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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 m WP&N#vwh  
一、代词 lkp$rJ#6  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 @5 ??` n  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 mU[  
  主格、宾格、所有格 C%%gCPI^y  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) (B*,|D[J@i  
@eESKg(,  
(二) 反身代词 ww+,G nV  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 Rb^G~82d?  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) wSZMHIW  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 1<Uv4S  
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  N]ebKe  
    A                 B    ]X X>h~0  
  a series of indicators that could help [_KOU2  
             C      %Yg|QBm|  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. Lv)1 )'v0  
    D $&jVEMia  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 05jjLM'e  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 M`* BS  
oe=1[9T"  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 M D& 7k,!  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 k2#|^N  
d<m.5ECC}  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies [{>1wJ Pdj  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the .E7"Lfs-  
     A   B      C          D  \IqCC h  
  Pacific. {=U*!`D  
0<f.r~  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Bf[`o<c  
{lppv(U  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 Wn?),=WQ{  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Jy('tfAHp  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 cT;Zz5  
Cm"S=gV  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Nz; \PS  
                       A    5IF$M2j  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and #]gmM  
             B P>`|.@  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 4_$.gO  
   C       D /fAAQ7  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 vF[ 4kDHk  
*{\))Zmhd  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important #nAq~@X  
        A     3 4& xh1=3  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John )V_;]9<wt  
   B        C      t-<BRnxhE  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  $3%+N|L  
      D Ap4.c8f?Q-  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. MpIiHKQ G9  
8N 3y(y0  
%hdjQIH  
(四) Who和which的区别 h@y>QhYU0  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 f/iM I)J  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 aeAx0yE[p  
Tf? `_jL  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who @~UQU)-(  
              A            B WJ[>p ELT,  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. {];-b0MS~  
   C                  D GQQp(%T  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 }d;6.~Gw  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 5}Xi`'g,  
HPJHA ,  
(五) that和which的区别 *;~u 5y2b  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 AYpvGl'  
ik;F@kdm`  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it WIpV'F|t]`  
              A        B #N'9 w .  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. vUOl@UQ5  
      C              D .`V$j.a  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ' 2O @  
fFWi 3.  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 =  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, H\\FAOj  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Id>4fF:o  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. P=\{  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which `|nCnT'  
Pnm$g; `P  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly o)^ W z  
              A         B   :Jv5Flxl  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. wJCw6&D,/  
         C      D  0yq  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 fwV2b<[  
hpPacN  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  #jW=K&;  
  affected the way people in the United States----. {uoF5|O6K  
   (A) living and working LdN[N^n[H  
   (B) they live and work J ou* e%  
   (C) live and work $Th)z}A}EA  
   (D) to live and to work c@3 5\!9  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 yb ?Pyq.D  
'xGhMgR;  
二、介词 `Hlf.>b1  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 tHZ"o!(S  
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(一) 介词搭配 }6/M5zF3  
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ,)#rD9ZnC  
    A         B   C      a*U[;(  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. UGy3 B)  
                D o /[7Vo  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 YRX^fZ-b  
p TwzVz~  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. BO w[*hM  
A       B     C  D 9$ ;5J  
分析:B错改为be rich in sIg TSdk  
`hkvxt  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the \2 N;V E  
    A         B      C S3 Gr}N  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. ;WX.D]>{W  
             D 'WP ~-}(  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 *m+FMyr  
 &kmaKc  
iIX%%r+  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 PKrG6% W+  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ~Dq-q6-@t  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. xOj#%;  
          A      B  C     D Y p;Z+!!UZ  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 |nx3x   
(c0L H  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has <$z[pw<  
                 A  B     N'ER!=l)  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on +d\o|}c  
      C 7wh4~  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. )y*&&q   
      D F8-GnT xa  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Az:~|P  
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2、介词by @rbd`7$%  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by TF :'6#p  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing #U`AK9rP_g  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States d9v66mpJM  
    A         B       /ZV2f3;t  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. .J O3#  
   C     D tJ;qZyy(  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 QNx]8r  
Zo&i0%S\E  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils $8eiifj  
   A                      GbQi3%  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to d9S/_iCI  
     B    C       D {FvFah  
   supply moccasins and field rations. b&[".ibN1  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 xS1n,gTA  
:38{YCN  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with uG7]s]Wdz;  
        A                <)T| HKx  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 5]Rbzg2t  
        B          C   ~_EDJp1J  
  that are often represented at symbols. h s ',f  
              D sF!#*Y  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ;"Gy5  
三、谓语动词 EX_j|/&tZ  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Yt#; +*d5  
①、主谓分割原则 V_~lME  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, =|i_T%a  
     A     hb; Cp A  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. }lp37,  
        B      C      D {FFdMdxy-  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 As46:<!2  
D{JjSky  
②、与后者一致原则 Z4/D38_  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, L/ rf5||@  
not only…but also w|&lRo@1  
2ul 8]=  
m)L50ot:/  
③、与前者一致原则 cS%dTrfo  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ~Fh+y+g?  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 23r(4  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 60%nQhb  
     A      B  C     a,oTU\m C  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. a^l)vh{+  
         D v Z]j%c@  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is bX2BEa8<"  
-OJ<Lf+"=  
④、就近原则 }=EJM7sM|k  
or, either…or, neither…nor, r =x"E$  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are j?u1\<m  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 0+iRgnd9?  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 [j/|)cj  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 [;ZCq!)>  
DRm`y>.  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are f@;pN=PS  
        A      B        v`K%dBa  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. wb62($  
    C              D Brxnl,%\  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 05H:ZrUV  
(!fx5&F  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 -}<Ru)  
There are five apples that are red. ,Gv}N&  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 s~Ivq+ipr;  
/#T{0GBXe  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets @cIYS%iZ  
      A            ?<4pYEP  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. !B Pm{_C  
   B   C    D KC}G_"f.$  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 J=Kv-@I>E  
Fq~Zr;A  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 wowf 1j-  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. k(RKAFjY  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 j_,/U^Ws|f  
EXeV @kg  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 9~=zD9,|iA  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: CRCy)AS,t  
a. there be 句型 ;5;>f)diS  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 `Eg X#  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 %|+aI?  
{i=V:$_#  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. ;iYCeL(  
   A     B      C    D    FWeUZI+  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is \3ydNgl  
 g4q{ ]  
e}5 x6t  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific [L-wAk:Fb  
             A     B    A?04,l]y  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 fcp_<2KH  
     C         E8PwA.  
  miles in width. fk15O_#3  
     D  n}Eu^^d  
分析:倒装句,are改为is <W WZb\"{  
eK(k;$4\^Y  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and !/H `   
   A    B       C         LtwfL^#  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film lAG@nh^  
                    D ?#<'w(^%#  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. WF~x`w&\  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 s+_8U}R  
vv)O+xt  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 e/x 9@1s#  
fifty percent of + 名词 ?z|Bf@TJ[+  
one percent of + 名词 uj\&-9gEi  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: *qL'WrB1  
  one percent of my students + are *!%n`BR '  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. % &H^UxC  
HD{u#~8{  
这里要强调两个结构 h5@7@w%  
half of =fifty percent " +{2!  
most of + 可数名词 + are R)N^j'R~=  
most of + 不可数名词+ is fUis_?!  
DfGq m-c  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been w AdaP9h  
   A       B         C   xh<{lZ)KJ  
  found in central and eastern Canada. n]3'N58  
           D c*axw%Us  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 AK'3N1l`  
#68$'Rl"o1  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized mW[w4J+7P  
                 A   B  FncP,F$8   
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. )BaGY  
              C     D :.BjJ2[S  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 1PWi~1q{Q  
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 `z/ p,. u  
①、主要考察时间状语 I:al[V2g  
)FA:wsy~E  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. wUg=j nY   
   A        B  C     D BlT)hG(M>  
7FaF]G  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was aAd1[?&  
_\@zq*E  
*[jq&  
②、For和since的区别 By*YBZ  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 QR-pji y  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Sy*p6DP  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Gp?pSI,b.t  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. X*Q<REDB  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 8{&.[S C7  
CNWA!1n^Hy  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became }KftV nD?  
   A      B              ;kG"m7-/  
  the primary responsibility of the president.  ,HNk<W  
     C    D N /;Vg ^Wx  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 (\ |Go-2G  
v[DxWs8q  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of ?l|&JgJ$  
             A  B  C   nF,zWr[x  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. OzTR#`oey  
            D  Oo~   
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 r. rzU  
+ }mj;3i  
v>j<ky   
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  q03nu3uDI  
   A       B        C     D 6OtNWbB  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live Q} -YD.bx3  
xaq/L:I<  
(三) 谓语的语态 L5wFbc"u  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 vXak5iq>X  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 2UBAk')O}  
①、prove T.WN9= N  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 K@"B^f0mU  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; a\p`J9Z@  
1 a%1C`d  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming Iqj?wI 1)  
                      A   +}f}!h;  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be &o`LT|*m  
    B                  C EgOiJH  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. _akpW  
                  D @~i : 8  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 +4[Je$qYa  
q9Lq+4\  
Saks~m7,  
②、Locate,Situate j:2*hF!E  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 4y,pzQ8a  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 *M6j)jqV  
这两个词也可以用作被动 * YLp C^&  
  My school was located near the river. N1l^%Yf J  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 pO N@  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. :SN/fY  
   (A)locates -Y>QKS  
   (B)locating r <2&_$|  
   (C)to locate t2FA|UF  
   (D)is located z'Ut9u  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 \IOF 9) F  
]QF*\2b-I2  
③、表示需要概念的动词 CmtDfE  
need, want, require等 fs, >X!l+  
rxeOT# N}  
My watch needed repairing lt{"N'Gw6  
My watch needed to be repaired. yY80E[v  
J+qcA}  
④、表示人的情感的动词 7C~g ?1  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 .R&jRtb/E  
bG]?AiW r  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 N{K[sXCW  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 >oyZD^gj  
&C6*"JZ4  
主动和被动技巧总结: gV-A +;u  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 P2 z~U  
+VO(6Jn  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the AN+S6t  
                 A      vk3C&!M<a  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, F>aaUj   
                 B Q'Y7PG9m~  
  power structures, and flood-control works along W<Asr@  
                    C :\|<7n   
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. Y".4."NX  
                D Jy-V\.N>s  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 t0 )XdIl8  
y2>AbrJ  
四、非谓语动词 gLWbd~  
{0\9HI@  
(一) 分词 evz@c)8  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 @}_Wl<kn  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 WdTia o,r  
\mNN ) K@  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Gg5+Ap D  
   A 70N Lv  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. N$P\$  
     B      C            D C]ef `5NR]  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning `4a9<bG  
f_ |=EQ  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 \W"p<oo|H  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ;AJ6I*O@+  
      A               B   `5MK(K :  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 4 Xe8j55  
               C         D >yqFO  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living X> U  _v  
N)  
1n~^@f#`  
一些动词后面必须用doing y`8jz,&.  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 1i@a? 27|  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, aJ J 6 3aJ  
 advocate, suggest =s,}@iqNO4  
 delay, quit 9~4@AGL  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, B9S@G{`  
 avoid, escape(逃避) Dao=2JB{  
 spend+名词+doing; FM<`\ d'  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ln_[@K[oX  
_a  zJ>  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their NF'<8{~  
   A     B    C              D }gKJ~9Jg  
  crops. ^#4Ah[:XA  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 4X5KrecNr  
=LKf.@]#  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ?vQ:z{BO  
               A        B L$v<t/W  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. qD,/Qu6 2  
        C          D 3e)$<e  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing Em(Okr,0  
>S]"-0tGD=  
(二) 不定式 eQ<Vky^SJ  
A. 动词不定式的省略 I/go$@E"  
①、help后面可以省略to Wjr^: d  
  help do 5E =!L g  
  help sb. to do HF*j=qt!  
2Q;rSe._`  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 5aNvGI1  
              A      B   .TNGiUzG  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. SNSHX2  
         C     D RV%)~S@!R  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 8L5O5F'  
sK8sxy  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 m;!X{CV  
  make, yJMo/!DZ  
  let, _}.WRFIJ@L  
  have sb. do sth *'@ sm*  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 4K*st8+bl-  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians h=^UMat-  
        A               B >X*Y jv:r  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. @U9`V&])F[  
   C     D 6W:FT Pt44  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Hz%<V *\{  
LI T`~D  
③、感官动词 p!DOc8a.\e  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe z<gII~%  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 I@TH^8(  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 v Ov"^ X  
<k {_YRB  
n%Oq"`w4  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 k{U[ U1j  
(1)表示第一人 Ctx>#uN6  
the first woman to do sth. 1L?d/j  
#qv!1$}2  
(2)表示迫使的动词 !M(SEIc4A  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do (p] S  
i)$ySlEh  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis &h_Y?5kK  
     A                 B    DuLl"w\_@  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. KtArV  
       C           D MhJA8| B6|  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 /F6"uZSt4  
&WOm[]Q4  
Zr=B8wuT  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 HTMg{_r(%  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 VTY #{  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 H)CoByaj  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 cI /}r Z+  
  be apt to do ~z")';I|  
 R&g&BF  
(4)表示目的的名词, j5A>aj  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 3Bvz& `\  
固定的句式: mAET`B "  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. E7hs+Mh  
the objective 目标 [9j,5d&m  
aim 7oc Ng  
goal ^f-)gZ&  
reason理由 QDVSFGwr  
function功能 y7+n*|H  
intension意图 9I$} =&"  
R lbJ4`a  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ;uv$>F auk  
                       A  Sa0IRC<LV  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. w=: c7Y+  
           B          C     D q/Ji}NGm  
分析:the function to provide, A错 [*I7^h%  
m-+>h:1b|9  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure o|c&$)m  
                  A       ZX.,<vumSy  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 3Zs0W{OxU  
     B  {7MY*&P$,  
  that make up various components of a living cell. G#@#j]8  
    C    D !0|&f>y  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 [+#k+*1*o  
[;4ak )!  
(5) 其他同根名词 g 4|ai*^  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 mA_EvzXk\  
 attempt to do 企图 o1b.a*SZ  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 $G9E=wn  
 ambition, "LW\osjen  
 be ambitious to do  :_2:Fh.}3~  
 effort ZtP/|P5@  
=knLkbiq7,  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation VkJTcC:1  
  A                    B   Z![#Uz.z  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. \IzZJGi  
          C       D p]Qe5@NT  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 e8egxm  
i.[ k"(  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great + iQ~ Y2Gh  
  A                   B   QfM^J5j.M?  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. f(K1 ,L:&7  
       C            D aO9\8\^  
分析:efforts to register, C错 ;eO Ye3;c  
kI5LG6  
`ZP[-:`  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 >s,*=a  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 2"P1I  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 6(1 & 6|o3  
/^&$ma\  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ZX{eggXl  
I am glad to see you. o$*DFvk  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. |Q?$n3-f"  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. F0r5$Pl*  
fg1uqS1rg  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 WFS6N.Ap  
It is difficult to decide. |ZCv>8?n  
uHDUuK:Ur  
+OB&PE  
五、句子的结构 (KfdN'vW  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 O&">%aU1I  
y92<(ziaX)  
(一) 主语的重复 U2JxzHXZ  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 Ja@ ?.gW  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Z@Qf0 c  
          A      B      BTE&7/i 21  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the I+Fr#1  
          C          D x6=tS  
  League of Nations. QkO4Td<  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 $>%zNq-F  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson x/92],.Mz  
WS$~o*Z8  
B#4 J![BX  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are l02aXxT)]  
        A        B  xtp55"g  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. .>( qZEF  
    C         D wtGb 3D"am  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 i"hn%u$V  
]}A yDy6C  
(二)谓语的重复 2wgdrO|B  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ve= nh]N  
*Kw/ilI  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  mHC36ba  
    A            B    qk(u5Z  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. yAVt[+0  
         C   D 'MIM_m)H  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 W-ECmw(  
v_@&#!u`  
(三)谓语的缺少 <i1P~  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body '~'3x4Bo  
          A     B    n 6| \  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. n?A;'\cK  
         C               D aA.TlG@zP  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 r7p>`>_Q\  
"A9 c]  
(四)主句的重复 6e;.}i  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 $eBE pN  
n-_-;TYH  
U9B|u`72  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ffYiu4$m  
      A         B        C   ^UK6q2[  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. ];go?.*C  
     D , *Yu~4  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 re/l5v,|3  
<tg>1,C  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow rB:W\5~7  
        A   B       pJ5Sxgv{;  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ,#r>#fi0  
      C    D .gWYKZM  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 #SRGVa`x  
m>6,{g)  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided S0Y$$r  
   A                     B  S:Ne g!`  
  names for towns, only George Washington kGMI ?  
      C [x 5T7=  
  is remembered in the name of a state. |,Y(YSg.  
          D ]`&ws  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 -[4Xg!apO  
六、比较级和最高级 `2?9eXC  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Qe=!'u.nL  
W@1Nit-R  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 /4]M*ls  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which -Vk+zEht  
      A               A\_cGM2  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. _rK}~y=0  
     B       C           D qd e.;Yv9  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 n97A'"'wz  
E[>4b7{g:  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 bH&Cbme90-  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. e;56}w  
     A      B     C  D )W~w72j-  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 v"Fa_+TVx  
AW4N#gt8',  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere JB a:))lw  
     A       B     C   D S,EXc^A7  
  is the grizzly bear. 0}k[s+^  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 >n)N=Zyu  
l njaHol0  
[>Kkj;*  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 P}y}IR{6  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 iTi<X|X  
jm'(t=Ze  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with i=@.u=:  
   A           B  V=BF"S;-'  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. %p)6m 2Sb  
   C                 D ` ZXX[&C  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 J{Ei+@^/9  
c%r?tKG6  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级  qm&}^S  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as wP- pFc  
/Ou`$2H87  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 I4ZL +a  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ]d}Z2I'  
the taller boy (m 4`l_  
Wo2TU!  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 \,i9m9;y  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed t&^9o $  
          A            B A1zM$ wDU  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is \%z#|oV#<  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. EFu2&P  
    C          D +',[q  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they b26#0;i  
`@q[&^  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 AHc:6v^  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, B *p`e1  
  A  B         C     hJ\IE?+  
  the Navajos form largest group. q,3_)ZOq  
         D {m~.'DU  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 16ahU$@-  
9J h"1i>x2  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, pQAG%i^mF  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language NC'+-P'y  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 8+Sa$R  
%Z9&zmO  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many =lY6v -MBw  
            A      B         C 2(M^8Bl  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. "&;8U.  
            D JLo'=(  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 4.il4Qqy}i  
U$jw8I'.  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 1{D_30sG.  
例如:my best friends 8w1TX [b  
; ^+#  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial C+ibLS4i  
            A    B     C ${I$@qq83  
  and banking center. Ax p#8  
        D :'1UX <&B  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 HQPb  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 [MLJs-*   
:lf;C T6$  
d'j8P  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary  ybnq;0}$  
                 A         4cZig\mE;  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. Arvxl(R\4  
    B   C     D :(IP rQ  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 R}~p1=D  
(EZ34,k'S  
七、平行结构 Mou@G3  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 r(UEPGu|~l  
|GmV1hN  
gkxEy5c[  
(一) 对等连接词 #$\cRLPg  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 RX]x3-  
单一式: and, or ,but %y@iA91K  
相关式: both…and, not … but, iC U [X&  
     either …or, neither…nor sU7>q}!  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as p)  x.Y  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, @( :ah  
没有so...as... lHYu-}TNP  
between…and, ,H{ /@|RW  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also kBPFk t2  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Salu[)+?  
` eB-C//  
短语式: as well as 4fDo }~  
     rather than (而不是) dhW;|  
     other than (除…之外) o]NL_SM_  
     instead of (代替)  ]Ll <  
niO(>  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 vP G!S{4  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  T7;)HFGeW  
       A     B   h;vD"!gP  
  but he is now living in Detroit. ':,6s  
       C   D y)3(  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 0XlX7Sk+  
UQ|zS alv,  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics YY  I  
       A         B &%pB; dk  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford {nQ}t }B  
  remained active in city and regional planning. z(< E %  
          C    D  IidZ -Il  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 'Rfvr7G/?  
(二)平行的内容 /x_C  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 , IUMH]D  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of ~QdwoeaD  
             A         B   mxHNK4/  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, >ge-yK 1  
         C            D kyJv,!};  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. 3Gn2@`GC  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ^J>28Q\S  
M;MD-|U  
f.jAJ; N>  
第二、名词单复数的平行 !w f N~.Y  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ;$i9gP[|m  
tBBN62^ X  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, pq5)Ug  
  A     B          C   ECkfFE`  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. a ny\}   
                 D   4BEVG&Ks  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 *MagicA  
]^ O<WD  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, d c&Qi_W  
                   A         B '%RMpyK~  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. mA^>Y_:  
      C          D 1Y9Ye?~jd  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have FeV=4tsy  
TaolX*$5  
第三、时态的平行 b!.# `.  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated KktTR`W  
                A     3al5Vu2:  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ?tA- `\E  
                   B bfpW ^y  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. :&:>sd(QD  
          C    D W' 2)$e  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。  %ANPv=  
' xi..  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 41uS r 1  
  spread from its home in Central America and dJ&s/Z/>E  
  now grows throughout the tropics. `UJW:qqW  
   (A) to be    (B) it   [&`>&u@MK  
   (C) the     (D) its l|up3A3)  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? :<(<tz7dj  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow v*^2[pf  
a #0{tZd  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- kg@J.   
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 0ND 7F  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised K*}j1A  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised R 1b`(  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 YOoP]0'L  
3gh^a;uC  
第四、排列位置的平行 N~kYT\$b#  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. SYwNx">Bq  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode xr2:bu  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  %G SSy_c  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes s rkOa d  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes ?C{N0?[P-  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 0Q9OQqg m  
D-!%L<<  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: NeEV !V8  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 sJlKN  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 u5_fM*Ka  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 k}. nH"AQ  
\nWpV7TSN  
八、词序的颠倒 F)w83[5_d  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 g1|c?#fwo  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 _@;N<$&  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage B$Z!E%a;  
              A    B        }"Cn kg  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. buXG32;  
      C       D    TbVL71c  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 POXn6R!mM1  
bg}77Y'^  
PgAfR:Y!  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 %5gJ6>@6Z  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only B;r$( 'UZ  
          A      B     `qz5rPyZ  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. j.}V~Sp*  
    C         D |/;5|  z  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 R <\Yg3m8  
}8: -I Nj4  
%ko 8P  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 Z -a(3&  
-%l, Zd9  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were vh8Kd' y  
          A   B     C   neFno5dj  
  in what is now the United States. s'Gy+h.  
    D 6CRPdLTDf  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 5udoZ >T  
/,Id_TTCO  
所有的系动词分为三大类: no6]{qn=6  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, "mDrJTWa  
    is, remain, keep, stay, u>6/_^iq  
    lie, exit(表示位于) , %O3^7i  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 nvVsO>2{ o  
    become, turn, grow, p Y>-N  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) @b\_696.  
T)tHN#6I  
第三种,感官动词 ~<[5uZIo  
    seem(好像是) DLVs>?Y  
    look(看起来好像是) y"L`bl A9}  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste D)7$M]d%  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Zi@+T  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe eEGcio}_I9  
    A               B     3=|2Gs?ut  
   to cause numerous deaths. aa%&&  
        C   D  [d~bZS|(T(  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 7RC096 ?}  
"mK i$FV  
九、词性的混用 =/QU$[7X(  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 O0(Q0Ko  
^zPEAXm  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 C9Z\G 3  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; agU!D[M_G  
ZMMo6;  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high U;Ll.BFP  
          A        B      l8AEEG8>  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and i@R$g~~-D  
              C R~5* #r@f  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Ao,!z  
          D Li-(p"  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) `=}UFu  
$FusDdCv3  
q&Tn>B  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 !MJe+.   
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 =e!l=d|/  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds u|OzW}xb7j  
         A       B      lHKf#|  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to ;64mf`   
          C        #3Ej0"A@-B  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. rx6-~0!eI=  
            D O%JsUKV  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 QSF"8Uk  
=%3b@}%HqS  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, * K, hrpYR  
            A       4g7ja   
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of Z6^QB@moj  
      B      C Ki/'Ic1  
   urban Black people in the United States. (/SGT$#8  
   D v.  Xoq  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 (rr}Pv%yb  
oe!:|ck<  
;NH~9# t:  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 cGE=.  
表示时间有两种可能, iUIy,Y  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 ,\o<y|+`S  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, /Fv/oY  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 )RwBg8  
r Q    
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence l#D-q/k?  
       A     B     2yN%~C?$  
  were made while the American Civil War. L 42|>%uo  
   C    D z,{e]MB)M  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 tu\mFHvl g  
lDW!Fg  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the D@8jGcz62  
   A      B           C    'nRp}s1^[  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen.  5kcJ  
          D Fr-[UZ~V  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 GR,J0LT   
*FV0Vy  
C"w,('~@kW  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 4s9c#nVlu  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 (NX)o P  
RfKc{V  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social n`]l^qE  
                   A     BBcj=]"_  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. mc?';dEG  
     B   C    D tWm>j  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 A8J8u,u9  
*ksb?|<Ot  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples NS@{~;#R  
   A        B   C      RU6KIg{H  
  easily under the stress of compression. ~;[&K%n  
   D "%VbI P  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 < kz[:n:  
&&WDo(r3  
W2`.RF^  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 L1 wZU,o  
:j@8L.<U  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine #4><r.v3  
    A         B 8V-,Xig;`  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. B oqJ   
          C            D X8b|]Nr  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 2U}m RgJu  
X D)  8?  
dAL3.%  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, wz#A1F  
         A b#/i.!:a  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. !,Nwts>m  
   B      C      D ^,TTwLy- t  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 Q`A6(y/s?  
vc8?I."?  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ',{7% G9  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; -W c~B3E|  
two hundred diligent students
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