该错题常考要点 +%!'~
一、代词 tV"Jh>Z
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ifI0s)Pn
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 u2
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主格、宾格、所有格 6]NaP
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) z2~\
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(二) 反身代词 MREB
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 X4CiVV
He killed himself. (他自杀了) WX4f3Um
He killed him. (他杀了他) !uW;Ea?
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating ~xt]g zp{
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a series of indicators that could help 'OI(MuSn
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themselves to predict earthquakes. js;k,`
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 d]vom@iI
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 3w}ul~>j
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 /HVxZ2bar
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 I#/"6%e
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies 7QdboEa
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the !@>q^_Gez
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Pacific. YBL.R;^v
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Z5eM
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 xoQ(GrBY
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: K!(hj '0.
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 y
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined CYYo+5x
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the word“normalcy”to express social and S@Aw1i p
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economic conditions they promised the nation. C(vQR~_
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 "sT)<Wc
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important wli H3
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John T1%}H3
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Keats, published the year of her death. 7CwWf
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. K^P&3H*(/n
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(四) Who和which的区别 o5:md :\
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 yb,$UT"]
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 *JAC+<~d
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who #Z,@yJ2wl
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. sRZ?Ilua6
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 s>
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人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 v]rbm}uU9
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(五) that和which的区别 egH,7f(yP
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 WVz2 b zj
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it pH(X;OC9S
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. PXML1.r$Q
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 HD3WsIim*
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Pz\B
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ,v`03?8l(
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when N1$PW~)Y
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. f
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way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly %dzO*/8cWo
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. FM(EOsWk
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 unKl5A[h
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has Y[_|sIy*
affected the way people in the United States----. g4YlG"O[~
(A) living and working Vw.)T/B_D
(B) they live and work ijvDFyN>
(C) live and work s=5k7
(D) to live and to work +@yU `
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ^q#[oO
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二、介词 !^s -~`'\~
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 !Q5,Zhgr
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(一) 介词搭配 {`e-%<
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those }0Uh<v@
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ,zr,>^v
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 xx|D#Z}G
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. *uf)t,%
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分析:B错改为be rich in z^jmf_
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the HFTeG4R
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. =S\^j"
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 UNF\k1[
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 8_G6X\q};
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 &-p~
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. oXqJypR 2
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Y\WVkd(+G
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has !lL
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on t 4zUj%F
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 9}a$0H
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ks6iy}f7
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2、介词by B8"c+<
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by i2(v7Gef
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing }F/w34+;
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States r-L& ee
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. )*XWe|H_
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 =[!(s/+>L
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils /5"T46jD
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 4%8den,|
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supply moccasins and field rations. 1 hFh
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分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 %kop's&?C
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 7)[Ve1;/N
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements !03JA 9lo
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that are often represented at symbols. +^esL9RG:
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 PWx%~U.8~j
三、谓语动词 Z : xb8]y
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 v&/H6r#E.
①、主谓分割原则 YG8C<g6E7
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, eIF6f&
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. Kx)PK
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 f R@Cg
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②、与后者一致原则 C,eP!_O
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, R_+:nCB@,
not only…but also %PB{jo
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③、与前者一致原则 V?G%-+^
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 6=$<
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中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 xl,%
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例:The athlete, together with his coach and 1`L.$T,1!
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 5rck]L'
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④、就近原则 ~!5Qb{^
or, either…or, neither…nor, YzG?K0O%
单数名词+or+复数名词+are &a=rJvnIO&
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ^ }5KM87
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 TS+jDs
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ;K8}Yq9p9
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are _wb]tE ~g
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. F::Ki4{jJ
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 -A<@Pg
There are five apples that are red. LB]3-FsU+
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 J>T98y/))
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 52o^]
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. qfCZ
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 6g#yzex
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 v07A3oj
The rich are not always happier than the poor. e&i`/m5
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 = )
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 \l3z<\
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: q+8de_"]
a. there be 句型 aizws[C
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 !a\v)R
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 .Y7Kd+)s)L
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. v]Pyz<+
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ~};q/-[r
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 7y30TU
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30
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miles in width. C`qV+pV
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分析:倒装句,are改为is ps` j>vX*
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ^A\(M%*F
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film x{ `{j'
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. T)q
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分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 RTg\c[=w
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 H~fF;
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fifty percent of + 名词 :6(@P1vA 6
one percent of + 名词 "D4% A!i
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: oy[ px9Wx
one percent of my students + are sEfT#$ a^8
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. f9y+-GhaD
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这里要强调两个结构 ]^wr+9zd
half of =fifty percent mv,a>Cvs[
most of + 可数名词 + are n?D/bX p
most of + 不可数名词+ is e_!Z-#\J%
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been H!"TS-s`
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found in central and eastern Canada. 1.8"N&s
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 b9T6JS j
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized `@,Vbn^_
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. }|M:MJ`
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 *M#L)c;6
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 Bzt:9hr6BO
①、主要考察时间状语
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. _.]mES|
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ?X\.O-=4X
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②、For和since的区别 6
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区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 o#z$LT
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区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 w"QZ7EyJ
I has been a teacher for three years. 0u( 0*Xl
I has been a teacher since 1996. 61gyx6v
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 _T8S4s8q
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became R@_3?Z!W=
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the primary responsibility of the president. :mf&,?
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 B J
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of \\Q){\S
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. kr
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 uf (_<~
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. Rxlv:
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live q6>}
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(三) 谓语的语态 8xhx*A
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 v.u 5%
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: fM*?i"j;Y
①、prove n'JS-
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ];b+f@
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; sdyNJh7Jr
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming r_
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be $%
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. h.l.da1#
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 KU+\fwYpnk
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②、Locate,Situate ZW0\_1
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 qK9A
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Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 u%I%4 gM
这两个词也可以用作被动 LXhR"PWZM\
My school was located near the river. "zCT S
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 b0f6p>~q^
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 6KXW]a `
(A)locates uGqeT#dP
(B)locating - _6`0
(C)to locate UX<-jY#'V
(D)is located
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分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 g;nLR<]
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③、表示需要概念的动词 <mVFC
need, want, require等 }Q ]-Y :
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My watch needed repairing kS9;Tj cx
My watch needed to be repaired. "19#{yX4
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④、表示人的情感的动词 y@1QVt04
move, annoy, surprise, please等 ,r]H+vWS
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 vD?D]8.F~Q
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 bGK
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主动和被动技巧总结: qBh@^GxY),
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 q1x[hv3
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the <*dcl2xS
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, !k*B-@F
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power structures, and flood-control works along V\{@c%xW
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. k}&wy
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。
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四、非谓语动词 a3\~AO H%
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(一) 分词 ]w _&%mB
现在分词和过去分词的区别 M:%g)FgW
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 iQ8{N:58DN
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Z$KyK.FUU
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. R3lZ|rxv:
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning MZ-;'w&Z
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 2#lpIj
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in y'odn ;
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. w`f66*@Q1
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 4_j_!QH87
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一些动词后面必须用doing T5ky:{Y
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对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 9v*y&V9/
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, >h#juO"
advocate, suggest E Zf|>^N
delay, quit D3dh,&KO\
forgive(原谅),tolerate, f:~G)
avoid, escape(逃避) (n?f016*%d
spend+名词+doing; H@wjZ;R
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Kn5C
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their l6w\E=K
A B C D ,~Xe#eM
crops. lg$aRqI29
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 iz/CC V L
ZZ^A&%E(a
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, R+uZi~
A B pn(i18x
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. vW*Mf}=
C D 4+d(d
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing >@bU8}rT
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(二) 不定式 -nC&t~sD
A. 动词不定式的省略 V(ww
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①、help后面可以省略to O
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help do U
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help sb. to do Gd\/n*j
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid &4WA/'>R
A B Wll0mtv
the habits that might shorten the lives. m)<+?Bv y
C D *.wj3'wV
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 l{8O'4;
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ceks~[rP
make, wo(O+L/w
let, r]\[G6mE%
have sb. do sth Z D"*fr
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 7)#JrpTj%
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians _8 K|2$X
A B LHZsmUM(dg
to know when to play various parts of a composition. R{A$|Ipaq
C D .0U[nt6
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Y}.f&rLe
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③、感官动词 +[n#{;]<
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe J7{D6@yLS
see sb do sth. 强调过程 tuwlsBV
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 FYC]^D
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 -
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(1)表示第一人 XHgW9 ;M!
the first woman to do sth. 1l^[%0
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(2)表示迫使的动词 vOKNBR2
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do /03Wst
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis Bo
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A B wS7Vo{#@\
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. YT[=o}jS
C D [\Aws^fD_
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 S%?>Mh?g
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 gV:0&g\v
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 OOnj(%g
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Ha ZV7
be lieable to do 易于…的 I-J%yutB
be apt to do {~g7&+9x*
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(4)表示目的的名词, b/#<::D `
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 91a);d
固定的句式: oz3!%'
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. jt3W.^6HO
the objective 目标 %%wngiz\
aim 0T$ `;~
goal Y<@_d
reason理由 v )2yR~J
function功能 oOXJ7|n
intension意图 Mj19;nc0I
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing <x$fD37
A "4*QA0
As
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 4l/~::y
B C D fl_a@QdB#
分析:the function to provide, A错 q7rX4-G$
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure H3JDA^5
A 1o
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds N=8CVI
B f,@~@f
X
that make up various components of a living cell. Jx4~ o{Z}c
C D _B}QS"A
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 9<Th: t|w
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(5) 其他同根名词 ~;wR}s<}(
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 bXHtw}n
attempt to do 企图 MY&?*pV)
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 x1#6~283
ambition, # kmI#W"^
be ambitious to do DEzL] 1;P
effort F2=#\
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 3\P/4GK)
A B [rhK2fr:i
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. mgEZiAV ?
C D @ v}M\$N?
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 072`i46
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great Sj4 @pMh4
A B b=Q%Jxz?
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. M5LqZyY
C D IAbH_+7O
分析:efforts to register, C错 }j#c#''i
fAeq(tI=
S L%lY
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 2`h
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 "1$hfs
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. .n|
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 uTUkRqtD!
I am glad to see you. q^kOyA.
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. & Pzr)W(
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. I!,FxOM|$
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 :mz6*0qW
It is difficult to decide. Y-c_ 2 )
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五、句子的结构 d+Jj4OnP
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 FFqqAT5
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(一) 主语的重复 5J8U] :Y)
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 *H,vqs\}y
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Q>emyij
A B _kT$/k
compromises concerning the establishment of the {kgV3 [%>
C D ey>V^Fj
League of Nations. x0_$,Tz@
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 E"$AOM?(*i
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson jO#
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c)OQ_3xOs
H[&X${ap
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ACcxQK}
A B ?4,e?S6,[
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. UFy"
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C D D|p`~(
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 1FiFP5
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(二)谓语的重复 ki[Yu+';}
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 =N%;HfUD
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of 8QN#PaY
A B B2P
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one or more sentences related to the same idea. ({}JvSn1
C D z\fmwI
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 N>S_Vgk}
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(三)谓语的缺少 [80L|?, *
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 1\_S1ZS
A B ~a^"VQ5]ac
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. "Y Z B@
C D 6ZCSCBW
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 hqA6%Y^k
VuqJ&U.-
(四)主句的重复 ~h
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主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 /K{`gc
)!:}R}q
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite "[[9i
A B C M~Tx4_t
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. u!FX 0Ip
D =N5~iMorD-
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 b42"Y,sbB
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow =@F1J7
A B DeTx7 i0
sweeps across the face of the Earth. 5m_$21
C D biJ"@dm
4
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 8cV3VapF
=.Tc
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided h JVy-]
A B bG`aF*10)!
names for towns, only George Washington rq;Xcc
C
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is remembered in the name of a state. RqV* O}Am
D vhA 4ol
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 Vz(O=w=
六、比较级和最高级 jA&ZO>4
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 73b(A|kQ@
j
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 jea{BhdUr
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which f@3?kM(
A \e89 >m
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 1{TmK9U
B C D fwe4f
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 Ev
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Fx6c*KNX3
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. - '<K_e;
A B C D Bu[sSoA
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 /$w,8pV=
qL;OE.?oA
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere b0QC91
A B C D fi|k)
is the grizzly bear. }0Q_yuzx0m
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 7gX#^YkE+k
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Aoi) 11>
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 [&Yrnkgr
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ><t4 f(d
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with aR- ?t14
A B DJ zJ$Q
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. l2Gtw*i_I
C D YadG05PDe
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 kH.e"e
#N?VbDK9_
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 mz[Q]e~&i
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as >}"9heF
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 4r+@7hnK
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 O`M6=\
the taller boy 6Z}8"VJr {
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 bjO?k54I
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Wb1?>q
A B {^z>uRZ3
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is e+TSjm
abundant, and humidity is moderate. 6E)emFkQ
C D &1 BACKu
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they f>!H<4
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 X_\$hF
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, +jPJv[W
A B C kMz*10$gn
the Navajos form largest group. +~7x+6E
D Jv8JCu"eky
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 l^cz&k=+
j=up7395
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, (g*mC7 HN
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language W6A-/;S\
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ty>9i]Y-
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 6N#0D2~^
A B C P-_2IZiz
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 0
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D 1
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分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 #trb4c{{5
) >H11o{&
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the +
v)+ k
例如:my best friends wZs jbNf`K
k++"
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial -%_v b6u
A B C ($X2
SIZh
and banking center. V2B:
DIpr
D )~{8C:
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ~j36(`t
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 \B
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C>* 1f|<
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary WxJV
zHtR
A R/\ qDY,@
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. APv&
^\oUH
B C D mNPz%B
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语
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七、平行结构 hr?0RPp}
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 5n1T7-QCL
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(一) 对等连接词 z]R% A:6K
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 a\xf\$Ym
单一式: and, or ,but W0LJXp-v
相关式: both…and, not … but, %&M*G@j
either …or, neither…nor 9)S,c=z83
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as '^`%
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, T5+
(F z
没有so...as... cdv0:+[P
between…and, L[. )!c8k
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also t|v_[Za}Z
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, RX,c 4;
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短语式: as well as 6G;t:[H G
rather than (而不是) xX\A&9m
other than (除…之外) x-HR [{C
instead of (代替) ?dQ#%
06mn
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 10ZL-7D#m
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, 0Rz",Mu>
A B Rqun}v}
but he is now living in Detroit. WbHI>tt
C D M<3m/l%`Y
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 cE3V0voSw1
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics QUi=ZD1
A B b)+;@wa~
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford #yR@.&P
remained active in city and regional planning. F1b~S;lm
C D RRJN@|"
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 \j~LxV
(二)平行的内容 )Ga 3Ji}'
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 ZsL-vlv
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of zK ir
A B nISfRXU;
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, %|gj46
C D m;m4/z3U
or yearly periods of light and darkness. `yWWX.`
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 mc}r15:<
UZ3oc[#D=]
w@ \quy:
第二、名词单复数的平行 x\!Uk!fM
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 6>;dJV
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, D4W^{/S
A B C a>/jW-?
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. o9D]\PdL>
D oB]
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 SPU_@ Pk
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, Y]!{
nW
A B K h;jiK !
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. dr8`
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C D ~}F$1;t0
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ,c_NXC^X?
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第三、时态的平行 VvTs87
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated v3{[rK}
A .ko}m{
with the imagist movement , but later develops ><Z`)}f
B @(_M\>!%M
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. G>fJ)A
C D +8etCx
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 d9n{jv|
crdp`}}
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- j*a
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spread from its home in Central America and <BNCo5*
now grows throughout the tropics. 7>Oa, \
(A) to be (B) it "|:I
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(C) the (D) its NhDM h8=$^
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? p&%M=SzN
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow :U7m@3czU
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- =<M7t*!
commercially for their meat and eggs. 9-9:]2~g!
(A) raised (B) and are raised K{)YnY_E;
(C) raised as (D) are raised ]EzX$T
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 *?#t (Y[
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第四、排列位置的平行 Ih!D6
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. @?GOOD_i
(A) Not only does rust corrode P|S'MS';:
(B) Not only rust corrodes D*oJ
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(C) Rust, which not only corrodes u/% 4WgA
(D) Rust not only corrodes (!nhU
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 \gE3wmSJ,
1z\>>N$7B
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: IJ%
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1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 m*h, <,}-+
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 o >=YoG
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误
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八、词序的颠倒 =~&Fq
$$
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 &S.zc@rN
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 =%:mZ@x'
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage Ah2%LXdHA
A B G}tq'#]E{z
that can be given to any individual in the United States. 2
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C D S?}@2[
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 |4i,Vkfhe
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 P]Z}%
8^O
例:Certain types of computers work properly only edPnC
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A B JF >mybB
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. <R:KR(bT
C D ChLU(IPo6
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 (U/xpj}
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 z(^p@&r)F
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were l_LfV ON
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in what is now the United States. F!VC19<1O8
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 -t
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所有的系动词分为三大类: LiJ;A*
第一种:表示保持某种状态, WKpHb:H
is, remain, keep, stay, pTmG\w
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lie, exit(表示位于) bTKzwNx
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 tiwhG%?2
become, turn, grow, |mrAvm}
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) SsafRK$
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第三种,感官动词 b/]C,P
seem(好像是) G\TyXq_4
look(看起来好像是) lbg!B4,
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste f&^K>Jt1@#
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 U,Z.MPQ
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe Q=~e|
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to cause numerous deaths. b#k$/A@
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 50rq}-
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九、词性的混用 4jis\W}%L3
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 u&bo32fc
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 Dw;L=4F
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做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 9+=U&*
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 8Z/P<u
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ^7TM.lE
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. XkuNLs4
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 69r<Z
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 <G\q/!@_
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 : B$
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例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds _hA p@?
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to =<iK3bPkU
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. yYp!s
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 2^Q)~sSf9
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, ,>`wz^z
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of K.",=\53
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urban Black people in the United States. R4]t D|
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 M@E*_U!U
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 MU<Y,4/k
表示时间有两种可能, g"FG7E&
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 #dtYa
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, o;D87E6Z
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 5 nkx8JJ
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence ~kD/dXt
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were made while the American Civil War. +5JCbT@y
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 2+s_*zM-
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the \A6MVMF8
A B C \j+O |#`|)
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. rh5R kiF~
D j
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 xdd7OSc0{
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 v~H1Il_+
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 J}c5
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social : ^F+mQN
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 0&mo1 k_U
B C D !
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 K_{f6c<
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 9f+|m9~2
A B C 3FT%.dV^
easily under the stress of compression. Zf68EB
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 es]\xw
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 F1JSf&8
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine S~d_SU~>`
A B f#_ XR
article that gives personal comments on current events. ' @>FtF[Gu
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 nF~</>
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, !8yw!hA
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. +(0Fab8g
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 `*cT79
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 #qXE[%
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; 4o8uWS{`
two hundred diligent students