF; I  
fifty percent of + 名词 :6(@P1vA 6  
one percent of + 名词 "D4% A!i  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: oy[ px9Wx  
  one percent of my students + are sEfT#$ a^8  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. f9y+-GhaD  
L|s\IM1g  
这里要强调两个结构 ]^wr+9zd  
half of =fifty percent mv,a>Cvs[  
most of + 可数名词 + are n?D/bXp  
most of + 不可数名词+ is e_!Z-#\J%  
M5:*aCN6P  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been H!"TS-s`  
   A       B         C   /ET+`=n  
  found in central and eastern Canada. 1.8"N&s  
           D 'T qF}a7  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 b9T6JS j  
hz<TjWXv'  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized `@ ,Vbn^_  
                 A   B  Vom,^`}  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. }|M:MJ`  
              C     D `]4(Z"R  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 *M#L)c;6  
&IRM<A!8  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Bzt:9hr6BO  
①、主要考察时间状语 d, ?GW  
%`lJAW[  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. _.]mES|  
   A        B  C     D lS p"(&  
;GOu'34j  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ?X\.O-=4X  
N6+^}2' *)  
SH8zkAA7u}  
②、For和since的区别 6 A#xFPYY{  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 o#z$LT 1dY  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 w"QZ7EyJ  
  I has been a teacher for three years. 0u( 0*Xl  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. 61gyx6v  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 _T8S4s8q  
#QSSpsF@  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became R@_3?Z!W=  
   A      B              <X& fs*x&  
  the primary responsibility of the president. :mf&,?  
     C    D ?(Plb&kR  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 B J  I N  
ke<5]&x  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of \\Q){\S  
             A  B  C   C6@*l~j  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. kr |k \  
            D BTG_c_ ?]e  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 uf (_<~  
ORWi+H|  
F`{O  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  Rxlv:  
   A       B        C     D Bm%|WQK  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live q 6>}  
=]pEvj9o  
(三) 谓语的语态 8xh x*A  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 v.u 5%  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: fM*?i"j;Y  
①、prove n'JS-  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ];b+f@  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; sdyNJh7Jr  
5dD8s-;^T  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming r_ B.b K  
                      A   9e vQQN6D|  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be $% gz, {  
    B                  C } _^ vvu  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. h.l.da1#  
                  D Tm7LaM  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 KU+\fwYpnk  
X')l04P@%  
bw7gL\*  
②、Locate,Situate ZW0\_1  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 qK9A /Mc  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 u%I%4 gM  
这两个词也可以用作被动 LXhR"PWZM\  
  My school was located near the river. "zCT S  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 b0f6p>~q^  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 6KXW]a `  
   (A)locates u GqeT#dP  
   (B)locating - _6`0  
   (C)to locate UX<-jY#'V  
   (D)is located &1&OXm$  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 g;nLR<]  
) jvI Nb  
③、表示需要概念的动词 <m VFC  
need, want, require等 }Q]-Y :  
la!U  
My watch needed repairing kS9;Tjcx  
My watch needed to be repaired. "19#{yX4  
4# ]g852  
④、表示人的情感的动词 y@1QVt04  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 ,r]H+vWS  
n]D io  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 vD?D]8.F~Q  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 bGK *1FlH  
X"r.*fb;N  
主动和被动技巧总结: qBh@^GxY),  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 q1x[hv3 pP  
g}gGm[1SUo  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the <*dcl2xS  
                 A      wQjYH!u,YZ  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, !k*B-@F  
                 B 7iwck.*  
  power structures, and flood-control works along V\{@c%xW  
                    C *i:8g(  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. k} &wy  
                D p I 8z.JD  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 fDplYn#  
. !Z5A9^  
四、非谓语动词 a3\~AO H%  
ly0L)L]\  
(一) 分词 ]w _&%mB  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 M:%g)FgW  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 iQ8{N:58DN  
zF[Xem  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Z$KyK.FUU  
   A ~/-SKGzo-  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. R3lZ|rxv:  
     B      C            D {nUmlP=mS  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning MZ-;'w&Z  
eZ]r"_?  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 2#lpIj  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in y'odn ;  
      A               B   6V1oZ-:}  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. w`f66*@Q1  
               C         D U2<q dknB  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 4_j_!QH87  
B F gxa#De  
OF']-  
一些动词后面必须用doing T5ky:{Y (  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 9v*y&V9/  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, >h#juO"  
 advocate, suggest E Zf|>^N  
 delay, quit D3dh,&KO\  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, f:~G)  
 avoid, escape(逃避) (n?f016*%d  
 spend+名词+doing; H@wjZ;R  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Kn5C  
VpHwc!APq  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their l6w\E=K  
   A     B    C              D ,~Xe#e M  
  crops. lg$aRqI29  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 iz/CC V L  
ZZ^A&%E(a  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, R+uZi~  
               A        B pn(i18 x  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. vW*Mf}=  
        C          D 4+ d(d  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing >@bU8}rT  
-YQS\@?  
(二) 不定式 -nC&t~sD  
A. 动词不定式的省略 V(ww F  
①、help后面可以省略to O ] !tK  
  help do U ^O4HJ  
  help sb. to do Gd\/n*j  
ATc!c +  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid &4WA/'>R  
              A      B   Wll0mtv  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. m)<+?Bv y  
         C     D *.wj3' wV  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 l{8O'4;  
 bV(BwWm  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ceks~[rP  
  make, wo(O+L/w  
  let, r]\[G6mE%  
  have sb. do sth Z D"*fr  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 7)#JrpTj%  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians _8 K|2$X  
        A               B LHZsmUM(dg  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. R{A$|Ipaq  
   C     D .0U[n t6  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Y}.f&rLe  
ShV_8F z  
③、感官动词 +[n#{;]<  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe J7{D6@yLS  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 tuwlsBV  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 FYC]^D  
0)K~pV0aT  
 1 <T|  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 - 9+$z|K  
(1)表示第一人 XHgW9;M!  
the first woman to do sth. 1l^[%0  
N,9~J"z  
(2)表示迫使的动词 vOKNBR2  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do /03 Wst  
qPDRB.K|}  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis Bo ywgL|  
     A                 B    wS7Vo{#@\  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. YT[=o}jS  
       C           D [\Aws^fD_  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 S%?>Mh?g  
I}y6ke!  
o^d|/;  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 gV:0&g\v  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 OOnj(%g  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Ha ZV7  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 I-J%yutB  
  be apt to do {~g7&+9x*  
g?j^d:  
(4)表示目的的名词, b/#<::D `  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 91a);d  
固定的句式: oz3!%'  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. jt3W.^6HO  
the objective 目标 %%wngiz\  
aim 0T$`;~  
goal Y<@_d  
reason理由 v )2yR~J  
function功能 oOXJ7 |n  
intension意图 Mj19;nc0I  
EjEXev<]  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing <x$f D37  
                       A  "4*QA0 As  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 4l/~::y  
           B          C     D fl_a@QdB#  
分析:the function to provide, A错 q7rX4-G$  
`I|Y7GoUO  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure H3JDA^5  
                  A       1o   
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds N=8CVI  
     B  f,@~@f X  
  that make up various components of a living cell. Jx4~o{Z}c  
    C    D _B}QS"A  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 9<Th: t|w  
kY~yA2*G  
(5) 其他同根名词 ~;wR}s<}(  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 bXHtw} n  
 attempt to do 企图 MY&?*pV)  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 x1#6~283  
 ambition, # kmI#W"^  
 be ambitious to do  DEzL]1;P  
 effort F2=#\ U$  
{JcMJZ3  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 3\P/4GK)  
  A                    B   [rhK2fr:i  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. mgEZiAV?  
          C       D @v}M\$N?  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 072`i 46  
`+WQ^dP@  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great Sj4@pMh4  
  A                   B   b=Q%Jxz?  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. M5LqZyY  
       C            D IAbH_+7O  
分析:efforts to register, C错 }j#c#''i  
fAeq(tI=  
SL%lY  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 2` h  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 " 1$hfs  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. .n| M5X  
[ Q20c<,  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 uTUkRqtD!  
I am glad to see you. q^kOyA.  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. & Pzr)W(  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. I!,FxOM|$  
0SWec7G  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 :mz6*0qW  
It is difficult to decide. Y- c_ 2 )  
h{M.+I$}C  
"zBYhZr  
五、句子的结构 d+Jj4OnP  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 FFqqAT5  
#+Cu&l  
(一) 主语的重复 5J8U] :Y)  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 *H,vqs\}y  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Q>emyij  
          A      B      _kT$/k  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the {kgV3 [%>  
          C          D ey>V^Fj  
  League of Nations. x0_$,Tz@  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 E"$AOM?(*i  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson jO# 5ZhG  
c)OQ_3xOs  
H[&X${ap  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ACcxQK}  
        A        B  ?4,e?S6,[  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. UFy" hJchO  
    C         D D|p`~(  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 1FiFP5  
`Al( AT(p  
(二)谓语的重复 ki[Yu+';}  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 =N%;HfUD  
Gn_rf"  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  8QN#PaY  
    A            B    B2P jS1z2  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. ({}JvSn1  
         C   D z\fmwI  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 N>S_Vgk}  
'%$)"g]/#  
(三)谓语的缺少 [80L|?, *  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 1 \_S1ZS  
          A     B    ~a^"VQ5]ac  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. "Y Z B@  
         C               D 6ZCSCBW  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 hqA6%Y^k  
V uqJ&U.-  
(四)主句的重复 ~h Sr06IY  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 /K{` gc  
)!:}R}q  
U&uop$/Cq  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite "[[9i  
      A         B        C   M~Tx 4_t  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. u!FX 0Ip  
     D =N5~iMorD-  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 b42"Y,sbB  
e^?0uVxS1  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow =@F1J7  
        A   B       DeTx7i0  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. 5m _$21  
      C    D biJ"@dm 4  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 8cV3VapF  
=.Tc l"O[  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided h JVy-]   
   A                     B  bG`aF*10)!  
  names for towns, only George Washington rq;Xcc  
      C }pOem}  
  is remembered in the name of a state. RqV* O}Am  
          D vhA 4ol  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 Vz(O=w=  
六、比较级和最高级 jA&ZO>4  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 73b(A|kQ@  
j F5Y-CX  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 jea{BhdUr  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which f@3?kM(  
      A               \e89 >m  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 1{ TmK9U  
     B       C           D fwe4f  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 Ev adY  
5cr d.1@^  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Fx6c*KNX3  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. - '<K_e;  
     A      B     C  D Bu[sSoA  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 /$w,8pV =  
qL;OE.?oA  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere b0QC91   
     A       B     C   D fi |k)  
  is the grizzly bear. }0Q_yuzx0m  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 7gX#^YkE+k  
u,E_Ezq  
Aoi) 11>  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 [&Yrnkgr  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ><t4 f(d  
(qG}`?219J  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with aR- ?t14  
   A           B  DJ zJ$Q  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. l2Gtw*i_I  
   C                 D YadG05PDe  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 k H.e"e  
#N?VbDK9_  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 mz[Q]e~&i  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as >}"9heF  
>/BMA;`  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 4r+@7hnK  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 O`M 6 =\  
the taller boy 6Z}8"VJr {  
3Fu5,H EJ  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 bjO?k54I  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Wb1?>q  
          A            B {^z>uRZ3  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is e+TSjm  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. 6E)emFkQ  
    C          D &1 BACKu  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they f>!H<4 ]  
Sc.@u3  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以  X_\$hF  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, +jPJv[W  
  A  B         C     kMz*10$gn  
  the Navajos form largest group. +~7x+6E  
         D Jv8JCu"eky  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 l^cz&k=+  
j=up7395  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, (g*mC7 HN  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language W6A-/;S\  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ty>9i]Y-  
1C5~GI`  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 6N#0D2~^  
            A      B         C P-_2IZiz  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 0 3?7kAI  
            D 1 G}\IK1+  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 #trb4c{{5  
) >H11o{&  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the + v)+ k  
例如:my best friends wZsjbNf`K  
k++"  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial -%_vb6u  
            A    B     C ($X2 SIZh  
  and banking center. V2B: DIpr  
        D )~{8C:  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ~j36(`t  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 \B Uno6  
_x]q`[Dih  
C>*1f|<  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary WxJV zHtR  
                 A         R/\qDY,@  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. APv& ^\oUH  
    B   C     D mNPz%B  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 D}/ nE>*  
`s\E"QeZN  
七、平行结构 hr?0RPp}  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 5n1T7-QCL  
CP LsSv5  
l:14uWu|  
(一) 对等连接词 z]R% A:6K  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 a\xf\$Ym  
单一式: and, or ,but W0LJ Xp-v  
相关式: both…and, not … but, %&M*G@j  
     either …or, neither…nor 9)S,c =z83  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as '^`%  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, T5+ (Fz  
没有so...as... cdv0:+[P  
between…and, L[. )!c8k  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also t|v_[Za}Z  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, RX ,c4;  
gezZYP)d  
短语式: as well as 6G;t:[H G  
     rather than (而不是) xX\A& 9m  
     other than (除…之外) x-H R[{C  
     instead of (代替) ?dQ#% 06mn  
V ee;&  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 10ZL-7D#m  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  0Rz",Mu>  
       A     B   Rqun}v}  
  but he is now living in Detroit. WbHI>tt  
       C   D M<3m/l%`Y  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 cE3V0voSw1  
D|"^ :Gi  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics QUi=ZD1  
       A         B b)+;@wa~  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford #yR@.&P  
  remained active in city and regional planning. F1b~S;lm  
          C    D  RRJN@|"  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 \j~LxV  
(二)平行的内容 )Ga 3Ji}'  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 ZsL-vlv  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of zK ir  
             A         B   nISfRXU;  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, %|gj46  
         C            D m; m4/z3U  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. `yWWX.`  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 mc}r15:<  
UZ3oc[#D=]  
w@\quy:  
第二、名词单复数的平行 x\!Uk!fM  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 6>; dJV  
'3V?M;3|K  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, D4W^{/S  
  A     B          C   a>/jW-?  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. o9D]\PdL>  
                 D   oB]   
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 SPU_@ Pk  
@&E{ L  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, Y]!{ n W  
                   A         B Kh;jiK !  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. dr8` ;$;G*  
      C          D ~}F$1;t0  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ,c_NXC^X?  
X1{U''$ K  
第三、时态的平行 VvTs87  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated v3{[rK}  
                A     .ko}m{  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ><Z`) }f  
                   B @(_M\>!%M  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. G>fJ)A  
          C    D +8etCx  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 d 9n{jv|  
crdp`}}  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- j*a Yh^  
  spread from its home in Central America and < BNCo5*  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 7>Oa, \  
   (A) to be    (B) it   "|:I ]ZB  
   (C) the     (D) its NhDM h8=$^  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? p&%M=SzN  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow :U7m@3czU  
ADa'(#+6  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- =<M7t*!  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 9-9:]2~g!  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised K{)YnY_E;  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised ] EzX$T  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 *?#t (Y[  
'0!IF&p'  
第四、排列位置的平行 Ih!D6  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. @?GOOD_i  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode P|S'MS';:  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  D* oJ z3[  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes u/% 4WgA  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes (!nhU   
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 \gE3wmSJ,  
1z\>>N$7B  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: IJ% S[>  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 m*h, <,}-+  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 o >=YoG  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误  psg}sl/  
^%v<I"<Uq5  
八、词序的颠倒 =~&Fq $$  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 &S.zc@rN  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 =%:mZ@x'  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage Ah2%LXdHA  
              A    B        G}tq'#]E{z  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 2 AZ[gr@c  
      C       D    S? }@2[  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 |4i,Vkfhe  
 _"ysJ&  
K/ q:aMq  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 P]Z}% 8^O  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only edPnC {?s  
          A      B     JF>mybB  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. <R:KR(bT  
    C         D ChLU(IPo6  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 (U/xpj}  
]?L?q2>&  
_Y*: l7  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 z(^p@&r)F  
35yhe:$nf  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were l_LfVON  
          A   B     C   t-SGG{  
  in what is now the United States. F!VC19<1O8  
    D t=~5 I >  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 -t % .I=|  
uH]n/Kv1,  
所有的系动词分为三大类: L iJ;A*  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, WKpHb:H  
    is, remain, keep, stay, pTmG\w A~$  
    lie, exit(表示位于) bTKzwNx  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 tiwhG%?2  
    become, turn, grow, |mrAvm}  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Ssaf RK$  
NS=puo  
第三种,感官动词 b/]C, P  
    seem(好像是) G\TyXq_4  
    look(看起来好像是) lbg!B4,  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste f&^K>Jt1@#  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 U,Z.MP Q  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe Q=~e|  
    A               B     xgJ2W_  
   to cause numerous deaths. b#k$/A@  
        C   D  ? _[gs/i}  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 50rq} -  
)R{4"&&2  
九、词性的混用 4jis\W}%L3  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 u&bo32fc  
"v jFL9  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 Dw;L=4F |  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 9+=U&*  
R$(,~~MH  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 8Z/P<u  
          A        B      athU  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ^7TM.lE  
              C nd_d tsp#  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. XkuNLs4  
          D Thw E1M  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 69r<Z  
292e0cE  
98Pt&C?-B  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 <G\q/!@_  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 : B$ d  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds _hAp@? M  
         A       B      h&[]B*BLr  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to =<iK3bPkU  
          C        o}7`SYn  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting.  yYp!s  
            D <.s[x~b\`  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 2^Q)~sSf9  
ISa2|v;M  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, ,>`wz^z  
            A       ^yu0Veypy  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of K.",=\53  
      B      C *s S7^OZ*  
   urban Black people in the United States. R4]t D|  
   D qOV#$dkY  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 M@E*_U!U  
D7olu29  
\=XAl >}\  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 MU<Y,4/k  
表示时间有两种可能, g"FG7E&  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子  #dtYa  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, o;D87E6Z  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 5nkx8JJ  
C~yfuPr\B  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence ~kD/dXt  
       A     B     8G6PcTqv"  
  were made while the American Civil War. +5JCbT@y  
   C    D =%%\b_\L  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 2+s_*zM-  
F@& R"-  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the \A6MVMF8  
   A      B           C    \j+O |#`|)  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. rh5R kiF~  
          D j #f+0  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 xdd7OSc0{  
rr>QG<i;G  
] QGYEjW  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 v~H1Il_+  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 J}c5 7$Z  
ug'I:#@2  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social : ^F+m QN  
                   A     5|my}.TR  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 0&mo1 k_U  
     B   C    D ! @{rk p  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 K_{f6c<  
m2E$[g  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples  9f+|m9~2  
   A        B   C      3FT%.dV^  
  easily under the stress of compression.  Zf68 EB  
   D x|d Xa0=N_  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 es]\ xw  
*%l&'+   
"nPmQ  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 F1J Sf&8  
J]UlCg  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine S~d_SU~>`  
    A         B f#_XR  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. '@>FtF[Gu  
          C            D EAn}8#r'(8  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 nF~</>  
!%5ae82~3  
X0 O0Y>"  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, !8yw!hA  
         A b#bdz1@s  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. +(0Fab8g  
   B      C      D TC[_Ip&  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 `*cT79  
E{kh)-   
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 #qXE[%  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; 4o8uWS{`  
two hundred diligent students
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