山东大学博士入学考试英语试题（1997)

山东大学博士入学考试英语试题（1997）

I. Dictation (15points)（略）
II. Multiple choices (10points) jI!WE$dt
1. What_____ do you use to measure an individual success?
A. standards      B. systems
C. ambitions     D. messages
2. Your job is not to make decisions out to ______the decisions we make.
A. complete        B .accomplish
C. implement       D. affect
3. The young lady laughed just because she wanted to _______ her nervousness.
A. block            B. cancel
C. conceal          D. cumber
4. When transferred from one container to another of a different design, a liquid will maintain its volume but _______its share.
A. modify            B. switch
C. confine            D. curb
5. The microscope enables scientists to distinguish ______number and verity of bacteria.
A. a selected           B. a verifiable
C. an incredible        D. an unavoidable
6. If you paint the walls cream, I think it will _____the color of the curtains better.
A. take out               B. throw out
C. make out              D. bring out
7. It is contradictory that many people proclaim adherence to a religious ethic but do not _______ it.
A. look it                 B. live by
C. live on                 D. believe in
8. John doesn’t understand true friendship; he never does anything for anyone unless he thinks the other person will ______.
A. yield                  B. dissipate
C. emerge                D. reciprocate
9. Unless all staff members agree to ______to the plan, there may be further changes in the course of action.
A. adhere                 B. prefer
C. infer                   D. assure
10. Advertisements may arouse a strong wish for something, but whether the need is filled will probably be________ the individual.
A. on to                  B. up to
C. as to                  D. down to
11. The train _________to progress is not technical but political.
A. prevention                B. barrier
C. reverse                   D. inconvenience
12. Even ______for inflation he thought it was a good investment.
A. endangering          B. taking account
C. allowing             D. calculating
13. She always ______the email of fresh heart with her mother, who loved baking.
A. remembered         B. associated
C. exemplified         D. attributed
14. He’ll be very upset if you _______his offer of help.
A. turn away          B. turn from
C. turn down          D. turn against
15. No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it has been______ to Bach.
A. identified               B. associated
C. referred                 D. attributed
16. As seen as the exam was over, the station all was their _____ways.
A. homely                 B. perspective
C. respective               D. relative
17.______a true word is spoken in jest.
A. A lot lf                    B. A few of
C. Many                     D. Much
18. The firm should make a substantial profit ______sat factory labor relations are maintained.
A. unless                     B. provided that
C. in case                     D. even if
19. Oranges are not easy ______at this time of the year.
A. to be done with              B. to find out
C. to provide for               D. to come by
20. _______his city ways, he is a country boy at heart.
A. Owing to                   B. Judging from
C. By                        D. For all
III. Error identification and correction. (10 point) E"[h20`\/
1.       There is a passion of polishing floor so powerful, apparently, that household-product
         A                   B            C
manufacturers think they can sell “saxes” nor “no-wax” floors.
                                    D
2.       When you buy one of the more expensive video cassette, recorders, that you ate paying for is
                          A                               B               C
extra convenience not better performance.
                       D
3.       In 1950 the number of immigrants admitted into the United States was about 500, 000, quite a
                                  A                                      B
drop comparing with the number admitted in the year of greatest immigration, 1907.
            C                            D
4.       I remember going to the British museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight
                A                                              B
ailment which I had a touch-----hay fever, I fancy it was.
             C                               D
5.       With modern equipment, mountaineers can survive at altitudes that would cause earlier
A                                            B            C
expeditions to parish.
               D
6.       Lorenzo is skeptical—he dose not accept statements which are not based on the most
                                                 A
complete evidences available—and therefore rejects authority as the sole basis for truth.
              B                                       C         D
7.       George’s report showed clearly what recent trends in commodity inflation favor the rich
                              A             B                   C
nations at the expense of the poor.
              D
8.       In 1760.colonel John Enys completed his North American tour of duty and sailed, home to
                                       A                              B
England, took with him a remarkable souvenir, a twenty-two-foot Iroquois birch bark canoe.
              C                               D
9.       Darnell intended to read only a portion of the mystery novel, but he found it so interesting that
             A     B                                          C
he could not stop until he had read it all.
                                  D
10.   Nuclear war is indeed a frightening prospect, but only when it appears imminent it crosses
                   A      B                    C                       D
people’s mince.
IV. Reading Comprehension. (20 points) 49iqrP'
Passage one kIwq%c;
Looking back on the American revaluation, Thomas Jefferson wrote concerning Washington’s role：“moderation and virtue of a single character probably prevented the revolution from being closed ,as most others have been by the subversion of that liberty it was intended to establish.”
   The American Revolution preceded firm political creation of the United States. What governmental institutions had been improvised as necessary to support the fighting fell apart with the victory? The continental congress, which had been allowed to become bankrupt, helplessly ordered the soldiers to go home unpaid. There was no way to meet the debts the movement owed its civilians. No one knew whether the military-triumph had freed a single nation or a loose alliance of 13 squabbling, independent states.
At the close of the American Revolution, some political and financial leaders urged the army not to disband while still unpaid. In cooperation with the plotters, the army should impose order and rills on the elected government. The plasters’ most serious problem was that the army trusted and would follow only one mat: General Washington.
Alexander Hamilton, then a member of congress, wrote to Washington threatening that the army would revolt whatever his decision. It was, Hamilton continued, Washington’s patriotic duty to lead to lead the insurrection. Anonymous inflammatory pamphlets circulated in the military camp at Newburgh on the Hudson River. But Washington persuaded a mass meeting of officers, who were at first hostile, that they had more to gain by going home to a free republic than from a destructive righting of their immediate grievances. Almost no other man has possessed the virtue to refuse as Washington then did, an offer of what was in effect unlimited power to impose his own will.
Had Washington agreed, the United States as we know it would probably never have existed. The concept of government by the people would have been wounded across the world.
Washington’s refusal, which symbolized and guided the will of the American people, has had a continuing effect. Never again, although many nations around us have succumbed to dictatorships, has there emerged in the United States any serious danger.
When the constitution was drafted, the power accorded to the presidency -a power that remains –was greatly enhanced by the conviction of the framers that the first president, who would set the office in motion, would be Washington.
In that era, when every important nation was ruled by a king, it was assumed that Washington, reelected every four years, would serve for life, to be automatically succeeded after his death by the elected “crown prince”, the vice president. But Washington was determined to demonstrate, as an important fruit of the American political experiment, that the succession of the top office, in a republican government, could be determined, during the lifetime of the rule, by the freely expressed will of the people. He retired voluntarily at the end of his second term. The precedent he established was honored by all his successors for a century and a half. After Franklin D. Roosevelt violated the tradition, to die in office during his fourth tern, the nation wrote Washington’s act into the constitution.
1. Soon after the victory of the American Revolution, ______
A. the condimental congress lost control of 13 states
B. the government encountered serious financial difficulties
C. the continental congress decided to reinforce the army
D. the government was deep in debt to England
2. The army was urged to take control of the elected government by ______
A. some officers of high rank
B. some ambitious businessmen
C. some plotters from abroad
D. some political and financial leaders
3. Washington refused to support the insurrection________
A. in a letter to Hamilton
B. in an interview with Hamilton
C. at a mass meeting of officers
D. by writing to the congress
4. We can infer from the passage that it was against Washington’s will_______
A. to be the first president
B. to be something of a dictator
C. to talk to the hostile officers
D. to retire at the end of his second term
5. According to the last paragraph, F.D.Roosevelt died_________.
A. when he was working in his office room
B. when he still held office as president
C. when he was in the fourth years of his presidency
D. when he had a retired life for four years
Passage two ;5:3 =F>ao
Americans are eating more poultry these days, because they think it’s good for them. With one third the saturated fat of lean beef, chicken seems the cleaner, safer food. Poultry is also cheap: it is one of the few products whose prices in constant dollars have steadily decreased since the 1950s. This years American will eat more than ninety pounds per person, almost double the amount of poultry they ate in 1970and more than the amount of beef they consume.
In the past few years, however, a less healthful side to poultry has emerged. While poultry production and consumption in the United States have risen sharply, public accent ion attention has been drawn to high rates of poultry contamination by disease-bearing microorganisms, especially salmonella. A pathogenic bacterium abundant in nature, particularly in animal feces, salmonella causes everything from mild diarrhea, fever, and flu-like symptoms to death. In 1985the U.S. department of agriculture announced that 35percent of chicken carcasses were contaminated with salmonella. Last year USDA tests of five processing plants in the southeast, the leading poultry-producing region, found salmonella levels of 57.5precent.
Whether or not poultry contamination is on the rise is debated scientists say, however, that it definitely is not going down. What is certainly rising is the number of people getting sick from salmonella-one current estimate is 2to 4 million Americans a year. The actual number is not known, because most food-borne illness-never know what hit them. Contaminated food often looks and tastes fine. Food –borne bacteria frequently multiply in the body for one to seven days before they reach levels high enough to cause illness. According to Douglas archer, the deputy director of the food and drug administration’s center for food safety and applied nutrition, about two or three percent of the people suffering severe illness, such as one gets from salmonella, develop reactive arthritis within weeks . a smaller number of people come down with inflammation of various tissues, neurological problems, or other diseases, some of which can be fatal. In fact, Archer says, 2,000 Americans die of salmonella poisoning each year-mainly the very old, the immuno-compromised, and the very young. Although the number of cases of salmonellosis that can be traced to poultry is unknown, DR.ROBERT TAUXE, a specialist in enteric diseases at the centers for disease control, says that CDC surveys indicate that poultry is significant source.
6. From the first paragraph we can infer that a diet high in saturated fat ______.
A. will make a person healthier
B. is conducive to long life
C. is harmful to health
D. will produce certain heart diseases
7. The following statement are true EXCEPT_______
A. Americans ate about 45pounds of chicken per person in 1970
B. Americans are aware of poultry contamination by salmonella
C. chicken consumption in the United States has gone up greatly in the past few years
D. salmonella is a pathogenic bacterium which can cause flu
8. according to the passage____
A. there is no evidence to show the rise of poultry contamination
B. there has been a sharp fall in poultry contamination
C. there is likelihood that poultry contamination will go down quickly
D. poultry contamination is not on the decline at all
9. In the last paragraph, the phrase “come down with” means _____
A. become ill with
B. set up
C. get rid of
D. recover from
10. Surveys conducted by the centers for, disease control show that ______
A. poultry contamination has nothing to do with samonellosis
B. poultry contamination is an important source of samonellosis
C. poultry contamination poses a great threat to Americans’ health
D. poultry contamination might be responsible for some cases of samonellosis
Passage three J;cTEB
It’s hard to grow up when there isn’t enough man’s work. There is “nearly full employment”, but there get to be fewer jobs that are necessary or unquestionably useful, that require energy and draw on some of one’s best capacities, and that can be done keeping one’s honor and dignity. In explaining the widespread troubles of adolescents and young men, this simple objective fact is not much mentioned. Let us here insist on it.
By “man’s work” I mean a very simple idea, so simple that it is clearer to ingenuous-boys than to most adults. To produce necessary food and shelter is man’s work. During work, secure that it was justified and worthy of a man to do it, though often feeling that the social conditions under which they did it were not worthy of a man, thinking, “it’s better to die than to live so hard”-but they worked on. When the environment is forbidding, as in the Swiss Alps or the Aran islands, we regard such work with poetic awe. In emergencies it is heroic, as when the bakers of Paris maintained the supply of bread during the French revolution, or the milkmen did not miss a day’s delivery when the bombs tore up London.
At present there is little such subsistence work. In communication my brother and I guess that one tenth of our economy is devoted to it. Production of food is actively discouraged. Farmers are not wanted and the young men go elsewhere. (The farm population is now less than 15 percent of the total population.) Building, on the contrary, is immensely needed. New York City needs 65,000 new units a year, and is getting, net. 10,000. One would think that ambitious hoys would flock to this work. But here we find that building, too, is discouraged. In a great city, for the last twenty years hundreds of thousands have been ill housed, yet we do not see science, industry, and labor enthusiastically enlisted in finding the quick solution to a definite problem. The promoters are interested in long-term investments, the real estate men in speculation, the city palmers in votes and bribes. The building craftsmen cannily see to it that their own numbers remain few, their methods antiquated, and their rewards high. None of these people is much interested in providing shelter, and nobody is at all interested in providing new manly jobs.

American society has tried so hard and so ably to defend the practice and theory of production for value and not primarily for use that now it has succeeded in making its jobs profitable and useless.

11.   according to the writer, the work of producing food and shelter is _____

A hard and boring

B simple but significance

C pleasant and profitable

D noble and delicate

12.   Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A .man’s work allows us to use our abilities

B man’s work constitutes 10%of present work

C the American emphasis on production for profits, not for use has resulted in jobs profitable, but not useful

D man’s work is not important in wartime

13. Man’s work is not available mainly because____

A. food production is not encouraged

B. there are too many ambitious grown-ups looking for jobs of this kind

C. construction is not encouraged

D. both a and c

14. Judging from the context, the word “antiquated” in paragraph3 means____

A. unprecedented

B. new-fashioned

C.old-fashioned

D. unparalleled

15. It can be inferred from the passage that the city planners and construction craftsmen are _____

A. corrupt and selfish

B. honest and frank

C. selfless and good-natured

D. courageous and industrious

Passage four D>fg

While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers too much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area of the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.

Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society the upper chasses or so-called social elite are not able to differentiate the in selves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes immediately subjacent to them, who, in turn, are imitated by groups immediately a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, moves to its doom.

As a movement, fashion shows little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation or prototyping. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require, an ideology. Further, since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build p a set of tactics. People participate in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.

Not only is the fashion movement unique in terms of its character, but it differs form other movements in that it does not develop into a society. It does not build up a social organization, it has no personnel or functionaries, it does not develop a division of labor among its participants with each being assigned a given status, it does not construct a set of symbols, myths, values, philosophy, or set of practices, and in this sense does not form a culture and finally, it does not develop a set of loyalties or form a we consciousness.

Nevertheless, the movement of fashion is an important form of collective behavior with very significant results for the social order. First, it should be noted that the fashion movement is a genuine expressive movement. It does not have a conscious goal which people are trying to reach through collective action, as is true in the case of the specific social movements. Nor does it represent the release of excitement and tension generated in a dancing crowd situation. It is expressive, however, of certain fund a mental impulses and tendencies, such as an inclination toward novel experience, a desire of distinction, and an urge to conform. Fashion is important especially in providing means for the expression of developing tastes and dispositions; this lecture establishes it as a form of expressive behavior.

16. From the first paragraph we know_____

A. fashion operates in every society

B. in a primitive society people at large like to follow fashion

C. a class society is b building ground of life

D. fashion can be found only in a few fields of group life

17. According to the writer, the people who usually set the fashion are _____

A. the social elite             B. philosophers

C. artists                    D. writers

18. The following statement are true EXCEPT_____

A. fashion develops into a movement mainly because of people’s emulation

B. the fashion movement has much in common with other social movement

C. the fashion movement will not develop into a social organization

D. fashion is quite different from social customs

19. It is implied in the passage that in a specific social movement ____

A. participants tend to be destructive

B. participants are usually on their best behavior

C. participants sometimes do not have ideology

D. participants will work together to have their conscious goal materialized

20. The writer holds that fashion affect people an opportunity to ____

A. release their tension and excitement

B. develop their character and collective consciousness

C. accomplish their desires and purposes

D. express their certain fundamental impulses and tendencies

V. English –Chinese translation (15 point) )Cl>%9

1) Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone-non just for a privileged elite. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability and also the needs of society itself. This means that tax-supported public schools offer more than academic subjects.   2) It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as tying, sewing, radio repairing, computer programming, or driver training ,along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula from a large “smorgasbord”(人杂烩)of courses, depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability.

3) The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, however great or small these may be and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.

4) Because there is no national religion and because there are no many different backgrounds and origins among the people, schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national community and “Americanizing” the millions of immigrants                into this country from its earliest days. Schools still plays a large role in the community, especially in small town.

5).The approach to reaching may seem unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is unless emphasis on learning facts than is true in the systems of many other countries. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves, to creative abilities. Students spend much time learning how to use resource materials, libraries, statistics, computers. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be also to find whatever facts they needs throughout the rest of their lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.

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山东大学博士入学考试英语试题（1997)

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