ÏÖ´ú·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ±Ê¼Ç£¨ÖìÓñÏͰ棩 }M~[8f
]
µÚÒ»½² ÐòÂÛ bw OG|\
L*1yK*
¶þ¡¢ÏÖ´ú·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÖеÄÖ÷ÒªÀï³Ì±® 1IWP~G
·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÊÇÑо¿ºËËá¡¢µ°°×ÖʵÈËùÓÐÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ÓµÄÐÎ̬¡¢½á¹¹ÌØÕ÷¼°ÆäÖØÒªÐÔ¡¢¹æÂÉÐÔºÍÏ໥¹ØϵµÄ¿Æѧ£¬ÊÇÈËÀà´Ó·Ö×ÓˮƽÉÏÕæÕý½Ò¿ªÉúÎïÊÀ½çµÄ°ÂÃØ£¬Óɱ»¶¯µØÊÊÓ¦×ÔÈ»½çתÏòÖ÷¶¯µØ¸ÄÔìºÍÖØ×é×ÔÈ»½çµÄ»ù´¡Ñ§¿Æ¡£µ±ÈËÃÇÒâʶµ½Í¬Ò»ÉúÎﲻͬÊÀ´úÖ®¼äµÄÁ¬ÐøÐÔÊÇÓÉÉúÎïÌå×ÔÉíËùЯ´øµÄÒÅ´«ÎïÖÊËù¾ö¶¨µÄ£¬¿Æѧ¼ÒΪ½ÒʾÕâЩÒÅ´«ÃÜÂëËù½øÐеÄŬÁ¦¾Í³ÉΪÈËÀàÕ÷·þ×ÔÈ»µÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬¶øÒÔÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ÓΪÑо¿¶ÔÏñµÄ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ¾ÍѸËÙ³ÉΪÏÖ´úÉç»áÖÐ×î¾ß»îÁ¦µÄ¿Æѧ¡£ "ac$S9@~
´Ó1847ÄêSchleidenºÍSchwannÌá³ö"ϸ°ûѧ˵"£¬Ö¤Ã÷¶¯¡¢Ö²ÎﶼÊÇÓÉϸ°û×é³ÉµÄµ½½ñÌ죬ËäÈ»²»¹ý¶Ì¶ÌÒ»°Ù¶àÄêʱ¼ä£¬ÎÒÃǶÔÉúÎï´ó·Ö×Ó--ϸ°ûµÄ»¯Ñ§×é³ÉÈ´ÓÐÁËÉî¿ÌµÄÈÏʶ¡£Ãϵ¶ûµÄÒÅ´«Ñ§¹æÂÉ×îÏÈʹÈËÃǶÔÐÔ×´ÒÅ´«²úÉúÁËÀíÐÔÈÏʶ£¬¶øMorganµÄ»ùÒòѧ˵Ôò½øÒ»²½½«"ÐÔ×´"Óë"»ùÒò"ÏàñîÁª£¬³ÉΪ·Ö×ÓÒÅ´«Ñ§µÄµì»ùʯ¡£WatsonºÍCrickËùÌá³öµÄÍÑÑõºËÌÇËáË«ÂÝÐýÄ£ÐÍ£¬Îª³ä·Ö½ÒʾÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ´«µÝ¹æÂÉÆÌƽÁ˵À·¡£ÔÚµ°°×ÖÊ»¯Ñ§·½Ã棬¼ÌSumnerÔÚ1936Äê֤ʵøÊǵ°°×ÖÊÖ®ºó£¬SangerÀûÓÃÖ½µçÓ¾¼°²ãÎö¼¼ÊõÓÚ1953ÄêÊ״βûÃ÷ÒȵºËصÄÒ»¼¶½á¹¹£¬¿ª´´Á˵°°×ÖÊÐòÁзÖÎöµÄÏȺӡ£¶øKendrewºÍPerutzÀûÓÃXÉäÏßÑÜÉä¼¼Êõ½âÎöÁ˼¡ºìµ°°×£¨myoglobin£©¼°Ñªºìµ°°×£¨hemoglobin£©µÄÈýά½á¹¹£¬ÂÛÖ¤ÁËÕâЩµ°°×ÖÊÔÚÊäËÍ·Ö×ÓÑõ¹ý³ÌÖеÄÌØÊâ×÷Ó㬳ÉΪÑо¿ÉúÎï´ó·Ö×Ó¿Õ¼äÁ¢Ìå¹¹Ð͵ÄÏÈÇý¡£ f9La79v
1910Ä꣬µÂ¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒKosselµÚÒ»¸ö·ÖÀëÁËÏÙàÑßÊ£¬ÐØÏÙà×ऺÍ×é°±Ëá¡£ h3P ^W(=&
1959Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒUchoaµÚÒ»´ÎºÏ³ÉÁ˺ËÌǺËËᣬʵÏÖÁ˽«»ùÒòÄÚµÄÒÅ´«ÐÅϢͨ¹ýRNA·Òë³Éµ°°×ÖʵĹý³Ì¡£Í¬Ä꣬KornbergʵÏÖÁËÊÔ¹ÜÄÚϸ¾úϸ°ûÖÐDNAµÄ¸´ÖÆ¡£ $
1v'CT
1962Ä꣬Watson£¨ÃÀ£©ºÍCrick£¨Ó¢£©ÒòΪÔÚ1953ÄêÌá³öDNAµÄ·´ÏòƽÐÐË«ÂÝÐýÄ£ÐͶøÓëWilkins¹²»ñNobleÉúÀíҽѧ½±£¬ºóÕßͨ¹ýXÉäÏßÑÜÉä֤ʵÁËWatson-CrickÄ£ÐÍ¡£ kTm>`.kKJ=
1965Ä꣬·¨¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒJacobºÍMonodÌá³ö²¢Ö¤ÊµÁ˲Ù×Ý×Ó£¨operon£©×÷Ϊµ÷½Úϸ¾úϸ°û´úлµÄ·Ö×Ó»úÖÆ¡£´ËÍ⣬ËûÃÇ»¹Ê×´ÎÍƲâ´æÔÚÒ»ÖÖÓëDNAÐòÁÐÏ໥²¹¡¢Äܽ«ËüËù±àÂëµÄÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢´øµ½µ°°×Öʺϳɳ¡Ëù£¨Ï¸°ûÖÊ£©²¢·Òë²úÉúµ°°×ÖʵÄmRNA£¨ÐÅʹºËÌǺËËᣩ¡£ GqD_6cdh
1972Ä꣬Paul Berg£¨ÃÀ£©µÚÒ»´Î½øÐÐÁËDNAÖØ×é¡£ ^"EK:|Y4%K
1977Ä꣬SangerºÍGilbert£¨Ó¢£©µÚÒ»´Î½øÐÐÁËDNAÐòÁзÖÎö¡£ fi';Mb3B3
1988Ä꣬McClintockÓÉÓÚÔÚ50Äê´úÌá³ö²¢·¢ÏÖÁË¿ÉÒƶ¯ÒÅ´«Òò×Ó£¨jumping gene»ò³Æmobile element£©¶ø»ñµÃNobel½±¡£ N6%M+R/Q
1993Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒRobertsºÍSharpÒò·¢ÏÖ¶ÏÁÑ»ùÒò£¨introns£©¶ø»ñµÃNobel½±¡£MullisÓÉÓÚ·¢Ã÷PCRÒǶøÓë¼ÓÄôóѧÕßSmith£¨µÚÒ»¸öÉè¼Æ»ùÒò¶¨µãÍ»±ä£©¹²ÏíNobel»¯Ñ§½±¡£ N_f>5uv
´ËÍ⣬Griffith£¨1928£©¼°Avery£¨1944£©µÈÈ˹ØÓÚÖ²¡Á¦Ç¿µÄ¹â»¬ÐÍ£¨SÐÍ£©·ÎÑ×Á´Çò¾úDNAµ¼ÖÂÖ²¡Á¦ÈõµÄ´Ö²ÚÐÍ£¨RÐÍ£©Ï¸¾ú·¢ÉúÒÅ´«×ª»¯µÄʵÑ飻HersheyºÍChase£¨1952£©¹ØÓÚDNAÊÇÒÅ´«ÎïÖʵÄʵÑ飻CrickÓÚ1954ÄêËùÌá³öµÄÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢´«µÝ¹æÂÉ£¨¼´ÖÐÐÄ·¨Ôò£©:MeselsonºÍStahl£¨1958£©¹ØÓÚDNA°ë±£Áô¸´ÖƵÄʵÑéÒÔ¼°YanofskyºÍBrener£¨1961£©Äê¹ØÓÚÒÅ´«ÃÜÂëÈýÁª×ÓµÄÉèÏ붼Ϊ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧµÄ·¢Õ¹×ö³öÁËÖØ´ó¹±Ïס£ j~k+d$a
ÎÒ¹úÉúÎï¿Æѧ¼ÒÎâÏÜ20ÊÀ¼Í20Äê´ú³õ»Ø¹úºóÔÚкÍÒ½¿Æ´óѧÉú»¯ÏµÓëÍôéà¡¢ÕŲýÓ±µÈÈËÒ»µÀÍê³ÉÁ˵°°×ÖʱäÐÔÀíÂÛ¡¢ÑªÒºÉú»¯¼ì²âºÍÃâÒß»¯Ñ§µÈһϵÁÐÓÐÖØ´óÓ°ÏìµÄÑо¿£¬³ÉΪÎÒ¹úÉúÎﻯѧ½çµÄÏÈÇý¡£20ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´ú¡¢70Äê´úºÍ80Äê´ú£¬ÎÒ¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒÏà¼ÌʵÏÖÁËÈ˹¤È«ºÏ³ÉÓÐÉúÎïѧ»îÐԵĽᾧţÒȵºËØ£¬½â³öÁËÈý·½¶þпÖíÒȵºËصľ§Ìå½á¹¹£¬²ÉÓÃÓлúºÏ³ÉÓëø´ÙÏà½áºÏµÄ·½·¨Íê³ÉÁ˽Íĸ±û°±ËáתÒƺËÌǺËËáµÄÈ˹¤È«ºÏ³É£¬ÔÚøѧÑо¿¡¢µ°°×Öʽṹ¼°ÉúÎïĤ½á¹¹Ó빦Äܵȷ½Ã涼ÓÐÊÀËùÖõÄ¿µÄ½¨Ê÷¡£ S3> <zGYk
*[b22a4H(
Èý¡¢·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧµÄÖ÷ÒªÑо¿ÄÚÈÝ Ep1p>s^
ËùÓÐÉúÎïÌåÖеÄÓлú´ó·Ö×Ó¶¼ÊÇÒÔ̼Ô×ÓΪºËÐÄ£¬²¢ÒÔ¹²¼Û¼üµÄÐÎʽÓëÇâ¡¢Ñõ¡¢µª¼°Á×ÒÔ²»Í¬·½Ê½¹¹³ÉµÄ¡£²»½öÈç´Ë£¬Ò»ÇÐÉúÎïÌåÖеĸ÷ÀàÓлú´ó·Ö×Ó¶¼ÊÇÓÉÍêÈ«ÏàͬµÄµ¥Ì壬Èçµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×ÓÖеÄ20ÖÖ°±»ùËá¡¢DNA¼°RNAÖеÄ8ÖÖ¼î»ùËù×éºÏ¶ø³ÉµÄ£¬Óɴ˲úÉúÁË·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧµÄ3Ìõ»ù±¾ÔÀí£º 8U7X/L
1£® ¹¹³ÉÉúÎïÌåÓлú´ó·Ö×ӵĵ¥ÌåÔÚ²»Í¬ÉúÎïÖж¼ÊÇÏàͬµÄ£» Iz[wrtDI1
2£® ÉúÎïÌåÄÚÒ»ÇÐÓлú´ó·Ö×ӵĽ¨³É¶¼×ñÑן÷×ÔÌض¨µÄ¹æÔò£» O@sJ#i>
3£® ijһÌض¨ÉúÎïÌåËùÓµÓеĺËËá¼°µ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó¾ö¶¨ÁËËüµÄÊôÐÔ¡£ Ys@G0}\3G
·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÑо¿ÄÚÈÝ: HHg[6aw
DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ------»ùÒò¹¤³Ì eTZ2f
»ùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿Ø-------ºËËáÉúÎïѧ \* SEj&9
ÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ӽṹ¹¦ÄÜ----½á¹¹·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ ZoroK.N4A%
DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ£¨ÓֳƻùÒò¹¤³Ì£© L<_zQ
ÕâÊÇ20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´ú³õÐËÆðµÄ¼¼Êõ¿Æѧ£¬Ä¿µÄÊǽ«²»Í¬DNAƬ¶Î£¨Èçij¸ö»ùÒò»ò»ùÒòµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£©°´ÕÕÈËÃǵÄÉè¼Æ¶¨ÏòÁ¬½ÓÆðÀ´£¬ÔÚÌض¨µÄÊÜÌåϸ°ûÖÐÓëÔØÌåͬʱ¸´ÖƲ¢µÃµ½±í´ï£¬²úÉúÓ°ÏìÊÜÌåϸ°ûµÄеÄÒÅ´«ÐÔ×´¡£ÑϸñµØ˵£¬DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ²¢²»ÍêÈ«µÈÓÚ»ùÒò¹¤³Ì£¬ÒòΪºóÕß»¹°üÀ¨ÆäËû¿ÉÄÜʹÉúÎïϸ°û»ùÒò×é½á¹¹µÃµ½¸ÄÔìµÄÌåϵ¡£DNAÖØ×é¼¼ÊõÊǺËËữѧ¡¢µ°°×ÖÊ»¯Ñ§¡¢Ã¸¹¤³Ì¼°Î¢ÉúÎïѧ¡¢ÒÅ´«Ñ§¡¢Ï¸°ûѧ³¤ÆÚÉîÈëÑо¿µÄ½á¾§£¬¶øÏÞÖÆÐÔÄÚÇÐøDNAÁ¬½Óø¼°ÆäËû¹¤¾ßøµÄ·¢ÏÖÓëÓ¦ÓÃÔòÊÇÕâÒ»¼¼ÊõµÃÒÔ½¨Á¢µÄ¹Ø¼ü¡£ w4
j,t
DNAÖØ×é¼¼ÊõÓÐ׏ãÀ«µÄÓ¦ÓÃÇ°¾°:DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ¿ÉÓÃÓÚ¶¨Ïò¸ÄÔìijЩÉúÎï»ùÒò×é½á¹¹£¬Ê¹ËüÃÇËù¾ß±¸µÄÌØÊ⾼üÛÖµ»ò¹¦ÄܵÃÒԳɰ٠ÉÏǧ±¶µÄµØÌá¸ß¡£DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ»¹±»ÓÃÀ´½øÐлù´¡Ñо¿¡£Èç¹û˵£¬·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÑо¿µÄºËÐÄÊÇÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ´«µÝºÍ¿ØÖÆ£¬ÄÇô¸ù¾ÝÖÐÐÄ·¨Ôò£¬ÎÒÃÇÒªÑо¿µÄ¾ÍÊÇ´ÓDNAµ½RNA£¬ÔÙµ½µ°°×ÖʵÄÈ«¹ý³Ì£¬Ò²¼´»ùÒòµÄ±í´ïÓëµ÷¿Ø¡£ÔÚÕâÀÎÞÂÛÊǶÔÆô¶¯×ÓµÄÑо¿£¨°üÀ¨µ÷¿ØÔª¼þ»ò³Æ˳ʽ×÷ÓÃÔª¼þ£©£¬»¹ÊǶÔת¼Òò×ӵĿË¡¼°·ÖÎö£¬¶¼Àë²»¿ªÖØ×éDNA¼¼ÊõµÄÓ¦ÓᣠvJ0Zv>
n-
{V5eHn9/Q'
»ùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿ØÑо¿ s:Io5C(
ÒòΪµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó²ÎÓë²¢¿ØÖÆÁËϸ°ûµÄÒ»Çдúл»î¶¯£¬¶ø¾ö¶¨µ°°×ÖʽṹºÍºÏ³ÉʱÐòµÄÐÅÏ¢¶¼ÓɺËËᣨÖ÷ÒªÊÇÍÑÑõºËÌǺËËᣩ·Ö×Ó±àÂ룬±íÏÖΪÌض¨µÄºËÜÕËáÐòÁУ¬ËùÒÔ»ùÒò±í´ïʵÖÊÉϾÍÊÇÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄת¼ºÍ·Òë¡£ÔÚ¸öÌåÉú³¤·¢Óý¹ý³ÌÖÐÉúÎïÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ±í´ï°´Ò»¶¨µÄʱÐò·¢Éú±ä»¯£¨Ê±Ðòµ÷½Ú£©£¬²¢Ëæ×ÅÄÚÍâ»·¾³µÄ±ä»¯¶ø²»¶Ï¼ÓÒÔÐÞÕý£¨»·¾³µ÷¿Ø£©¡£ 8&UwnEk<
ÔºËÉúÎïµÄ»ùÒò×éºÍȾɫÌå½á¹¹¶¼±ÈÕæºËÉúÎï¼òµ¥£¬×ªÂ¼ºÍ·ÒëÔÚͬһʱ¼äºÍ¿Õ¼äÄÚ·¢Éú£¬»ùÒò±í´ïµÄµ÷¿ØÖ÷Òª·¢ÉúÔÚת¼ˮƽ¡£ÕæºËÉúÎïÓÐϸ°ûºË½á¹¹£¬×ªÂ¼ºÍ·Òë¹ý³ÌÔÚʱ¼äºÍ¿Õ¼äÉ϶¼±»·Ö¸ô¿ª£¬ÇÒÔÚת¼ºÍ·Òëºó¶¼Óи´ÔÓµÄÐÅÏ¢¼Ó¹¤¹ý³Ì£¬Æä»ùÒò±í´ïµÄµ÷¿Ø¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÉúÔÚ¸÷ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄˮƽÉÏ¡£»ùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿ØÖ÷Òª±íÏÖÔÚÐźŴ«µ¼Ñо¿¡¢×ªÂ¼Òò×ÓÑо¿¼°RNA¼ô¼3¸ö·½Ãæ¡£ s.XLC43Rs
ת¼Òò×ÓÊÇһȺÄÜÓë»ùÒò5¡¯¶ËÉÏÓÎÌض¨ÐòÁÐרһ½áºÏ£¬´Ó¶ø±£Ö¤Ä¿µÄ»ùÒòÒÔÌض¨µÄÇ¿¶ÈÔÚÌض¨µÄʱ¼äÓë¿Õ¼ä±í´ïµÄµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó¡£ "wj-Qgz
ÕæºË»ùÒòÔڽṹÉϵIJ»Á¬ÐøÐÔÊǽü10ÄêÀ´ÉúÎïѧÉϵÄÖØ´ó·¢ÏÖÖ®Ò»¡£µ±»ùÒòת¼³Épre-mRNAºó£¬³ýÁËÔÚ5¡¯¶Ë¼Óñ¼°3¡¯¶Ë¼Ó¶à¾ÛA[polyA]Ö®Í⣬»¹Òª½«¸ô¿ª¸÷¸öÏàÁÚ±àÂëÇøµÄÄÚº¬×Ó¼ôÈ¥£¬Ê¹ÍâÏÔ×Ó£¨±àÂëÇø£©ÏàÁ¬ºó³ÉΪ³ÉÊìmRNA¡£Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ£¬ÓÐÐí¶à»ùÒò²»Êǽ«ËüÃǵÄÄÚº¬×ÓÈ«²¿¼ôÈ¥£¬¶øÊÇÔÚ²»Í¬µÄϸ°û»ò²»Í¬µÄ·¢Óý½×¶ÎÓÐÑ¡ÔñµØ¼ô½ÓÆäÖв¿·ÖÄÚº¬×Ó£¬Òò´ËÉú³É²»Í¬µÄmRNA¼°µ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó¡£ MNd[Xzm
?$ 0t @E
½á¹¹·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ
2*}qQ0J
ÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ӵĽṹ¹¦ÄÜÑо¿£¨Óֳƽṹ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ£© Ò»¸öÉúÎï´ó·Ö×Ó£¬ÎÞÂÛÊǺËËá¡¢µ°°×ÖÊ»ò¶àÌÇ£¬ÔÚ·¢»ÓÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄÜʱ£¬±ØÐë¾ß±¸Á½¸öÇ°Ìá:Ê×ÏÈ£¬ËüÓµÓÐÌض¨µÄ¿Õ¼ä½á¹¹£¨Èýά½á¹¹£©£»Æä´Î£¬ÔÚËü·¢»ÓÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄܵĹý³ÌÖбض¨´æÔÚ׎ṹºÍ¹¹ÏóµÄ±ä»¯¡£ =SLCG.
½á¹¹·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ¾ÍÊÇÑо¿ÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ÓÌض¨µÄ¿Õ¼ä½á¹¹¼°½á¹¹µÄÔ˶¯±ä»¯ÓëÆäÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄܹØϵµÄ¿Æѧ¡£Ëü°üÀ¨½á¹¹µÄ²â¶¨¡¢½á¹¹Ô˶¯±ä»¯¹æÂɵÄ̽Ë÷¼°½á¹¹Ó빦ÄÜÏ໥¹ØϵµÄ½¨Á¢3¸öÖ÷ÒªÑо¿·½Ïò¡£×î³£¼ûµÄÑо¿Èýά½á¹¹¼°ÆäÔ˶¯¹æÂɵÄÊÖ¶ÎÊÇXÉäÏßÑÜÉäµÄ¾§Ìåѧ£¨ÓֳƵ°°×Öʾ§Ìåѧ£©£¬Æä´ÎÊÇÓöþάºË´Å¹²ÕñºÍ¶àάºË´ÅÑо¿ÒºÏà½á¹¹£¬Ò²ÓÐÈËÓõ羵ÈýάÖØ×é¡¢µç×ÓÑÜÉä¡¢ÖÐ×ÓÑÜÉäºÍ¸÷ÖÖƵÆ×ѧ·½·¨Ñо¿ÉúÎï¸ß·Ö×ӵĿռä½á¹¹¡£ kyu
PN<?
N_| '`]D
(?lKedA>
2
.Fm@OQr
µÚ¶þ½² ȾɫÌåÓëDNA R&9Q#n-
Ò»¡¢ DNAµÄ×é³ÉÓë½á¹¹ _Sn45h@"
AveryÔÚ1944ÄêµÄÑо¿±¨¸æÖÐдµÀ£º"µ±ÈÜÒºÖоƾ«µÄÌå»ý´ïµ½9/10ʱ£¬ÓÐÏËά״ÎïÖÊÎö³ö¡£ÈçÉÔ¼Ó½Á°è£¬Ëü¾Í»áÏóÃÞÏßÔÚÏßÖáÉÏÒ»ÑùÈÆÔÚÓ²°ôÉÏ£¬ÈÜÒºÖеÄÆäËü³É·ÝÔò³Ê¿ÅÁ£×´³Áµí¡£ÈܽâÏËά״ÎïÖʲ¢Öظ´Êý´Î£¬¿ÉÌá¸ßÆä´¿¶È¡£ÕâÒ»ÎïÖʾßÓкÜÇ¿µÄÉúÎïѧ»îÐÔ£¬³õ²½ÊµÑé֤ʵ£¬ËüºÜ¿ÉÄܾÍÊÇDNA¡£¶ÔDNA·Ö×ÓµÄÎïÀí»¯Ñ§Ñо¿µ¼ÖÂÁËÏÖ´úÉúÎïѧ·Ì츲µØµÄ¸ïÃü£¬Õâ¸üÊÇAveryËùûÓÐÏëµ½¡£ Or,W2
ËùνDNAµÄÒ»¼¶½á¹¹£¬¾ÍÊÇÖ¸4ÖÖºËÜÕËáµÄÁ¬½Ó¼°ÆäÅÅÁÐ˳Ðò£¬±íʾÁ˸ÃDNA·Ö×ӵĻ¯Ñ§¹¹³É¡£ºËÜÕËáÐòÁжÔDNA¸ß¼¶½á¹¹µÄÐγÉÓкܴóÓ°Ï죬ÈçB-DNAÖжà¾Û£*****-C£©ÇøÒ׳öÏÖ×óÊÖÂÝÐýDNA£¨Z-DNA£©£¬¶ø·´ÏòÖظ´µÄDNAƬ¶ÎÒ׳öÏÖ·¢¿¨Ê½½á¹¹µÈ¡£DNA²»½ö¾ßÓÐÑϸñµÄ»¯Ñ§×é³É£¬»¹¾ßÓÐÌØÊâµÄ¸ß¼¶½á¹¹£¬ËüÖ÷ÒªÒÔÓйæÔòµÄË«ÂÝÐýÐÎʽ´æÔÚ£¬Æä»ù±¾ÌصãÊÇ£º .ly K
,p
1¡¢DNA·Ö×ÓÊÇÓÉÁ½Ìõ»¥ÏàƽÐеÄÍÑÑõºËÜÕË᳤Á´ÅÌÈƶø³ÉµÄ¡£
w[Q)b()
2¡¢DNA·Ö×ÓÖеÄÍÑÑõºËÌǺÍÁ×Ëá½»ÌæÁ¬½Ó£¬ÅÅÔÚÍâ²à£¬¹¹³É»ù±¾¹Ç¼Ü£¬¼î»ùÅÅÁÐÔÚÄڲࡣ l&oc/$&|[
3¡¢Á½ÌõÁ´Éϵļî»ùͨ¹ýÇâ¼üÏà½áºÏ£¬Ðγɼî»ù¶Ô£¬ËüµÄ×é³ÉÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¹æÂÉ¡£Õâ¾ÍÊÇàÑßÊÓëà×à¤Åä¶Ô£¬¶øÇÒÏÙàÑßÊ£¨A£©Ö»ÄÜÓëÐØÏÙà×ण¨T£©Åä¶Ô£¬ÄñàÑßÊ£*****£©Ö»ÄÜÓë°ûà×ण¨C£©Åä¶Ô¡£ÈçÒ»ÌõÁ´ÉÏijһ¼î»ùÊÇC£¬ÁíÒ»ÌõÁ´ÉÏÓëËüÅä¶ÔµÄ¼î»ù±Ø¶¨ÊÇG¡£¼î»ùÖ®¼äµÄÕâÖÖÒ»Ò»¶ÔÓ¦µÄ¹Øϵ½Ð¼î»ù»¥²¹Åä¶ÔÔÔò¡£×é³ÉDNA·Ö×ӵļî»ùËäȻֻÓÐ4ÖÖ£¬ËüÃǵÄÅä¶Ô·½Ê½Ò²Ö»ÓÐAÓëT£¬CÓëGÁ½ÖÖ£¬µ«ÊÇ£¬ÓÉÓÚ¼î»ù¿ÉÒÔÈκÎ˳ÐòÅÅÁУ¬¹¹³ÉÁËDNA·Ö×ӵĶàÑùÐÔ¡£ÀýÈ磬ijDNA·Ö×ÓµÄÒ»Ìõ¶àºËÜÕËáÁ´ÓÐ100¸ö²»Í¬µÄ¼î»ù×é³É£¬ËüÃǵĿÉÄÜÅÅÁз½Ê½¾ÍÊÇ4100¡£ NH0uK
#D|n6[Y'.t
¶þ¡¢ DNA¾ÛºÏøÓëDNAµÄºÏ³É mk]8}+^.
The accuracy of translation relies on the specificity of base pairing. The actual rate in bacteria seems to be --10-8-10-10. This corresponds to -1 error per genome per 1000 bacterial replication cycles, or -10-6 per gene per generation. ^~K[ bFbW
DNA polymerase might improve the specificity of complementary base selection at either (or both) of two stages: %)p?&_
1£¬It could scrutinize the incoming base for the proper complementarity with the template base; for example, by specifically recongnizing matching chemical features. This would be a presynthetic error control.
-mY,nMDb
2£¬Or it could scrutinize the base pair after the new base has been added to the chain, and, in those cases in which a mistake has been made, remove the most recently added base. This would be a proofreading control. -
8m3L
Ji7<UJ30x
Èý¡¢DNAµÄÉúÀíÒâÒå¼°³É·Ö·ÖÎö 2C"[0*.[N
ÔçÔÚ1928ÄêÓ¢¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒGriffithµÈÈ˾ͷ¢ÏÖ·ÎÑ×Á´Çò¾úʹСÊó²Ð·ÏµÄÔÒòÊÇÒýÆð·ÎÑס£Ï¸¾úµÄ¶¾ÐÔ£¨Ö²¡Á¦£©ÊÇÓÉϸ°û±íÃæ¼ÔĤÖеĶàÌÇËù¾ö¶¨µÄ¡£¾ßÓй⻬Íâ±íµÄSÐÍ·ÎÑ×Á´Çò¾úÒòΪ´øÓмÔĤ¶àÌǶø¶¼ÄÜʹСÊó·¢²¡£¬¶ø¾ßÓдֲÚÍâ±íµÄRÐÍÒòΪûÓмÔĤ¶àÌǶøʧȥÖ²¡Á¦£¨¼ÔĤ¶àÌÇÄܱ£»¤Ï¸¾úÃâÊÜÔ˶¯°×ϸ°û¹¥»÷£©¡£ Sgq?r-Q.
Ê×ÏÈÓÃʵÑéÖ¤Ã÷»ùÒò¾ÍÊÇDNA·Ö×ÓµÄÊÇÃÀ¹úÖøÃûµÄ΢ÉúÎïѧ¼ÒAvery¡£AveryµÈÈ˽«¹â»¬ÐÍÖ²¡¾ú£¨SÐÍ£©ÉÕÖóɱÃð»îÐÔÒÔºóÔÙÇÖȾСÊ󣬷¢ÏÖÕâЩËÀϸ¾ú×ÔȻɥʧÁËÖ²¡ÄÜÁ¦¡£ÔÙÓûîµÄ´Ö²ÚÐÍϸ¾ú£¨RÐÍ£©À´ÇÖȾСÊó£¬Ò²²»ÄÜʹ֮·¢²¡£¬ÒòΪ´Ö²ÚÐÍϸ¾úÌìÈ»ÎÞÖ²¡Á¦¡£µ±ËûÃǽ«¾ÉÕÖóɱËÀµÄSÐÍϸ¾úºÍ»îµÄRÐÍϸ¾ú»ìºÏÔÙ¸ÐȾСÊóʱ£¬ÊµÑéСÊóÿ´Î¶¼ËÀÁË¡£½âÆÊËÀÊ󣬷¢ÏÖÓдóÁ¿»îµÄSÐÍ£¨¶ø²»ÊÇRÐÍ£©Ï¸¾ú¡£ËûÃÇÍƲ⣬ËÀϸ¾úÖеÄijһ³É·ÖÔæת»¯Ô´£¨transforming principle£©½«ÎÞÖ²¡Á¦µÄϸ¾úת»¯³É²¡Ôϸ¾ú¡£ _q=ua;I&
ÃÀ¹úÀäȪ¸Û¿¨ÄÚ»ùÒÅ´«Ñ§ÊµÑéÊÒ¿Æѧ¼ÒHersheyºÍËûµÄѧÉúChaseÔÚ1952Äê´ÓÊÂÊɾúÌåÇÖȾϸ¾úµÄʵÑé¡£ÊɾúÌåרÃżÄÉúÔÚϸ¾úÌåÄÚ¡£ËüµÄÍ·¡¢Î²Íⲿ¶¼ÓÐÓɵ°°×ÖÊ×é³ÉµÄÍâ¿Ç£¬Í·ÄÚÖ÷ÒªÊÇDNA¡£ÊɾúÌåÇÖȾϸ¾úµÄ¹ý³Ì¿ÉÒÔ·ÖΪÒÔÏÂ5¸ö²½Ö裺¢ÙÊɾúÌåÓÃβ²¿µÄÄ©¶Ë£¨»ùƬ¡¢Î²Ë¿£©Îü¸½ÔÚϸ¾ú±íÃ棻¢ÚÊɾúÌåͨ¹ýβÖá°ÑDNAÈ«²¿×¢Èëϸ¾úϸ°ûÄÚ£¬ÊɾúÌåµÄµ°°×ÖÊÍâ¿ÇÔòÁôÔÚϸ°ûÍâÃ棻¢ÛÊɾúÌåµÄDNAÒ»µ©½øÈëϸ¾úÌåÄÚ£¬Ëü¾ÍÄÜÀûÓÃϸ¾úµÄÉúÃü¹ý³ÌºÏ³ÉÊɾúÌå×ÔÉíµÄDNAºÍµ°°×ÖÊ£»¢ÜкϳɵÄDNAºÍµ°°×ÖÊÍâ¿Ç£¬ÄÜ×é×°³ÉÐíÐí¶à¶àÓëÇ×´úÍêÈ«ÏàͬµÄ×ÓÊɾúÌ壻¢Ý×Ó´úÊɾúÌåÓÉÓÚϸ¾úµÄ½âÌå¶ø±»ÊͷųöÀ´£¬ÔÙÈ¥ÇÖȾÆäËûϸ¾ú¡£ËûÃÇ·¢ÏÖ±»¸ÐȾµÄϸ¾úÖдøÓÐ70%µÄÊɾúÌåDNA£¬µ«Ö»´øÓÐ20%µÄÊɾúÌåµ°°×ÖÊ¡£×Ó´úÊɾúÌåÖдøÓÐ50%±ê¼ÇµÄDNA£¬È´Ö»ÓÐ1%µÄ±ê¼Çµ°°×ÖÊ¡£ =gQ^,x0R9
ËÄ. C-valueºÍCot1/2 2+cpNk$
Lf+"Gp
lL"ANlX-P
Îå¡¢ ȾɫÌå½á¹¹ }0idFotck
ÈκÎÒ»ÌõȾɫÌåÉ϶¼´øÓÐÐí¶à»ùÒò£¬Ò»Ìõ¸ßµÈÉúÎïµÄȾɫÌåÉÏ¿ÉÄÜ´øÓгÉǧÉÏÍò¸ö»ùÒò£¬Ò»¸öϸ°ûÖеÄÈ«²¿»ùÒòÐòÁм°Æä¼ä¸ôÐòÁÐͳ³ÆΪgenomes£¨»ùÒò×飩¡£ Èç¹ûÉèÏ뽫ÈËÌåϸ°ûÖеÄDNA·Ö×ÓÈƵØÇòÒ»ÖÜ£¬ÄÇô£¬Ã¿¸ö¼î»ù´óÔ¼Ö»Õ¼1£5ÀåÃ×£¬¶øÒ»¸ö2£3kbµÄ»ùÒòÖ»Ï൱ÓÚµØÇòÉÏÒ»ÌõÊýÊ®Ã׳¤£¬ÊýÀåÃ׿íµÄÏ߶Σ¡ W$Sc@!M3{
%3@-.=
Genotype (»ùÒòÐÍ)£º The genetic constitution of a given organism (ָij¸öÌض¨ÉúÎïÌåϸ°ûÄÚµÄÈ«²¿ÒÅ´«ÎïÖÊ)¡£ W.Z`kH *B
Phenotype (±íÏÖÐÍ)£º Visible property of any given organism (ij¸öÌض¨ÉúÎïÌåÖпɹ۲쵽µÄÎïÀí»òÉúÀíÏÖÏó)¡£ O#?@'1
Mutations£º ȾɫÌåDNAÖпÉÒÅ´«µÄºËÜÕËáÐòÁб仯¡£ VCQo3k5
{
+l<l3uBNS
Áù¡¢ ȾɫÌåµÄ×é³É =Hx]K8N )
1£®È¾É«ÖʺͺËСÌå AA<QI' 6
ȾɫÖÊDNAµÄTmÖµ±È×ÔÓÉDNA¸ß£¬ËµÃ÷ÔÚȾɫÖÊÖÐDNA¼«¿ÉÄÜÓëµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×ÓÏ໥×÷Óã»ÔÚȾɫÖÊ״̬Ï£¬ÓÉDNA¾ÛºÏøºÍRNA¾ÛºÏø´ß»¯µÄDNA¸´ÖƺÍת¼»îÐÔ´ó´óµÍÓÚÔÚ×ÔÓÉDNAÖеķ´Ó¦£»DNAøI£¨DNaseI£©¶ÔȾɫÖÊDNAµÄÏû»¯Ô¶Ô¶ÂýÓÚ¶Ô´¿DNAµÄ×÷Óá£È¾É«Öʵĵç×ÓÏÔ΢¾µÍ¼ÏÔʾ³öÓɺËСÌå×é³ÉµÄÄîÖé×´½á¹¹£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½ÓÉÒ»Ìõϸ˿Á¬½Ó×ŵÄÒ»Á¬´®Ö±¾¶Îª10nmµÄÇò×´Ìå¡£ ':!aFMj^
ºËСÌåÊÇÓÉH2A¡¢H2B¡¢H3¡¢H4¸÷Á½¸ö·Ö×ÓÉú³ÉµÄ°Ë¾ÛÌåºÍÓÉ´óÔ¼200bpDNA×é³ÉµÄ¡£°Ë¾ÛÌåÔÚÖм䣬DNA·Ö×ÓÅÌÈÆÔÚÍ⣬¶øH1ÔòÔÚºËСÌåµÄÍâÃ档ÿ¸öºËСÌåÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸öH1¡£ D";@)\jN
ÔÚºËСÌåÖÐDNAÅÌÈÆ×éµ°°×°Ë¾ÛÌåºËÐÄ£¬´Ó¶øʹ·Ö×ÓÊÕËõ³É1/7£¬200bpDNAµÄ³¤¶ÈԼΪ68nm£¬È´±»Ñ¹ËõÔÚ10nmµÄºËСÌåÖС£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÈËÖÐÆÚȾɫÌåÖк¬3.3¡Á109¼î»ù¶Ô£¬ÆäÀíÂÛ³¤¶ÈÓ¦ÊÇ180cm£¬Õâô³¤µÄDNA±»°üº¬ÔÚ46¸ö51¦Ìm³¤µÄÔ²ÖùÌ壨ȾɫÌ壩ÖУ¬ÆäѹËõ±ÈԼΪ104¡£ Fx )BMP
FwUgMR*xq
2£®È¾É«ÌåÖеĺËËá×é³É #*X\pjZ
¢Å²»Öظ´ÐòÁÐ ÔÚµ¥±¶Ìå»ùÒò×éÀÕâЩÐòÁÐÒ»°ãÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö»ò¼¸¸ö¿½±´£¬ËüÕ¼DNA×ÜÁ¿µÄ40%£80%¡£²»Öظ´ÐòÁг¤Ô¼750£2000dp£¬Ï൱ÓÚÒ»¸ö½á¹¹»ùÒòµÄ³¤¶È¡£µ¥¿½±´»ùÒòͨ¹ý»ùÒòÀ©ÔöÈԿɺϳɴóÁ¿µÄµ°°×ÖÊ£¬ÈçÒ»¸ö²ÏË¿Ðĵ°°×»ùÒò¿É×÷Ϊģ°åºÏ³É104¸öË¿Ðĵ°°×mRNA£¬Ã¿¸ömRNA¿É´æ»î4d£¬¹²ºÏ³É105¸öË¿Ðĵ°°×£¬ÕâÑù£¬ÔÚ¼¸ÌìÖ®ÄÚ£¬Ò»¸öµ¥¿½±´Ë¿Ðĵ°°×»ùÒò¾Í¿ÉÒԺϳÉ109¸öË¿Ðĵ°°×·Ö×Ó ¡£ >)+N$EN
xQkvK=~$
¢ÆÖжÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐ ÕâÀàÖظ´ÐòÁеÄÖظ´´ÎÊýÔÚ10£104Ö®¼ä£¬Õ¼×ÜDNAµÄ10%£40%¡£¸÷ÖÖrRNA¡¢tRNA ¼°×éµ°°×»ùÒòµÈ¶¼ÊôÕâÒ»Àà¡£ @7K(_Wd
·ÇÖÞצó¸µÄ18S¡¢5.8S¼°28SrRNA»ùÒòÊÇÁ¬ÔÚÒ»ÆðµÄ£¬Öмä¸ô×Ų»×ªÂ¼µÄ¼ä¸ôÇø£¬ÕâЩµ¥Î»ÔÚDNAÁ´ÉÏ´®ÁªÖظ´Ô¼5000´Î¡£ÔÚÂÑϸ°ûÐγɹý³ÌÖÐÕâЩ»ùÒò¿É½øÐм¸Ç§´Î²»Í¬±ÈÀýµÄ¸´ÖÆ£¬²úÉú2¡Á106¸ö¿½±´£¬Ê¹rDNAÕ¼ÂÑϸ°ûDNAµÄ75%£¬´Ó¶øʹ¸Ãϸ°ûÄÜ»ýÀÛ1012¸öºËÌÇÌå¡£ 8p_6RvG
i>e?$H,/
¢Ç¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁСª¡ªÎÀÐÇDNA ÕâÀàDNAÖ»ÔÚÕæºËÉúÎïÖз¢ÏÖ£¬Õ¼»ùÒò×éµÄ10%¡ª60%£¬ÓÉ6¡ª100¸ö¼î»ù×é³É£¬ÔÚDNAÁ´ÉÏ´®ÁªÖظ´¼¸°ÙÍò´Î¡£ÓÉÓÚ¼î»ùµÄ×é³É²»Í¬£¬ÔÚCsClÃܶÈÌݶÈÀëÐÄÖÐÒ×ÓëÆäËûDNA·Ö¿ª£¬Ðγɺ¬Á¿½Ï´óµÄÖ÷·å¼°¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐС·å£¬ºóÕßÓÖ³ÆÎÀÐÇÇø´ø£¨·å£©¡£ '9!J' [W
¸ßµÈÕæºËÉúÎïDNAÎÞÂ۴ӽṹ»¹Êǹ¦ÄÜ¿´¶¼¼«Îª¸´ÔÓ£¬ÒÔСÊóΪÀý£º iF
Zq oz
1.СÊó×ÜDNAµÄ10£¥ÊÇСÓÚ10bpµÄ¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁУ¬Öظ´ÊýÊ®Íòµ½ÉÏ°ÙÍò´Î/genome¡£ MI)v@_1d
2.×ÜDNAµÄ20£¥ÊÇÖظ´Êýǧ´Î¡¢³¤Ô¼Êý°ÙbpµÄÖеÈÖظ´ÐòÁС£ oL@K{dk
3.×ÜDNAµÄ70£¥ÊDz»Öظ´»òµÍÖظ´ÐòÁÐ,¾ø´ó²¿·Ö¹¦ÄÜ»ùÒò¶¼Î»ÓÚÕâÀàÐòÁÐÖС£ 9_fbl:qk;\
Centromere£ºÊÇϸ°ûÓÐË¿·ÖÁÑÆÚ¼ä·Ä´¸Ìåµ°°×ÖÊÓëȾɫÌåµÄ½áºÏλµã£¨attachment point£©£¬ÕâÖÖ½áºÏ¶ÔÓÚȾɫÌå¶ÔÔÚ×Óϸ°ûÖеÄÓÐÐòºÍƽ¾ù·ÖÅäÖÁ¹ØÖØÒª¡£ÔÚ½ÍĸÖУ¬centromereµÄ¹¦Äܵ¥Î»³¤Ô¼130 bp£¬¸»º¬AT ¼î»ù¶Ô¡£ÔڸߵÈÕæºËϸ°ûÖУ¬centromere¶¼ÊÇÓɳ¤Ô¼5£10 bp¡¢·½ÏòÏàͬµÄ¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐËù×é³É¡£ zPN:)
Telomeres are sequences at the ends of eukaryotic Chromosomes that help stabilize them¡£ ½ÍĸTelomeresÒ»°ãÒÔ100 bp×óÓÒ²»¾«È·Öظ´ÐòÁÐËù×é³É¡£ BhhFij4
5¡¯(TxGy)n ?[7KN8$
3¡¯(AxCy)n Ll.P>LH
ÆäÖÐX¡¢YÒ»°ãΪ1£4£¬µ¥Ï¸°ûÕæºËÉúÎïÖÐn³£Îª20£100£¬¸ßµÈÕæºËÉúÎïÖÐ>1500¡£ \/ipYc
ȾɫÌåÄ©¶ËµÄÏßÐÔÖظ´ÐòÁв»Äܱ»DNA polymarase Ëù׼ȷ¸´ÖÆ£¬ËüÃÇÒ»°ãÔÚDNA¸´ÖÆÍê³ÉÒÔºóÓÉtelomaraseºÏ³Éºó¼Óµ½È¾É«ÌåÄ©¶Ë¡£ Xyr'rm5+b
Alu£¨³¤Ô¼300bp£©ÊÇÈËÀà¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐ,ÒòΪ¸ÃÐòÁÐÖдøÓÐAluIµÄʶ±ðÐòÁжøµÃÃû¡£ÊýÊ®Íò¸öAluÖظ´ÐòÁÐÉ¢²¼ÓÚÕû¸öÈËÀà»ùÒò×éÖУ¬´ïµ½×ÜÐòÁеÄ1£3£¥¡£AluÓëÆäËü¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁй²Õ¼ÈËÀàDNAµÄ10£¥ÒÔÉÏ¡£
)]kxLf#
,B'fOJ.2
3£®È¾É«ÌåÖеĵ°°×ÖÊ |}b~YHTs
ȾɫÌåÉϵĵ°°×ÖÊ°üÀ¨×éµ°°×ºÍ·Ç×éµ°°×¡£×éµ°°×ÊÇȾɫÌåµÄ½á¹¹µ°°×£¬ËüÓëDNA×é³ÉºËСÌ塣ͨ³£¿ÉÒÔÓÃ2mol/L NaCl»ò0.25mol/LµÄHCl/H2SO4´¦Àíʹ×éµ°°×ÓëDNA·Ö¿ª¡£×éµ°°×·ÖΪH1¡¢H2A¡¢H2B¡¢H3¼°H4¡£ÕâЩ×éµ°°×¶¼º¬ÓдóÁ¿µÄÀµ°±ËáºÍ¾«°±ËᣬÆäÖÐH3¡¢H4¸»º¬¾«°±ËᣬH1¸»º¬Àµ°±Ë᣻H2A¡¢H2B½éÓÚÁ½ÕßÖ®¼ä¡£ aa"3
Io
¢Å×éµ°°×µÄÒ»°ãÌØÐÔ pQ>|dH+.
½ø»¯Éϵļ«¶Ë±£ÊØÐÔ¡£Å£¡¢Öí¡¢´óÊóµÄH4°±»ùËáÐòÁÐÍêÈ«Ïàͬ¡£Å£µÄH4ÐòÁÐÓëÍ㶹ÐòÁÐÏà±ÈÖ»ÓÐÁ½¸ö°±»ùËáµÄ²îÒ죨Í㶹H4ÖеÄÒìÁÁ°±»ùËá60¡úçÓ°±Ëá60£¬¾«°±Ëá¡úÀµ°±Ëᣩ¡£H3µÄ±£ÊØÐÔÒ²ºÜ´ó£¬ÀðÓãÓëСţÐØÏÙµÄH3Ö»²îÒ»¸ö°±»ùËᣬСţÐØÏÙÓëÍ㶹H3Ö»²î4¸ö°±»ùËá¡£ k-^le|n9
ÎÞ×éÖ¯ÌØÒìÐÔ¡£µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹£¬½ö·¢ÏÖÄñÀà¡¢ÓãÀ༰Á½ÆÜÀàºìϸ°ûȾɫÌå²»º¬H1¶ø´øÓÐH5£¬¾«Ï¸°ûȾɫÌåµÄ×éµ°°×ÊÇÓ㾫µ°°×¡£ EjMVlZC>
ëÄÁ´ÉÏ°±»ùËá·Ö²¼µÄ²»¶Ô³ÆÐÔ¡£¼îÐÔ°±»ùËἯÖзֲ¼ÔÚN¶ËµÄ°ëÌõÁ´ÉÏ¡£ÀýÈ磬N¶ËµÄ°ëÌõÁ´ÉϾ»µçºÉΪ+16£¬C¶ËÖ»ÓÐ+3£¬´ó²¿·ÖÊèË®»ùÍŶ¼·Ö²¼ÔÚC¶Ë¡£ _s*p$/V\
×éµ°°×µÄÐÞÊÎ×÷ÓᣰüÀ¨¼×»ù»¯¡¢ÒÒ»ù»¯¡¢Á×Ëữ¼°ADPºËÌÇ»ù»¯µÈ¡£ -Aojk8tc
[:uHe#L
¢Æ·Ç×éµ°°×µÄÒ»°ãÌØÐÔ 5?Pf#kq
ȾɫÌåÉϳýÁË´æÔÚ´óÔ¼ÓëDNAµÈÁ¿µÄ×éµ°°×ÒÔÍ⣬»¹´æÔÚ´óÁ¿µÄ·Ç×éµ°°×¡£·Ç×éµ°°×µÄ¶àÑùÐÔ¡£·Ç×éµ°°×µÄÁ¿´óÔ¼ÊÇ×éµ°°×µÄ60%¡«70%£¬µ«ËüµÄÖÖÀàÈ´ºÜ¶à£¬Ô¼ÔÚ20-100ÖÖÖ®¼ä£¬ÆäÖг£¼ûµÄÓÐ15-20ÖÖ¡£ ·Ç×éµ°°×µÄ×é֯רһÐÔºÍÖÖÊôרһÐÔ¡£ -E~r?\;X
(3)¼¸Àà³£¼ûµÄ·Ç×éµ°°× `QtkC>[
a.HMGµ°°×£¨high mobility group protein£©¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»ÀàÄÜÓõÍÑΣ¨0.35mol/L NaCl£©ÈÜÒº³éÌá¡¢ÄÜÈÜÓÚ2%µÄÈýÂÈÒÒËá¡¢Ïà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿½ÏµÍµÄ·Ç×éµ°°×£¬Ïà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿¶¼ÔÚ3.0¡Á104ÒÔÏ¡£ )ZI#F]
b. DNA½áºÏµ°°×¡£ÓÃ2mol/L NaCl³ýȥȫ²¿×éµ°°×ºÍ70%·Ç×éµ°°×ºó£¬»¹ÓÐÒ»²¿·Öµ°°×±ØÐëÓÃ2mol/L NaClºÍ5mol/LÄòËزÅÄÜÓëDNA½âÀë¡£ÕâЩµ°°×·Ö×ÓÁ¿½ÏµÍ£¬Ô¼Õ¼·Ç×éµ°°×µÄ20%£¬È¾É«ÖʵÄ8%¡£ ]|tR8`DGZ%
%z=:P{0UQ
Æß. ÔºËÓëÕæºËȾɫÌåDNA±È½Ï %-a;HGbZn
ÔºËÉúÎïÖÐÒ»°ãÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõȾɫÌåÇҴ󶼴øÓе¥¿½±´»ùÒò£¬Ö»ÓкÜÉÙÊý»ùÒò¡²ÈçrRNA»ùÒò¡³ÊÇÒԶ࿽±´ÐÎʽ´æÔÚ£» FPH2dN
Õû¸öȾɫÌåDNA¼¸ºõÈ«²¿Óɹ¦ÄÜ»ùÒòÓëµ÷¿ØÐòÁÐËù×é³É£» <p}7T]a7
¼¸ºõÿ¸ö»ùÒòÐòÁж¼ÓëËüËù±àÂëµÄµ°°×ÖÊÐòÁгÊÏßÐÔ¶ÔӦ״̬¡£ L^*f$Balz
Viral DNA molecules are relatively small M\-[C!h,
HIV = 9000 nt RNA < Sgc6>)
Q¦Â = 4200 nt _VVq&t}
Bactaria DNA is 100 times > than viral 1y\bJ
E. coli 4639221 bp double-stranded zjh:jrv~
Contour length = 1.7mm, 850±¶Ï¸¾ú±¾Éí³¤¶È¡£Ï¸¾úÖг£³£´øÓÐÖÊÁ£DNA¡£ v?
O
Ud^
Eucaryotic cells #/o~h|g
¹ûÓ¬´øÓÐ25±¶ÓÚE. Coli µÄDNA,ÈËÀà´øÓÐ600±¶ÓÚE. Coli µÄDNA. Eucaryotic DNA ÖлùÒòÃܶÈÃ÷ÏÔµÍÓÚԺ˺Ͳ¡¶¾¡£ÈçÈËDNAÖÐƽ¾ùÿºÁÃ×Ö»´øÓÐ50¸ö»ùÒò,¶øE. ColiÖлùÒòÃܶÈÿºÁÃ×DNA´øÓÐ2400¸ö»ùÒò£¡Ò»¸öÈËϸ°ûÖÐËù´øÓеÄDNAÔ¼ÓÐ2m/1.7mmϸ¾ú¡£³ÉÈË´øÓÐ1X10^14¸öϸ°û£¬³ÉÈËÌåÄÚÈ«²¿DNAµÄ×ܳ¤¶È£¨Contour Length£©£½ 2X10^11Km T~k @Z
xT]t3'y|-
}I-nT!D'y
G%FZ
TA6a
------------------------------------------------------ sOlnc 6
?_d6;
µÚÈý½² µ°°×ÖÊºÏ³É CgmAxcK
Ò».»ùÒòÓë»ùÒò±í´ïµÄÒ»°ã¸ÅÄî ^8_yJ=~V
»ùÒò×÷ΪΨһÄܹ»×ÔÖ÷¸´ÖÆ¡¢ÓÀ¾Ã´æÔڵĵ¥Î»£¬ÆäÉúÀíѧ¹¦ÄÜÒÔµ°°×ÖÊÐÎʽµÃµ½±í´ï¡£DNAÐòÁÐÊÇÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄÖü´æÕߣ¬Ëüͨ¹ý×ÔÖ÷¸´ÖƵõ½ÓÀ´æ£¬²¢Í¨¹ýת¼Éú³ÉmRNA£¬·ÒëÉú³Éµ°°×ÖʵĹý³Ì¿ØÖÆËùÓÐÉúÃüÏÖÏó¡£ IdN3Ea]
±àÂëÁ´£¨coding strand£©ÓÖ³Æsense strand£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÓëmRNAÐòÁÐÏàͬµÄÄÇÌõÁ´¡£·Ç±àÂëÁ´£¨anticoding strand£©£¬ÓÖ³Æantisense strand£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÄÇÌõ¸ù¾Ý¼î»ù»¥²¹ÔÔòÖ¸µ¼mRNAÉúÎïºÏ³ÉµÄDNAÁ´¡£ Sc/l.]k+
Genetic information is perpetuated by replication£¨¸´ÖÆ£©in which a double- stranded nucleic acid is duplicated to give identical copies. /'aqQ
K<
»ùÒò±í´ï°üÀ¨×ªÂ¼£¨transcription£©ºÍ·Ò루translation£©Á½¸ö½×¶Î¡£×ªÂ¼ÊÇÖ¸¿½±´³öÒ»ÌõÓëDNAÁ´ÐòÁÐÍêÈ«Ïàͬ£¨³ýÁËT¡úUÖ®Í⣩µÄRNAµ¥Á´µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÊÇ»ùÒò±í´ïµÄºËÐIJ½Öè¡£·ÒëÊÇÖ¸ÒÔÐÂÉúµÄmRNAΪģ°å£¬°ÑºËÜÕËáÈýÁª×ÓÒÅ´«ÃÜÂë·Òë³É°±»ùËáÐòÁС¢ºÏ³Éµ°°×ÖʶàëÄÁ´µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÊÇ»ùÒò±í´ïµÄ×îÖÕÄ¿µÄ¡£ /AADFa
Ö»ÓÐmRNAËùЯ´øµÄÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢²Å±»ÓÃÀ´Ö¸µ¼µ°°×ÖÊÉúÎïºÏ³É£¬ËùÒÔÈËÃÇÒ»°ãÓÃU¡¢C¡¢A¡¢GÕâ4ÖÖºËÜÕËá¶ø²»ÊÇT¡¢C¡¢A¡¢GµÄ×éºÏÀ´±íʾÒÅ´«ÐÔ×´¡£Ëùν·ÒëÊÇÖ¸½«mRNAÁ´ÉϵĺËÜÕËá´ÓÒ»¸öÌض¨µÄÆðʼλµã¿ªÊ¼£¬°´Ã¿3¸öºËÜÕËá´ú±íÒ»¸ö°±»ùËáµÄÔÔò£¬ÒÀ´ÎºÏ³ÉÒ»Ìõ¶àëÄÁ´µÄ¹ý³Ì¡£ ) WbWp4
]95VMyN
¶þ. ÒÅ´«ÃÜÂ롪¡ªÈýÁª×Ó g(9* !g
mRNAÉÏÿ3¸öºËÜÕËá·Òë³Éµ°°×ÖʶàëÄÁ´ÉϵÄÒ»¸ö°±»ùËᣬÕâ3¸öºËÜÕËá¾Í³ÆΪһ¸öÃÜÂ룬Ҳ½ÐÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂë¡£·Òëʱ´ÓÆðʼÃÜÂë×ÓAUG¿ªÊ¼£¬ÑØmRNA5¡¯¡ú3¡¯µÄ·½ÏòÁ¬ÐøÔĶÁÖ±µ½ÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂë×Ó£¬Éú³ÉÒ»Ìõ¾ßÓÐÌض¨ÐòÁеĶàëÄÁ´¡£ cz1 + XpU
mRNAÖÐÖ»ÓÐ4ÖÖºËÜÕËᣬ¶øµ°°×ÖÊÖÐÓÐ20ÖÖ°±»ùËᣬÈôÒÔÒ»ÖÖºËÜÕËá´ú±íÒ»ÖÖ°±»ùËᣬֻÄÜ´ú±í4ÖÖ(41=4)¡£ÈôÒÔÁ½ÖÖºËÜÕËá×÷Ϊһ¸öÃÜÂ루¶þÁª×Ó£©£¬ÄÜ´ú±í42=16ÖÖ°±»ùËá¡£¶ø¼Ù¶¨ÒÔ3¸öºËÜÕËá´ú±íÒ»¸ö°±»ùËᣬÔò¿ÉÒÔÓÐ43=64ÖÖÃÜÂ룬Âú×ãÁ˱àÂë20ÖÖ°±»ùËáµÄÐèÒª¡£ \fUX_0k9,
50-60Äê´úÆÆÒëÒÅ´«ÃÜÂë·½ÃæµÄÈýÏîÖØÒª³É¹û£º (;;ji!i
£¨1£©Paul ZamecnikµÈÈË֤ʵϸ°ûÖе°°×Öʺϳɵij¡Ëù¡£ËûÃÇ°Ñ·ÅÉäÐÔ±ê¼ÇµÄ°±»ùËá×¢Éäµ½´óÊóÌåÄÚ£¬¾¹ýÒ»¶Îʱ¼äºóÊÕ»ñÆä¸ÎÔ࣬½øÐÐÕáÌÇÌݶȳÁµí²¢·ÖÎö¸÷ÖÖϸ°û³É·ÝÖеķÅÉäÐÔµ°°×ÖÊ¡£ fs 2MYat
Èç¹û×¢Éäºó¾ÊýСʱ£¨»òÊýÌ죩ÊÕ»ñ¸ÎÔ࣬ËùÓÐϸ°û³É·ÝÖж¼´øÓзÅÉäÐÔ±ê¼ÇµÄµ°°×ÖÊ; 9Y'pT.Gyb
Èç¹û×¢Éäºó¼¸·ÖÖÓÄÚ¼´ÊÕ»ñ¸ÎÔ࣬ÄÇô£¬·ÅÉäÐÔ±ê¼ÇÖ»´æÔÚÓÚº¬ÓкËÌÇÌå¿ÅÁ£µÄϸ°ûÖʳɷÝÖС£ lYCvYe
£¨2£©Francis CrickµÈÈ˵ÚÒ»´Î֤ʵֻÓÐÓÃÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂëµÄÐÎʽ²ÅÄÜ°Ñ°üº¬ÔÚÓÉAUGCËĸö×Öĸ×é³ÉÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢£¨ºËËᣩ׼ȷÎÞÎóµØ·Òë³ÉÓÉ20ÖÖ²»Í¬°±»ùËá×é³ÉµÄµ°°×ÖÊÐòÁУ¬ÊµÏÖÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ±í´ï¡£ bf0,3~G,P
ʵÑé1: JR#4{P@A
ÓÃß¹à¤ÀàÊÔ¼Á£¨ÓÕµ¼ºËÜÕËá²åÈë»ò¶ªÊ§£©´¦ÀíT4ÊɾúÌårIIλµãÉϵÄÁ½¸ö»ùÒò£¬Ê¹Ö®·¢ÉúÒÆÂëÍ»±ä£¨frame-shift£©£¬¾ÍÉú³ÉÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄ¡¢Ã»Óй¦Äܵĵ°°×ÖÊ¡£ _wK.n.,S~
ʵÑé2: $QwpoVp`~
Ñо¿Ñ̲ݻµËÀÎÀÐDz¡¶¾·¢ÏÖ£¬ÆäÍâ¿Çµ°°×ÑÇ»ùÓÉ400¸ö°±»ùËá×é³É£¬ÏàÓ¦µÄRNAƬ¶Î³¤1200¸öºËÜÕËᣬÓëÃÜÂëÈýÁª×ÓÌåϵÕýºÃÏàÎǺϡ£ :\P@c(c{^C
ʵÑé3: q
vSYrnpn
ÒÔ¾ù¾ÛÎïΪģ°åÖ¸µ¼¶àëĵĺϳɡ£ ÔÚº¬ÓÐtRNA¡¢ºËÌÇÌå¡¢AA-tRNAºÏ³Éø¼°ÆäËüµ°°×ÖÊÒò×ÓµÄϸ°û³éÌáÎïÖмÓÈëmRNA»òÈ˹¤ºÏ³ÉµÄ¾ù¾ÛÎï×÷Ϊģ°åÒÔ¼°ATP¡¢GTP¡¢°±»ùËáµÈ³É·ÖʱÓÖÄܺϳÉеÄëÄÁ´£¬ÐÂÉúëÄÁ´µÄ°±»ùËá˳ÐòÓÉÍâ¼ÓµÄÄ£°åÀ´¾ö¶¨¡£ Qgj# k
1961Ä꣬NirenbergµÈÒÔpoly£¨U£©×÷Ä£°åʱ·¢ÏֺϳÉÁ˶à¾Û±½±û°±Ëᣬ´Ó¶øÍƳöUUU´ú±í±½±û°±ËᣨPhe£©¡£ÒÔpoly£¨C£©¼°poly£¨A£©×öÄ£°å·Ö±ðµÃµ½¶à¾Û¸¬°±ËáºÍ¶à¾ÛÀµ°±Ëá¡£ Lm~<BBp.
ʵÑé4: ,\iHgsZ
ÒÔÌض¨ÐòÁеĹ²¾ÛÎïΪģ°åÖ¸µ¼¶àëĵĺϳɡ£ÒÔ¶à¾Û¶þºËÜÕËá×÷Ä£°å¿ÉºÏ³ÉÓÉ2¸ö°±»ùËá×é³ÉµÄ¶àëÄ£¬ UjQz
5¡¯¡UGU GUG UGU GUG UGU GUG¡3¡¯,²»¹Ü¶ÁÂë´ÓU¿ªÊ¼»¹ÊÇ´ÓG¿ªÊ¼£¬¶¼Ö»ÄÜÓÐUGU£¨Cys£©¼°GUG£¨Val£©Á½ÖÖÃÜÂë×Ó¡£ j=irx5:
ʵÑé5: t_jn-Idcf
ÒÔ¹²¾ÛÈýºËÜÕËá×÷Ϊģ°å¿ÉµÃµ½ÓÐ3ÖÖ°±»ùËá×é³ÉµÄ¶àëÄ¡£ÈçÒÔ¶à¾Û£¨UUC£©ÎªÄ£°å£¬¿ÉÄÜÓÐ3ÖÖÆð¶Á·½Ê½£º %
S;AM\o4
5¡¯¡UUC UUC UUC UUC UUC¡3¡¯»ò 5¡¯¡UCU UCU UCU UCU UCU¡3¡¯»ò 5¡¯¡CUU CUU CUU CUU CUU¡3¡¯·Ö±ð²úÉúUUC£¨Phe£©¡¢UCU£¨Ser£©»òCUU£¨Leu£©. x)Bbo9J
¶à¾ÛÈýºËÜÕËáΪģ°åʱҲ¿ÉÄÜÖ»ºÏ³É2ÖÖ¶àëÄ£º5¡¯¡GUA GUA GUA GUA GUA¡3¡¯»ò5¡¯¡UAG UAG UAG UAG UAG¡3¡¯ rL1yq|]I
»ò5¡¯¡AGU AGU AGU AGU AGU¡3¡¯ÓɵڶþÖÖ¶ÁÂ뷽ʽ²úÉúµÄÃÜÂë×ÓUAGÊÇÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂ룬²»±àÂëÈκΰ±»ùËᣬÒò´Ë£¬Ö»²úÉúGUA£¨Val£©»òAGU£¨Ser£©¡£ [oVM9Q
ʵÑé6: zp;!HP;/=
ÒÔËæ»ú¶à¾ÛÎïÖ¸µ¼¶àëĺϳɡ£NirenbergµÈ¼°OchoaµÈÓÖÓø÷ÖÖËæ»úµÄ¶à¾ÛÎï×÷Ä£°åºÏ³É¶àëÄ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÒÔÖ»º¬A¡¢CµÄ¶à¾ÛºËÜÕËá×÷Ä£°å£¬ÈÎÒâÅÅÁÐʱ¿É³öÏÖ8ÖÖÈýÁª×Ó£¬¼´CCC¡¢CCA¡¢CAC¡¢ACC¡¢CAA¡¢ACA¡¢AAC¡¢AAA£¬»ñµÃÓÉAsn¡¢His¡¢Pro¡¢Gln¡¢Thr¡¢LysµÈ6ÖÖ°±»ùËá×é³ÉµÄ¶àëÄ¡£ r[i^tIv6As
B223W_0"o
£¨3£©°±»ùËáµÄ¡°»î»¯¡±ÓëºËÌÇÌå½áºÏ¼¼Êõ¡£ MGm*({%
Èç¹û°Ñ°±»ùËáÓëATPºÍ¸ÎÔàϸ°ûÖʹ²ÅàÑø£¬°±»ùËá¾Í»á±»¹Ì¶¨ÔÚijЩÈÈÎȶ¨ÇÒ¿ÉÈÜÐÔRNA·Ö×Ó£¨transfer RNA£¬tRNA£©ÉÏ¡£ÏÖ½«°±»ùËá»î»¯ºóµÄ²úÎï³ÆΪ°±»ùõ£-tRNA£¨aminoacyl-tRNA£©£¬²¢°Ñ´ß»¯¸Ã¹ý³ÌµÄø³ÆΪ°±»ùõ£ºÏ³Éø£¨aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase£©¡£ |-}.Y(y
ÒÔÈ˹¤ºÏ³ÉµÄÈýºËÜÕËáÈçUUU¡¢UCU¡¢UGUµÈΪģ°å£¬ÔÚº¬ºËÌÇÌå¡¢AA-tRNAµÄ·´Ó¦ÒºÖб£Îºóͨ¹ýÏõËáÏËάËØÂËĤ£¬Ö»ÓÐÓÎÀëµÄAA-tRNAÒòÏà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿Ð¡¶øͨ¹ýÂËĤ£¬¶øºËÌÇÌå»òÓëºËÌÇÌå½áºÏµÄAA-tRNAÔòÁôÔÚÂËĤÉÏ£¬ÕâÑù¿É°ÑÒѽáºÏÓëδ½áºÏµÄAA-tRNA·Ö¿ª¡£ >|A,rE^Ojt
µ±ÌåϵÖдøÓжà¾ÛºËÜÕËáÄ£°åʱ£¬´Ó´ó³¦¸Ë¾úÖÐÌáÈ¡µÄºËÌÇÌå¾³£ÓëÌØÒìÐÔ°±»ùõ£-tRNAÏà½áºÏ¡£Èç¹û°ÑºËÌÇÌåÓëpoly£¨U£©ºÍPhe-tRNAPhe¹²ÎÂÓý£¬ºËÌÇÌå¾ÍÄÜͬʱÓëpoly£¨U£©ºÍPhe-tRNAPheÏà½áºÏ¡£ e9{0hw7
4ÖÖºËÜÕËá×é³É61¸ö±àÂë°±»ùËáµÄÃÜÂë×ÓºÍ3¸öÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂë×Ó£¬ËüÃDz»ÄÜÓëtRNAµÄ·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÅä¶Ô£¬µ«Äܱ»ÖÕÖ¹Òò×Ó»òÊÍ·ÅÒò×Óʶ±ð£¬ÖÕÖ¹ëÄÁ´µÄºÏ³É¡£ÓÉÒ»ÖÖÒÔÉÏÃÜÂë×Ó±àÂëͬһ¸ö°±»ùËáµÄÏÖÏó³ÆΪ¼ò²¢£¨degeneracy£©£¬¶ÔÓ¦ÓÚͬһ°±»ùËáµÄÃÜÂë×Ó³ÆΪͬÒåÃÜÂë×Ó£¨synonymous codon£©¡£ PiKP.
-i:WA^yKgw
Èý£®ÃÜÂë×Ӻͷ´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÏ໥×÷Óà cZxY,UvYa
µ°°×ÖÊÉúÎïºÏ³É¹ý³ÌÖУ¬tRNAµÄ·´ÃÜÂë×Óͨ¹ý¼î»ùµÄ·´ÏòÅä¶ÔÓëmRNAµÄÃÜÂë×ÓÏ໥×÷Óá£1966Ä꣬Crick¸ù¾ÝÁ¢Ì廯ѧÔÀíÌá³ö°Ú¶¯¼Ù˵£¨wobble hypothesis£©£¬½âÊÍÁË·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÖÐijЩϡÓгɷÖÈçIÒÔ¼°Ðí¶àÓÐ2¸öÒÔÉÏͬԴÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÅä¶ÔÎÊÌâ¡£ hU""YP~y
Wobble hypothesis V'j+)!w5
¢Ù ÈÎÒâÒ»¸öÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÇ°Á½Î»¼î»ù¶¼ÓëtRNA anticodonÖеÄÏàÓ¦¼î»ùÐγÉWatson-Crick¼î»ùÅä¶Ô¡£ 4-.K<-T%D
¢Ú ·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÚһλÊÇA»òCʱ£¬Ö»ÄÜʶ±ðÒ»¸öÃÜÂë×Ó¡£µ±·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÚһλÊÇU»òGʱ£¬ÄÜʶ±ðÁ½¸öÃÜÂë×Ó¡£µ±Inosine£¨I£©×÷Ϊ·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÚһλʱ£¬ÄÜʶ±ðÈý¸öÃÜÂë×Ó¡£ _J!^iJ
¢Û Èç¹ûÊý¸öÃÜÂë×Óͬʱ±àÂëÒ»¸ö°±»ùËᣬ·²ÊǵÚÒ»¡¢¶þλ¼î»ù²»ÏàͬµÄÃÜÂë×Ó¶¼¶ÔÓ¦ÓÚ¸÷×ÔµÄtRNA¡£ ^1.*NG8
¢Ü ¸ù¾ÝÉÏÊö¹æÔò£¬ÖÁÉÙÐèÒª32ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄtRNA²ÅÄÜ·Òë61¸öÃÜÂë×Ó¡£ UA8hYWRP
nU>P%|loXx
ËÄ£®tRNA C K7([>2
tRNAÔÚµ°°×ÖʺϳÉÖд¦ÓڹؼüµØ룬±»³ÆΪµÚ¶þÒÅ´«ÃÜÂë¡£Ëü²»µ«Îª½«Ã¿¸öÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂë·Òë³É°±»ùËáÌṩÁ˽ӺÏÌ壬»¹Îª×¼È·ÎÞÎóµØ½«ËùÐè°±»ùËáÔËË͵½ºËÌÇÌåÉÏÌṩÁËÔØÌå¡£ËùÓеÄtRNA¶¼Äܹ»ÓëºËÌÇÌåµÄPλµãºÍAλµã½áºÏ£¬´Ëʱ£¬tRNA·Ö×ÓÈýÒ¶²ÝÐͶ¥¶ËÍ»Æð²¿Î»Í¨¹ýÃÜÂë×Ó£º·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÅä¶ÔÓëmRNAÏà½áºÏ£¬¶øÆä3¡¯Ä©¶ËÇ¡ºÃ½«ËùתÔ˵ݱ»ùËáË͵½ÕýÔÚÑÓÉìµÄ¶àëÄÉÏ¡£´ú±íÏàͬ°±»ùËáµÄtRNA³ÆΪͬ¹¤tRNA¡£ÔÚÒ»¸öͬ¹¤tRNA×éÄÚ£¬ËùÓÐtRNA¾ùרһÓÚÏàͬµÄ°±»ùõ£- tRNAºÏ³Éø¡£ rpRyB9
1¡¢tRNAµÄÈýÒ¶²ÝÐͶþ¼¶½á¹¹ ;bB#Pg
ÊÜÌå±Û£¨acceptor arm£©Ö÷ÒªÓÉÁ´Á½¶ËÐòÁмî»ùÅä¶ÔÐγɵĸË×´½á¹¹ºÍ3¡¯¶ËÄ©Åä¶ÔµÄ3-4¸ö¼î»ùËù×é³É£¬Æä3¡¯¶ËµÄ×îºó3¸ö¼î»ùÐòÁÐÓÀÔ¶ÊÇCCA£¬×îºóÒ»¸ö¼î»ùµÄ3¡¯»ò2¡¯×ÔÓÉôÇ»ù£¨¡ªOH£©¿ÉÒÔ±»°±õ£»¯¡£T¦ÕC±ÛÊǸù¾Ý3¸öºËÜÕËáÃüÃûµÄ£¬ÆäÖЦձíʾÄâÄòà×ण¬ÊÇtRNA·Ö×ÓËùÓµÓеIJ»³£¼ûºËÜÕËá¡£·´ÃÜÂë×Ó±ÛÊǸù¾ÝλÓÚÌ×Ë÷ÖÐÑëµÄÈýÁª·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÃüÃûµÄ¡£D±ÛÊǸù¾ÝËüº¬ÓжþÇâÄòà×ण¨dihydrouracil£©ÃüÃûµÄ¡£ r&
a[?
×î³£¼ûµÄtRNA·Ö×ÓÓÐ76¸ö¼î»ù£¬Ïà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿Ô¼Îª2.5¡Á104¡£²»Í¬µÄtRNA·Ö×Ó¿ÉÓÐ74-95¸öºËÜÕËá²»µÈ£¬tRNA·Ö×Ó³¤¶ÈµÄ²»Í¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÓÉÆäÖеÄÁ½ÌõÊÖ±ÛÒýÆðµÄ¡£tRNAµÄÏ¡Óмî»ùº¬Á¿·Ç³£·á¸»£¬Ô¼ÓÐ70ÓàÖÖ¡£Ã¿¸ötRNA·Ö×ÓÖÁÉÙº¬ÓÐ2¸öÏ¡Óмî»ù£¬×î¶àÓÐ19¸ö£¬¶àÊý·Ö²¼ÔÚ·ÇÅä¶ÔÇø£¬ÌرðÊÇÔÚ·´ÃÜÂë×Ó3¡¯¶ËÁÚ½ü²¿Î»³öÏÖµÄƵÂÊ×î¸ß£¬ÇÒ´ó¶àΪàÑßʺËÜÕËá¡£Õâ¶ÔÓÚά³Ö·´ÃÜÂë×Ó»·µÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ¼°ÃÜÂë×Ó¡¢·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÖ®¼äµÄÅä¶ÔÊǺÜÖØÒªµÄ¡£ RhE~Rwbx
2£®tRNAµÄLÐÎÈý¼¶½á¹¹ qS+;u`s
½ÍĸºÍ´ó³¦¸Ë¾útRNAµÄÈý¼¶½á¹¹¶¼³ÊLÐÎÕÛµþʽ¡£ÕâÖֽṹÊÇ¿¿Çâ¼üÀ´Î¬³ÖµÄ£¬tRNAµÄÈý¼¶½á¹¹ÓëAA- tRNAºÏ³ÉøµÄʶ±ðÓйء£ÊÜÌå±ÛºÍT¦ÕC±ÛµÄ¸Ë×´ÇøÓò¹¹³ÉÁ˵ÚÒ»¸öË«ÂÝÐý£¬D±ÛºÍ·´ÃÜÂë×ӱ۵ĸË×´ÇøÓòÐγÉÁ˵ڶþ¸öË«ÂÝÐý¡£ |ky40[C
tRNAµÄLÐθ߼¶½á¹¹·´Ó³ÁËÆäÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÒòΪËüÉÏËùÔËÔصݱ»ùËá±ØÐë¿¿½üλÓÚºËÌÇÌå´óÑÇ»ùÉϵĶàëĺϳÉλµã£¬¶øËüµÄ·´ÃÜÂë×Ó±ØÐëÓëСÑÇ»ùÉϵÄmRNAÏàÅä¶Ô£¬ËùÒÔÁ½¸ö²»Í¬µÄ¹¦ÄÜ»ùÍÅ×î´óÏ޶ȷÖÀë¡£ }N[X<9^Z
3£®tRNAµÄ¹¦ÄÜ UUV5uDe>i
ת¼¹ý³ÌÊÇÐÅÏ¢´ÓÒ»ÖÖºËËá·Ö×Ó£¨DNA£©×ªÒÆÖÁÁíÒ»ÖֽṹÉϼ«ÎªÏàËƵĺËËá·Ö×Ó£¨RNA£©µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÐÅϢתÒÆ¿¿µÄÊǼî»ùÅä¶Ô¡£·Òë½×¶ÎÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢´ÓmRNA·Ö×ÓתÒƵ½½á¹¹¼«²»ÏàͬµÄµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó£¬ÐÅÏ¢ÊÇÒÔÄܱ»·Òë³Éµ¥¸ö°±»ùËáµÄÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂëÐÎʽ´æÔڵģ¬ÔÚÕâÀïÆð×÷ÓõÄÊǽâÂë»úÖÆ¡£ 9S|sTf
4£®tRNAµÄÖÖÀà }#ZRi}f2VJ
£¨1£©ÆðʼtRNAºÍÑÓÉìtRNA &|k=mxox\
ÄÜÌØÒìµØʶ±ðmRNAÄ£°åÉÏÆðʼÃÜÂë×ÓµÄtRNA½ÐÆðʼtRNA£¬ÆäËûtRNAͳ³ÆΪÑÓÉìtRNA¡£ÔºËÉúÎïÆðʼtRNAЯ´ø¼×õ£¼×Áò°±ËᣨfMet£©£¬ÕæºËÉúÎïÆðʼtRNAЯ´ø¼×Áò°±ËᣨMet£©¡£ >)ekb7
£¨2£©Í¬¹¤tRNA h
~ k<"
´ú±íͬһÖÖ°±»ùËáµÄtRNA³ÆΪͬ¹¤tRNA£¬Í¬¹¤tRNA¼ÈÒªÓв»Í¬µÄ·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÒÔʶ±ð¸Ã°±»ùËáµÄ¸÷ÖÖͬÒåÃÜÂ룬ÓÖÒªÓÐijÖֽṹÉϵĹ²Í¬ÐÔ£¬Äܱ»AA- tRNAºÏ³Éøʶ±ð¡£ 0P5VbDv$r7
£¨3£©Ð£ÕýtRNA X,v.1#[
УÕýtRNA·ÖΪÎÞÒåÍ»±ä¼°´íÒåÍ»±äУÕý¡£ x
7by|G(
ÔÚµ°°×ÖʵĽṹ»ùÒòÖУ¬Ò»¸öºËÜÕËáµÄ¸Ä±ä¿ÉÄÜʹ´ú±íij¸ö°±»ùËáµÄÃÜÂë×Ó±ä³ÉÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂë×Ó£¨UAG¡¢UGA¡¢UAA£©£¬Ê¹µ°°×ÖʺϳÉÌáÇ°ÖÕÖ¹£¬ºÏ³ÉÎÞ¹¦ÄܵĻòÎÞÒâÒåµÄ¶àëÄ£¬ÕâÖÖÍ»±ä¾Í³ÆΪÎÞÒåÍ»±ä¡£ @JbxGi
C(XV
YND3
Î壮AA- tRNAºÏ³Éø ÊÇÒ»Àà´ß»¯°±»ùËáÓëtRNA½áºÏµÄÌØÒìÐÔø£¬Æ䷴ӦʽÈçÏ£º 05LkLB
Ëüʵ¼ÊÉÏ°üÀ¨Á½²½·´Ó¦£º K<J,n!zc
µÚÒ»²½ÊÇ°±»ùËá»î»¯Éú³Éø-°±»ùõ£ÏÙÜÕËḴºÏÎï¡£ YcobK#c
AA+ATP+ø£¨E£©¡úE-AA-AMP+PPi WoZU} T-
µÚ¶þ²½ÊÇ°±õ£»ùתÒƵ½tRNA 3¡¯Ä©¶ËÏÙÜղлùÉÏ£¬ÓëÆä2¡¯»ò3¡¯-ôÇ»ù½áºÏ¡£ RK!9(^Ja
E-AA-AMP+ tRNA¡úAA- tRNA +E+AMP oK\zyNK
µ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄÕæʵÐÔÖ÷Òª¾ö¶¨ÓÚAA- tRNAºÏ³ÉøÊÇ·ñÄÜʹ°±»ùËáÓë¶ÔÓ¦µÄtRNAÏà½áºÏ¡£AA-tRNAºÏ³Éø¼ÈÒªÄÜʶ±ðtRNA£¬ÓÖÒªÄÜʶ±ð°±»ùËᣬËü¶ÔÁ½Õ߶¼¾ßÓи߶ȵÄרһÐÔ¡£²»Í¬µÄtRNAÓв»Í¬¼î»ù×é³ÉºÍ¿Õ¼ä½á¹¹£¬ÈÝÒ×±»tRNAºÏ³ÉøËùʶ±ð£¬À§ÄѵÄÊÇÕâЩøÈçºÎʶ±ð½á¹¹ÉϷdz£ÏàËƵݱ»ùËá¡£ |0i{z(B
ÓÐÁ½µÀ¹Ø¿Ú: =1Sny7G
The first filter is the initial binding of the amino acid to the enzyme and its activation to aminoacyl-AMP. 0/
su`
The second filter is the binding of incorrect aminoacyl-AMP products to a separate active site on the enzyme. :|W=2(>
,m#
ºËÌÇÌåÏñÒ»¸öÄÜÑØmRNAÄ£°åÒƶ¯µÄ¹¤³§£¬Ö´ÐÐ×ŵ°°×ÖʺϳɵŦÄÜ¡£ËüÊÇÓɼ¸Ê®ÖÖµ°°×Öʺͼ¸ÖÖºËÌÇÌåRNA£¨ribosomal RNA£¬rRNA£©×é³ÉµÄÑÇϸ°û¿ÅÁ£¡£Ò»¸öϸ¾úϸ°ûÄÚÔ¼ÓÐ20000¸öºËÌÇÌ壬¶øÕæºËϸ°ûÄÚ¿É´ï106¸ö£¬ÔÚδ³ÉÊìµÄó¸òÜÂÑϸ°ûÄÚÔò¸ß´ï1012¡£ºËÌÇÌåºÍËüµÄ¸¨ÖúÒò×ÓΪµ°°×ÖʺϳÉÌṩÁ˱ØÒªÌõ¼þ¡£ ~!Nj DDk
=VD],R)
1.ºËÌÇÌåµÄ×é³É n*7^lAa2
ÔºËÉúÎïºËÌÇÌåÓÉÔ¼2/3µÄRNA¼°1/3µÄµ°°×ÖÊ×é³É¡£ÕæºËÉúÎïºËÌÇÌåÖÐRNAÕ¼3/5£¬µ°°×ÖÊÕ¼2/5¡£ºËÌÇÌåÊÇÒ»¸öÖÂÃܵĺËÌǺ˵°°×¿ÅÁ££¬¿ÉÒÔ½âÀëΪÁ½¸öÑÇ»ù£¬Ã¿¸öÑÇ»ù¶¼º¬ÓÐÒ»¸öÏà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿½Ï´óµÄrRNAºÍÐí¶à²»Í¬µÄµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó¡£ x:FZEyalG
´ó³¦¸Ë¾úºËÌÇÌåСÑÇ»ùÓÉ21ÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ×é³É£¬·Ö±ðÓÃS1¡¡S21±íʾ£¬´óÑÇ»ùÓÉ33ÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ×é³É£¬·Ö±ðÓÃL1¡¡L33±íʾ¡£ÕæºËÉúÎïϸ°ûºËÌÇÌå´óÑÇ»ùº¬ÓÐ49ÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ£¬Ð¡ÑÇ»ùÓÐ33ÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ¡£ r E m/Q!
2¡¢rRNA /2?
CB\
3.ºËÌÇÌåµÄ¹¦ÄÜ V5K/)\#
ºËÌÇÌå°üÀ¨ÖÁÉÙ5¸ö»îÐÔÖÐÐÄ£¬¼´mRNA½áºÏ²¿Î»¡¢½áºÏ»ò½ÓÊÜAA- tRNA²¿Î»£¨A룩¡¢½áºÏ»ò½ÓÊÜëÄ»ùtRNAµÄ²¿Î»¡¢ëÄ»ùתÒƲ¿Î»£¨P룩¼°ÐγÉëļüµÄ²¿Î»£¨×ªëÄøÖÐÐÄ£©£¬´ËÍ⻹ÓиºÔðëÄÁ´ÑÓÉìµÄ¸÷ÖÖÑÓÉìÒò×ӵĽáºÏλµã¡£Ð¡ÑÇ»ùÉÏÓµÓÐmRNA½áºÏλµã£¬¸ºÔð¶ÔÐòÁÐÌØÒìµÄʶ±ð¹ý³Ì£¬ÈçÆðʼλµãµÄʶ±ðºÍÃÜÂë×ÓÓë·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÏ໥×÷ÓᣴóÑÇ»ù¸ºÔð°±»ùËá¼°tRNAЯ´øµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÈçëļüµÄÐγɡ¢AA- tRNA¡¢ëÄ»ù- tRNAµÄ½áºÏµÈ¡£Aλ¡¢Pλ¡¢×ªëÄøÖÐÐĵÈÖ÷ÒªÔÚ´óÑÇ»ùÉÏ¡£ ,'s}g,
L
ºËÌÇÌå¿É½âÀëΪÑÇ»ù»ò½áºÏ³É70S/80S¿ÅÁ£¡£·ÒëµÄÆðʼ½×¶ÎÐèÒªÓÎÀëµÄÑÇ»ù£¬Ëæºó²Å½áºÏ³É70S/80S¿ÅÁ££¬¼ÌÐø·Òë½ø³Ì¡£ÌåÍâ·´Ó¦ÌåϵÖУ¬ºËÌÇÌåµÄ½âÀë»ò½áºÏÈ¡¾öÓÚMg2+Àë×ÓŨ¶È¡£Ôڴ󳦸˾úÄÚ£¬Mg2+Ũ¶ÈÔÚ10-3mol/LÒÔÏÂʱ£¬70S½âÀëΪÑÇ»ù£¬Å¨¶È´ï10-2mol/LʱÔòÐγÉÎȶ¨µÄ70S¿ÅÁ£¡£Ï¸°ûÖдó¶àÊýºËÌÇÌå´¦ÓÚ·Ç»îÐÔµÄÎȶ¨×´Ì¬£¬µ¥¶À´æÔÚ£¬Ö»ÓÐÉÙÊýÓëmRNAÒ»ÆðÐγɶà¾ÛºËÌÇÌå¡£Ëü´ÓmRNAµÄ5¡¯Ä©¶ËÏò3¡¯Ä©¶ËÔĶÁÃÜÂë×Ó£¬ÖÁÖÕÖ¹×ÓʱºÏ³ÉÒ»ÌõÍêÕûµÄ¶àëÄÁ´¡£mRNAÉϺËÌÇÌåµÄ¶àÉÙÊÓmRNAµÄ³¤¶Ì¶ø¶¨£¬Ò»°ã40¸öºËÜÕËáÓÐÒ»¸öºËÌÇÌå¡£ qLCNANWnd
T<B}Z11R
Æß. ÐÅʹºËÌǺËËá n2K1X!E$
mRNA messenger ribonucleic acidDNA deoxyribonucleic acid. G<7M;vRvP
ËäÈ»mRNAÔÚËùÓÐϸ°ûÄÚÖ´ÐÐ×ÅÏàͬµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¬¼´Í¨¹ýÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂë·ÒëÉú³Éµ°°×ÖÊ£¬ÆäÉúÎïºÏ³ÉµÄ¾ßÌå¹ý³ÌºÍ³ÉÊìmRNAµÄ½á¹¹ÔÚԺ˺ÍÕæºËÉúÎïϸ°ûÄÚÊDz»Í¬µÄ¡£ 8%,#TMOg
{mJ'
Lb0;
°Ë¡¢µ°°×ÖʵÄÉúÎïºÏ³É qofAA!3z
ºËÌÇÌåÊǵ°°×Öʺϳɵij¡Ëù£¬mRNAÊǵ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄÄ£°å£¬tRNAÊÇÄ£°åÓë°±»ùËáÖ®¼äµÄ½ÓºÏÌå¡£´ËÍ⣬ÓÐ20ÖÖÒÔÉϵÄAA-tRNA¼°ºÏ³Éø¡¢10¶àÖÖÆðʼÒò×Ó¡¢ÑÓÉìÒò×Ó¼°ÖÕÖ¹Òò×Ó£¬30¶àÖÖtRNA¼°¸÷ÖÖrRNA¡¢mRNAºÍ100ÖÖÒÔÉÏ·Òëºó¼Ó¹¤Ã¸²ÎÓëµ°°×Öʺϳɺͼӹ¤¹ý³Ì¡£ ~$u9
µ°°×ÖʺϳÉÏûºÄÁËϸ°ûÖÐ90%×óÓÒÓÃÓÚÉúÎïºÏ³É·´Ó¦µÄÄÜÁ¿¡£Ï¸¾úϸ°ûÖеÄ2Íò¸öºËÌÇÌ壬10Íò¸öµ°°×ÖÊÒò×ÓºÍ20Íò¸ötRNAs Ô¼Õ¼´ó³¦¸Ë¾ú¸ÉÖصÄ35%¡£ _qa]T'8
Ôڴ󳦸˾úÖкϳÉÒ»¸ö100¸ö°±»ùËáµÄ¶àëÄÖ»Ðè5·ÖÖÓ¡£ =@!t/LR7kg
NT+.E[J6
1.µ°°×ÖÊÉúÎïºÏ³ÉµÄÖ÷Òª²½Ö裺 |6Q5bV
·ÒëµÄÆðʼ¡ª¡ªºËÌÇÌåÓëmRNA½áºÏ²¢Óë°±»ùõ£-tRNAÉú³ÉÆðʼ¸´ºÏÎï¡£ëÄÁ´µÄÑÓÉ졪¡ªºËÌÇÌåÑØmRNA5¡¯¶ËÏò3¡¯¶ËÒƶ¯£¬µ¼Ö´ÓN¶ËÏòC¶ËµÄ¶àëĺϳɡ£ëÄÁ´µÄÖÕÖ¹ÒÔ¼°ëÄÁ´µÄÊÍ·Å¡ª¡ªºËÌÇÌå´ÓmRNAÉϽâÀ룬׼±¸ÐÂÒ»Âֺϳɷ´Ó¦¡£
;2C
Ö÷Òª·ÖΪÎå²½ C-y MWr
1¡¢ Activation of Amino Acids (This reaction takes place in the cytosol, not on the ribosome). U823q-x
2¡¢ Initiation. The mRNA bearing the code for the polypeptide binds to the small ribosomal subunit and to the initiating aminoacyl-tRNA. zP,r,ok7
3¡¢Elongation. Peptide bonds are formed in this stage. D./{f8
4¡¢Termination and Release. Completion of the polypeptide chain is signaled by a termination codon in the mRNA. hWy@?r.
5¡¢Folding and Post translational Processing. *6?mZ*GYY
ëÄÁ´ÑÓÉì·ÖΪÈý²½ /9pxEidVAS
¢Ù Binding of an incoming aminoacyl-tRNA. 8%K{l g"
¢Ú Peptide bond formation. <