该错题常考要点 <<MpeMi
一、代词 ~-7/9$ay5
代词中主要讲解六个问题 08nh y[
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 t(*n[7e
主格、宾格、所有格 F:ycV~bE
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) T"Y#u
)Ac,F6w
(二) 反身代词 mgx|5Otg
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 F7JO/U^oU
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ,ZJ}X 9$<
He killed him. (他杀了他) |cY HH$
W$hCI)m(
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 2v ~8fr4
A B a^J(TW
/
a series of indicators that could help #0<pRDXj
C 3pWav
1"
themselves to predict earthquakes. +-'F]?DN'
D ON\bD?(VY
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 i;%G Z8
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Q"FN"uQ}x
)4uWB2ZRoi
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 }kmAUaa,Z
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 qWr=Oiu
&qXobJRM
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies d {U%q
d
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 3'.3RKV
A B C D 8wkhbD|;
Pacific. W'vek uM
RM_%u=jC
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 yy{YduI
Z]b;%:>=
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 1<m`38'
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
yGtTD9j
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 |E6_TZ#=
~|=D.}#$
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined F?2UHcs
A ^?Xs!kJP
the word“normalcy”to express social and ri4z^1\
B IWv5UmjN
economic conditions they promised the nation. y_L8i[
C D K.QSt
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ~vDa2D<9%
Y({
R\W|
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important [#Apd1S_
A #:BkDidt2v
work is not poetry, but his biography, John xDw~n
(*
B C =At" Q6-O
Keats, published the year of her death. 9+9g (6
D fmK~?
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. }h Wv
p
yC$m(Y12FN
8?LT*>!
(四) Who和which的区别
HUjX[w8
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 pqO0M]}
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 _Vp"G)1Y
NUVKAAgMX
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ,*W~M&n"m
A B B /uaRi%
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. A'`F Rx(
C D d@ 8M_
O |
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 M7?ktK9`ma
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 9soEHG=P
o3+s.7 "
(五) that和which的区别 {Ni]S$7
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 T1$
p%yQH
rzHBop-8
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it KwHN c\\
A B L}{3_/t
would affect society could not have been foreseen. VK*_pEV,}
C D ?&9=f\/P
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 VsSAb%
,Tar?&C:
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 .9e5@@VR
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 'cc8xC
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ``<#F3
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. |Q)mBvvN
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which xltN-<n7
:|kO}NGM
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly @~s5 {4
A B ;/kd.Q
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 7"2BZ
C D 7/a7p(
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ?jfh'mCA
_4)
t
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has >;Oa|G
affected the way people in the United States----. `q]' ^EzJ
(A) living and working f=V`Nn<=A
(B) they live and work % t,42jQ9
(C) live and work *:
d``L
(D) to live and to work !VIxEu^ke
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 CC!`fX6z>h
pD[&,gV$
二、介词 A@|Z^T:
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Hk+44
D3aX\ NGP
(一) 介词搭配 5P #._Em
!QAndg{;D
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those cHr]{@7Cs
A B C 8*&-u +@%
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. z)KoK`\mE"
D "24d:vf\
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 0y<9JvN$9
%LC)sSq{H
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. _5n2'\] H`
A B C D *g}==o`
分析:B错改为be rich in ,e$RvFB
NM9ViYm>P
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the exSwx-zxI
A B C
PC@HNto{
alternation of periods of light and darkness. ?xKiN5q"6
D u
*iqwm.
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 IA1O]i
S
.Sw4{m[g
N0lFx?4
(二) 最重要的两个介词 YVRE9
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ~qb?#IY]`
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. oIE(`l0l
A B C D uJ=&++[
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 )I<VH+6
<5]_u:
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has bU}!bol
A B G@ybx[_[@
starred in stage, television, and film productions on YA8/TFu<_
C P'_ aNU
both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ,V4pFQzL
D 6*ZZ)W<
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 /KvpJ4
bg4VHT7?>)
2、介词by #2.C$
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by <
R@&
<E6
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 71&`6#
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States )[sSCt]
A B ;NJM3g0I
can be performed from a justice of the peace. ^eYJ7&t
C D d7c m?+
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 nDchLVw
v#sx9$K T
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ~0.@1zEXj
A }% |GV
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ~u-`L+G"6
B C D :\1&5Pm]
supply moccasins and field rations. @1[LD[<
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 }W%}_UT
UuA=qWC
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ?Z7C0u#wd
A gzdgnF2
operations on sets of numbers or other elements 4 ]8PF
B C X}bgRzj
that are often represented at symbols. 9p$q@Bc
D q+G1#5
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 XJOo.Y
三、谓语动词 |s`q+ U -
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Qg oXOVo6
①、主谓分割原则 \S2'3SDd/
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Yc5$915
A h/w- &7t
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. -s!PO;qm
B C D Ul@'z|
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 V+K.'
J
^@
@+!d@`w:z2
②、与后者一致原则 1!NaOfP;@
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, f!Ie
not only…but also 2I4P":
q
|O+binq
e)bqE^JP
③、与前者一致原则 J)[(4R>
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, *ZEs5`x
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 DpR%s",Q
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 8UZEC-K
A B C >) ^!gz8
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. g/yXPzLU
D n(+:l'#HJ
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is @'y"D
m1hf[cg
④、就近原则 ,5*4%*n\
or, either…or, neither…nor, dA~6{*)
单数名词+or+复数名词+are Glr.)PA
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is N!3f1d7RQ
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 N@>S>U8C
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 3^a"$VW1
]9:G3vq
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are >4E,_ `3N
A B #]'xUgcE9
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. J @fE")
C D 7$;$4.'
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 CAA~VEUL
S
7vE[VF5
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Z0=OR^HjA
There are five apples that are red. .%A2
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 qr9F
^q`*!B9@
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets e{,/
A [1U_c*;i
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 5PPpX =\
B C D (YOgQ)},
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 kR]SxG9
a5M>1&j/eC
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 |9I;`{@
The rich are not always happier than the poor. bph*
X{lFK
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 i`$rzXcS
s|'L0` <B
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 >``GDjcJ
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: MV}]i@V
a. there be 句型 }nl)*l
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 d
]
;pG(
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 G
m! ]
=jt_1L4
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.
8B/9{8
A B C D
w)n]}k
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is $4L3y
uH
~*Qpv&y)
1.uQ(>n
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific CaBS0'
n
A B V?BVk8D};
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &NeYKh?
C VYo;[ue([
miles in width. v!A|n3B]p
D ZF(=^.gc
分析:倒装句,are改为is QL18MbfqP
mtddLd,
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and uTGvXKL7
A B C d/rz0L
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 8T
)ELhTj
D Ilb
|:x"L
presented on the five-story-tall screen. O/oYaAlFF@
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 {NgY8wQB
ArzsZ<\//
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致
XYF~Q9~
fifty percent of + 名词
G;c
0
one percent of + 名词 yc=#Jn?S
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: e7qMt[.
one percent of my students + are 4Xk
;Qd
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. T)f_W
@aN=U=
这里要强调两个结构 PFgjWp"Y
half of =fifty percent X]U"ru{1q
most of + 可数名词 + are )60f
most of + 不可数名词+ is yi-"hT`
^^3va)1{!
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been G:C6`uiy`
A B C r9a!,^}F
found in central and eastern Canada. exEld
D @3TkD_B&
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ^O Xr: P
^'53]b:
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized vp75u93
A B $F`<&o
in the United States are for foods and beverages. /0&:Yp=>
C D fQTA@WAr
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 = *;Xc-_
Q1I_=fT
(二) 谓语动词的时态 +9
p`D
①、主要考察时间状语 Nk7e iQ
ivUsMhx>S,
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. Q'Kik5I
A B C D 3auJ^B}
F2PLy
q
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was Y9@dZw%2
[
4Y
`O
nc\C4g
②、For和since的区别 >SxZ9T|%
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 `l gjw=
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 |1QbO`f/F
I has been a teacher for three years. Zu0;/_rN
I has been a teacher since 1996. Dd5xXs+c
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 V^`?8P8d
16[-3cJ T
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ~[uV
A B aZawBU.:
the primary responsibility of the president. .?i-rTF:
C D "Ql}Y1
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Tn@UX(^,
DD@)z0W
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of _Vo)<--+I
A B C [j=,g-EOA
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. !O F?xW
D >St.c
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 62MRI
F%PwIB~cy
+-H}s`
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.
e'~-`Z9-)
A B C D [:nx);\
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live {*?sVAvj
b(}Gm@#
(三) 谓语的语态 QM[A;WBr7
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 /B,:<&_-
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: f=:3! k,S
①、prove <$i"zb
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 $N}/1R^?r
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 49+ >f
]g;^w?9h
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 4AY
_#f5u
A y:[BP4H ?y
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be
eeW' [
B C :vc[/<
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. IPl@ DH
D .e`,{G(5q7
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 -A/ds1=;
*2JH_Cj`
V I6\
②、Locate,Situate V#ndyUM;
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Q~fwWp-J
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 yWj9EHQU[
这两个词也可以用作被动 cQ8dc+ {
My school was located near the river. UF@IBb}0
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 Vh"MKJ'R^
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. <Ctyht0c.
(A)locates 0o=!j3RjH
(B)locating `S"W8_m
(C)to locate dCB&c^
(D)is located K!3{M!B
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 1#grB(p?
mfXD1]<.
③、表示需要概念的动词 ]EB6+x!G
need, want, require等 ;aq `N}d
Ci;h
My watch needed repairing +'-
rTi\
My watch needed to be repaired. 82lr4
E@:Q 'g%
④、表示人的情感的动词 &k1/Z*/
move, annoy, surprise, please等 UM<@t%|>
~eDI$IO
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 YU&4yk lE
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 vCj4;P g
Q/p(#/y#b
主动和被动技巧总结: y =R
aJm
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 V|TA:&:7
Y+FP
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the &`\ ep9
A sH%&+4!3
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ~]&B>q
B 7R: WX:
power structures, and flood-control works along %*6RzJO6
C {(;B
5rs
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. d<#p %$A4
D D ZVXz|g
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 q-YL]PgV
|) O):
四、非谓语动词 @l{I[pp
EY~7oNfc`R
(一) 分词 ? ~,JY
现在分词和过去分词的区别 L?HF'5o
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 N+NK`
to'j2jP
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Ir/:d]N*
A S;8. yj-
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Oxv+1Ub<Dv
B C D 1aq2aLx
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning .a:Z!KF
HyEa_9
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 )pS8{c)E
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in !lhFKb;
A B B9*Sfw%
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. .b,~f
C D wWTQ6~Y%d
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living ^X&)'H
9 #Y2`pT
f&c]LH_
一些动词后面必须用doing nWGR5*e:
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。
RL*]g*
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, dF
e4K"
advocate, suggest W`x)=y]Z
delay, quit g/#~N~&
forgive(原谅),tolerate, sKd)BA0`
avoid, escape(逃避) ZoxS
*Xk
spend+名词+doing; -NzTqLBn
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ;Iq5|rzDn
c&*l"
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their ~^7r?<aKc
A B C D 9"ugz^uKt
crops. h<% U["
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 y(v_-6b
RZh}:
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, !M(:U,?B
A B X NE+(Bt
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. WNF9#oN|oT
C D GV8)Kor%
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing bS
rZ{l
v[&'k\
(二) 不定式 cPuHLwwYf
A. 动词不定式的省略 s$GF 95^
①、help后面可以省略to <%K UdkzEP
help do fsvYU0L
help sb. to do cZi[(K
|$e:*
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 4seciz0?
A B T~J?AKx
the habits that might shorten the lives. h|p[OecG
C D Df@/cT
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 "'A"U
|ym%|
B
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 <&U!N'CE
make,
hhmGv9P
let, lIh[|]
have sb. do sth /s[DI;M$o
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ^,V[nfQR
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians lLCdmxbT
A B %&<W(|U1<
to know when to play various parts of a composition. K"l0w**Og#
C D 4;*f1_;f~
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ;fGx;D
c3k|G<C2
③、感官动词 T~s}N x#
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Wsm`YLYkt!
see sb do sth. 强调过程 U CY2]E
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 \+Y!ILOI
NHiq^ojk
g:gB`8w?
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 iV
hJH4
(1)表示第一人 %^.P~s6
the first woman to do sth. Q%5F ]`VN
]}LGbv"`A
(2)表示迫使的动词 )|]Z>>%t
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ^l !L)iw
8QF`,oXQO
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis uD)-V;}P@;
A B 0*7*RX
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 7Dt"]o"+
C D nyhMnp#<
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 9?`RR/w
`6Hf&u<
JSW&rn
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 xm H-!Da
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 h~miP7,c<u
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 \&q=@rJp(z
be lieable to do 易于…的 #`/QOTnm2c
be apt to do
vA-PR&
A=`*r*
(4)表示目的的名词, DQgH_!
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 _t-7$d"
固定的句式: OFy,B
-`A{
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. lrys3
the objective 目标 (9GbG"
aim +hH}h?K
goal #T%zfcUj
reason理由 ?q X
s-
function功能 <abKiXA"
intension意图 J{~Rxa
gq 4 . d
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing <t}? $1
A >saI+u'o
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ~:2K#q5C
B C D l)8sw=
分析:the function to provide, A错 knSuzq%*
hKksVi
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure >L[lV_M_>
A j>!sN`dBj
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds \"d?=uFe
B &r@H(}$1\
that make up various components of a living cell. ct0v$ct>f
C D 93D
\R
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 e@j8T
gI)
3w'W~
(5) 其他同根名词 H#+xKYrp
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 .B$h2#i1
attempt to do 企图 :6u~aT/
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 QymD-A"P
ambition, RgGA$HN/
be ambitious to do 'v`_Ii|-
effort xOIg|2^8
kfCKhx
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation $L&BT 0
A B :t>Q:mX(N
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. /{we;Ut=g
C D ,?y7,nb
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 $ !5f"<FCB
/"MJkM.~E
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great XRa#21pQ
A B ~:Ixmqi}R
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. PP-kz;|
C D wlVvxX3%
分析:efforts to register, C错 T6=-hA^A
1;`Fe":;vC
!a[$)c
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 8uA<G
/Q;
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 b,Lw7MY}[
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. @g\;` #l
+-P<CCvWz
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 \n(ROf^'
I am glad to see you. 8KKz5\kn7
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. >13/h]3
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. ~me\
>{F!ntEj
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 +"Ub/[J{G1
It is difficult to decide. cz>mhD
Gc^t%Ue-H)
P57GqT
五、句子的结构 :iEA UM
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 B~r
U1Y)
BPiiexTV9
(一) 主语的重复 i*z0Jf["
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 \-d'9b ?
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Z:c*!`F
A B g@(4ujOT
compromises concerning the establishment of the ) H+d.Y
C D "?[7#d])
League of Nations. }{t3SGs J
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 l{QC}{Ejc2
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson }v&K~!*
,0,Oe=d
/D
8EI
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are _1\poAy
A B -`g J
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. iAgOnk[
C D P]-#wz=S
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 w#rVSSXQ3
S,VyUe4P4
(二)谓语的重复 xlk5Gob*
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Eny!R@u7q
k3#wLJ
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of wZ
O@J|
A B zNwc((
one or more sentences related to the same idea. m$)YYpX
C D T"IW Jpc
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 yj'Cy8
my]P_mE
(三)谓语的缺少 k}#@8n|b
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body $.;iu2iyo
A B yZ ?$8r
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. u!M&;QL
C D YN$`y1V
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 n00z8B1j(l
5R)[Ou.
(四)主句的重复 ~6] )*y
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 .a5X*M]
@PKAz&0
}!Xf&c{7{
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 7bHE!#L`0
A B C O0->sR
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. *u58l(&`8
D 3Sk5I%
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 5[1@`6j
n<=y"*
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow x-tm[x@;o
A B `Yg7,{A\J
sweeps across the face of the Earth. ]Qh[%GD
C D kBQ5]Q"
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 xP XoJN
XC
:;Rq'j
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided N|bPhssFw
A B &~z+ R="=
names for towns, only George Washington :P HUsy
C fLLnf].O
is remembered in the name of a state. zw}@nqp
D 9Ilfv
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 `\Uc4lRS
六、比较级和最高级 (N)r#"FV
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 (7M^-_q]D
C3&17O6
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 =1%zI%
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which er&uC4Y]a
A >lUBt5gU
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. AsTMY02|
B C D Oz"@yL}
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 sURUQ H
MzBfHt'Rk
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 <B|n<R<?
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. ?$>u!V<'
A B C D $O;N/N:m
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 (mD-FR@#
r[C3u[
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere -o=P85V
A B C D $Uv<LVd(
is the grizzly bear. [TiTff&LV
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 w7=D6`
pfJVE
6xDl=*&%
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ECmHy@(
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ,H#qgnp
W TXD4}
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with .N-'; %8
A B |k['wqn"
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. }`+^|1
C D 9TbS>o
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 {WM&
`JY>v io
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 Se;?j-
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as qH{8n`
@'F8 |I 6
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 V1CSXY\2
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 (>+k 3
the taller boy ^J#*n;OQ3A
rlUdAa3
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 j]ln
:?\
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Nw3I
A B >H=Q$gI
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is &"r==A?
abundant, and humidity is moderate. %Zv(gI`A
C D Q'Q72Fg
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 0c\|S>g[
P98X[0&
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 t7*H8
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, bHWvKv+
A B C q _T?G e
the Navajos form largest group. 1
">d|oC
D oZ*=7u
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 faL^=CAe
S'%cf7Z
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, ^b|Nw:
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language yOn2}Z
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the J:mu%N`
4f*Ua`E_
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many i6g[E4nk
A B C 2t`9_zqLw
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. +v[$lh+
D lA
Ck$E
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 h7W%}6Cqkw
oN6*WNt J
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the <cfH'~
例如:my best friends vA7jZw
D -+)M8bt
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial J%O4IcE
A B C (.XDf3
and banking center.
!K^Z5A_;
D
3NxaOO`
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 4-nr_
WCm4
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 j+B5m:ExfI
6`5
@E\"E
6_&6'Vq
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary A7,$y!D
A 3f2Hjk7,d
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. m[Ac'la
B C D qxcBj
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 Ccd7|L1
N5an9r&z(1
七、平行结构 gjN!_^_
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 :iNAXy
rs<&x(=Hv
Rd1ku=
(一) 对等连接词 ch8w'
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 [.Wt,zrE
单一式: and, or ,but llG#nDe
相关式: both…and, not … but, 2"Uk}Yz|
either …or, neither…nor [11-`v0
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as E+c3KqM
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, ;@Hi*d[
没有so...as... g*c\'~f;
between…and, WKJL<
D ]:
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also "oXAIfU#T
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, ?G>TaTiK#
<^'+]?
短语式: as well as utl=O
rather than (而不是) C<@1H>S4_
other than (除…之外) 5 /jY=/0.a
instead of (代替) 8EEQV} 4
-Fc#
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 @
h`Zn1;
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, 2Yd~v|
A B K/d&c]
but he is now living in Detroit. !=:MG#p
C D -LK(C`gB
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 *`pBQZn05O
mL5f_Fb+
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics C^=gZ
6m
A B d#:J\2V"R
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford :O+b4R+
remained active in city and regional planning. =}GyI_br;8
C D lbU+a$
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 &Wz:-G7<n
(二)平行的内容 IeI%X\G
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 UMW^0>Z!v
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of EjE`S_i=
A B >P"/nS"nn
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 'p+QFT>Ca
C D :BxYaAVt^
or yearly periods of light and darkness. &:f'{>3
z
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 M]TVaN$v#
QGG(I7{-
k#NMD4(%O
第二、名词单复数的平行 n(Op<
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 G6mM6(Sr
Dx*oSP.qX
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, Tm.w+@
A B C y/VmjsN}
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. c;}n=7,>:L
D R*eM 1
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。
F
) ~pw
>Nl~"J|]q
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, [z@Rg
DXv
A B u`,R0=<4
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 1+c(G?Ava
C D J&1N8Wk)
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have c}s3c
>`d
#|E. y^IC
第三、时态的平行 y s6"Q[B
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated *.Hnt\4|
A =H?5fT^
with the imagist movement , but later develops lfd{O7 L0b
B Q_Squuk
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. io_64K+K
C D V t;&2v
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 a
:AcCd)
Y%8QFM
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- me\)JCZpb{
spread from its home in Central America and rn*VL(Yd(
now grows throughout the tropics. |<icx8hbr
(A) to be (B) it D)6|| z}
(C) the (D) its 8Wp1L0$B
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? KJZY.7
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow $7g(-W
R_DQtLI
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 40/[uW"
commercially for their meat and eggs. U?yXTMD
(A) raised (B) and are raised w=2X[V}
(C) raised as (D) are raised Q&{5.}L
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 {
)K(}~VD
wu'60po
第四、排列位置的平行 Pw1H)<X
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 1-<Xi-=^{t
(A) Not only does rust corrode )~ kb7rfl
(B) Not only rust corrodes 2Z |kf9
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes /2I("x]
(D) Rust not only corrodes {'[1I_3
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 r&;AG@N/
?c*d
z{
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ;rbn/6
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 \GPc_m:qL
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 7#QH4$@1P
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 v-qS 'N4
g?wogCs5
八、词序的颠倒 (re D
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 V;=T~K|)>
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 t~`Ef
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage L3\{{QOA
A B -TWo-iu^
that can be given to any individual in the United States. 7[\B{N9&W
C D *lSIT]1
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 7Ll(,i<,C
$?YkgK
Qn7 e6u@V
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 R<)uvW_@
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 9S^-qQH3}
A B FtXEudk
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 2},}R'aR
C D O%I'
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 vL7}0n>tz
6pse@x?
-e ya$C
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 D~Su822
y? g7sLDc
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were d=pq+
A B C C~B
^sG@;
in what is now the United States. xab[
D wJ}8y4O!N
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 x;I
*Ho
]=/f`
所有的系动词分为三大类: "6ZatRUd
第一种:表示保持某种状态, CH2o[&
is, remain, keep, stay, vgV0a{u"
lie, exit(表示位于) )}R0'QGd
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 4 ClW*l
become, turn, grow, {974m` 5
get (It is getting warmer and warmer)
.R1)i-^
opBvx>S
第三种,感官动词 Wrlmo'31
seem(好像是) </eh^<_~
look(看起来好像是) 8=$@azG
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste .{6TX"M
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 MRs8l
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe (GZm+?
A B #2pgh?
to cause numerous deaths. &B)
F_E I
C D -Iq#h)Q*
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 YpiSH(70`
iVFnt!
九、词性的混用 i'a M#4V
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 h7g9:10
NY_Oo!)3
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 cewQQ&
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; Ouj5NL
|/q *Fg[f
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high fd(>[RP?
A B
BYu|loc
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and GU=h2LSi]
C #ujcT%1G
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. w=OT^d 9n
D -2f0CAh~
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) :qI myaGQ
A
M# '(k(
z2-=fIr.h
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 J9{B
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 >b/Yg:t
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds gp;(M~we
A B ?onZ:s2
and keeping the soil in the best condition to K2NnA
C iHTxD1D+H
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. +-5CM0
*&
D 1&wLNZXH
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 +i{&"o4}
c_%vD~6W-
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, !G,Ru~j5:
A <` HLG2
was concerned with the depicting the experience of .{~ygHQ`f
B C AuSL?kZ4|Y
urban Black people in the United States. s}UPe)Vu
D `}s)0 /}6
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 mR?OSeeB
P3);R>j
y1FS?hSD0
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 dfO84Z}
5
表示时间有两种可能, 9tqX77UK
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 & Z*&&
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, enE8T3
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 UjUDP>iz.>
J!~?}Fq/z
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence O~Pbu[C
A B Dtt[a
were made while the American Civil War. HS>Z6|uLY
C D szGp<xv_p
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 j8_WEjG
&qF
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ESL(Mf'
A B C c5nl!0XX
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. _/ ]4:("
D <Pg4>
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ":tQYo]d
cEhwv0f!qS
-[^aWNqyJ
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 3mIVNT@S9
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 9Qst5n\Z
DfXXN
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social R bM`"wrZ
A dX^OV$
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 6p=AzojoB
B C D VK5|w:
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Hw-,sze j"
[y F>W$Bn%
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples |kB1>$
A B C TyI"fP
easily under the stress of compression. /J")S?. [u
D ""|vhgP
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 *fQ$s
ROw9l!YF
-Jr6aai3+
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 QVA)&k'T,
h&|q>M3
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine @*`9!K%
A B t2Q40'
`
article that gives personal comments on current events. v!{mpF
C D 16Ym*kWIps
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 $iu{u|VSu
3\j{*f$J
V4@HIM
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, g?'pb*PR
A nK=-SQ
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. #z$FxZT<b
B C D -L<
''2t
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 >U?HXu/TJr
Pp.qDkT
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 UlF=,0P
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; [+dOgyK
two hundred diligent students