句子结构的错误 [ij,RE7,T
在英语中按句型来说可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种，从结构上来说又可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。句子的结构错误是构成句子完整结构的某一成分用错或者缺少，或者使用了多于成分而造成句意不清的错误类型。由于英语语法和汉语语法特点在结构上表现得十分明显，主、谓、宾结构在数、格、人称上的一致、连接手段的正确使用以及词序安排等，都与汉语有着相当大的差异，因此在改错中也是一大难点。句子结构错误类型包括：句子类型使用错误、句子成分短缺、平行结构错误以及词组搭配使用错误。 qM S}t3X
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下面通过一些例题来进行具体讲解： HrqF![_
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例 1 _&
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Computer analyzed marketing reports can help RyRqH:p)3
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deciding which products to emphasize now, which <e6=% 9
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to develop for the future, and which to be dropped. 1.__________ 1BD6 l2y
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本句中三个平行成分 which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to be dropped 结构模式应该一致，均采用不定式主动语态，因而 to be dropped 应改为 to drop 。 ':;LrTc'K
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例 2 TSyzdnMvz
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When we consider the comfortable circumstances PbUI!Xqe`
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of a working family today, the life of the workingman A. N z_!
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in 1882 seems miserable indeed. But earlier it had ._BB+G
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been ever hard. 1.__________ By/bVZks
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根据上文中“ earlier ”可知，原句显然是将 1882 年以前的生活与 1882 年时的生活作比较，所以此处 hard 应该改为 harder 。 k <}I<Or
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例 3 ,yi2O]5e>!
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At the beginning of the nineteenth century working 3V!x?H$
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hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful,
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and working conditions being poor and dangerous. 1.__________ {G]`1Q1DR
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在该句中， working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, and working conditions being poor and dangerous 三个小分句为并列结构关系，因此必须保持成分和结构上的一致性，故应该将 being 改为 were 。 c; d"
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However, a second person thought that this was <X9T-b"$h
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“ more…than… ”是固定搭配用法，在此句中表示“与其…不如…”的意思，而不是“比…多”的意思；没有“ more…as… ”的搭配用法，故应该将 as 改为 than 。 P|yGx)'^P
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练习题 hu`L v
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1 On the contrary, the intimate atmosphere of the U=_~{[/
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small college allows the student four years of structural
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living in which to expect and preparing for the real world. 1.__________ V_7 Y1GD
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2 In making his choice among educational institutions :9v*,*@x
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the student must, therefore, consider a great many factors. >F_qa=t%[
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and so going to the movies. 2.__________ EIy]qAE:f
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3 The next morning the sun rose like a red ball on the /ynKKJx<Y
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eastern horizon. But somehow after breakfast it hid ~_/<PIm
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itself behind patches of clouds but it seemed a rain was 3.__________ +aXMH T"U
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5 That is worthy of note about these two groups is that 5.__________ +Y>cBSO
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6 Women members are so less than members that we 6.__________
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7 The best way to avoid using dictionaries when you "n2xn%t{
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are reading English books is to try to remember many 7.__________ =[tls^
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words as you can. aR(Z~z;C
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8 It is just on that day when I bumped into Miss Helen 8.__________ %` uRUex
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9 It is in the cinema not on the street where he lost his 9.__________ u g$\&rM>
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wallet which contained ＄ 1,000 in it. >*Z{@1*h
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10 In the future passengers ships will be built to travel +AC -f 2
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undersea, and special underwater ships will be designed 1?#p !;&
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for mining, fishing, and to exploring unknown areas. 10.__________ "Ohpb!J9
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答案解析： fy-Z{
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1.preparing→prepare。属于平行结构中的动词错误。在并列连词and前后显然要有形式一致的动词，但前面没有与preparing呼应的现在分词（注：同行中的living是in which中which的先行词，故一定是名词，而不是现在分词——这是词形表面上的干扰），故只能改动preparing使之与前面的动词不定式expect一致，这里也有考生将preparing改为prepares，用意是与句中谓语动词allows一致，但要注意，句中不定式expect是及物动词，它的宾语是“the real world”，必须与prepare for共享。 34M.xB
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2.so后面加is。该句是一个并列句，第一个分词结构是完整的，主语由动名词“going to school”担当，第二个分词表语部分与前面相同。为避免重复，而使用代词so，但是谓语不能省略，必须加上is才是完整的结构。 QN8Hz/}\
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3.but→and。 _ll aH
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4.when→than。“no sooner…than…”和“hardly…when…”是固顶结构，相互之间不能交换使用。 84\o7@$#
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5.that→what。该句结构比较复杂，前面整个句子作为主语，但是that不能作为主语从句的主语成分，因此改成what。 <:t\P.
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6.less→fewer。 3<E$m *
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7.many前加as。 OyZ>R~c'B
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8.when→that。因为该句是一个强调句，所强调成分的代词除了在所强调成分为“人”时使用who或者that的情况外，一律使用that。
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9.where→that。 4w[ta? &6B
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10.删除to。
